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| geocode = [[ISO 3166-2:NG|NG-AD]]
| website = [http://www.adamawastate.gov.ng www.adamawastate.gov.ng]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.
| footnotes =
| native_name = {{small|{{native name|fub|Lesdi Adamaawa}}}}
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'''Adamawa State''' is a [[States of Nigeria|state]] in the [[North East (Nigeria)|North-East geopolitical zone]] of [[Nigeria]], bordered by [[Borno State|Borno]] to the northwest, [[Gombe State|Gombe]] to the west, and [[Taraba State|Taraba]] to the southwest while its eastern border forms part of the national [[Cameroon-Nigeria border|border with]] [[Cameroon]]. It takes its name from the historic [[Adamawa Emirate|emirate of Adamawa]], with the emirate's old capital of [[Yola, Adamawa|Yola]] serving as the capital city of Adamawa State. The state was formed in 1991 when the former [[Gongola State]] was broken up into Adamawa and [[Taraba State|Taraba]] states.<ref>{{cite web |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |website=Pulse.ng |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> The state is one of the most heterogeneous in Nigeria, having over 100 indigenous ethnic groups.
Of the [[States of Nigeria|36 states]], Adamawa is the [[List of Nigerian states by area|eighth largest in the area]], but the [[List of Nigerian states by population|thirteenth least populous]] with an estimated population of about 4.25 million as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> Geographically, the state is mainly composed of
What is now known as Adamawa state has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the [[Bwatiye languages|Bwatiye (Bachama)]], [[Bali people (Nigeria)|Bali]], Bata (Gbwata), [[Gudu]], [[Mbula-Bwazza language|Mbula-Bwazza]], and Nungurab (Lunguda) in the central region; the [[Kamwe language#People|Kamwe]] in the north and central region; the [[Jibu language|Jibu]] in the far south; the [[Kilba people|Kilba]], [[Matakam people|Mafa]], [[Marghi people|Marghi]], and Waga in the north, and the [[Mumuye people|Mumuye]] in the south while the [[Fula people|Fulani]] live throughout the state — often as [[Fulani herdsmen|nomadic herders]]. Adamawa is also religiously diverse as about 50% of the population is [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim and 40% is Christian (mainly [[Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria|Lutheran]], [[Church of the Brethren in Nigeria|EYN]], [[Evangelical Church Winning All|ECWA]], and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]), while the remaining 10% are adherents of traditional ethnic religions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roelofs |first1=Portia |title=Civil Society, Religion and the State: Mapping of Borno and Adamawa |url=http://www.portiaroelofs.com/uploads/1/0/5/8/105875819/stakeholder_analysis_borno_and_adamawa.pdf |publisher=[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] |access-date=18 January 2022 |location=[[Abuja]] |date=November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nwankwo |first1=Cletus Famous |title=Religion and Voter Choice Homogeneity in the Nigerian Presidential Elections of the Fourth Republic |journal=Statistics, Politics and Policy |date=27 March 2019 |volume=10 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1515/spp-2018-0010 |s2cid=159290972 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331532913 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>
As an agriculturally-based state, the Adamawa State economy mainly relies on [[livestock]] and crops, such as [[cotton]], [[Peanut|groundnuts]], [[millet]], [[cassava]], [[guinea corn]], and [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]]. Due to the [[Boko Haram insurgency]] affecting development in the state,<ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Nigeria declares 'massive' military campaign on borders |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22544056 |access-date=6 June 2013 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Adamawa has the [[List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index#2019|eleventh lowest]] [[Human Development Index]] in the country but as the [[insurgency]] has abated since 2016 due to terrorist infighting,<ref name="Province vs Shekau">{{cite web |author=Al-Tamimi |first=Aymenn Jawad |author-link=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=5 August 2018 |title=The Islamic State West Africa Province vs. Abu Bakr Shekau: Full Text, Translation and Analysis |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/21467/the-islamic-state-west-africa-province-vs-abu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225425/http://www.aymennjawad.org/21467/the-islamic-state-west-africa-province-vs-abu |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> development has been renewed.<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating the Return of Peace in Nigeria's Adamawa State |url=https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/musical-concert-celebrates-return-peace-adamawa-state |website=[[USAID]] |date=12 July 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215041203/https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/musical-concert-celebrates-return-peace-adamawa-state |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|Adamawa Emirate}}
[[File:Hausa from Yola-1902.jpg|thumb|366x366px|Illustration by Edmund D. Morel titled "A Hausa from Yola" (1902)]]
Before it became a state in Nigeria, Adamawa was a subordinate kingdom of the [[Sultanate of Sokoto]], which also included much of northern [[Cameroon]]. The rulers bear the title of [[emir]] ("{{lang|fub|lamido}}" in the local language, [[Fulfulde]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamid|first=Bobby|title=Adamawa emirate 1809 - 2009: A documentary source book|publisher=Centre for Regional integration|year=2009|pages=35–50}}</ref>
The name "Adamawa" came from the founder of the kingdom, [[Modibo Adama]], a regional leader of the [[Fula jihads|Fulani Jihad]] organized by [[Usman dan Fodio]] of Sokoto in 1804. [[Modibo Adama]] came from the region of Gurin (now just a small village) and in 1806, received a green flag for leading the jihad in his native country. In the following years, Adama conquered many lands and tribes. In 1838, he moved his capital to Ribadu, and in 1839, to Joboliwo. In 1841, he founded [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], where he died in 1848. After the [[History of colonialism|European colonization]] (first by [[Germany]] and then by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]), the rulers remained as emirs and the line of succession has continued to the present day.
[[File:Adamawa state contingent 1.jpg|thumb|Dancers of Adamawa state in their cultural adornment|237x237px]]
In the early 1800s, the [[Fulani jihad]] seized much of modern-day Adamawa State and formed the [[Adamawa Emirate]] under the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. About 90 years later, forces from [[German Kamerun|Germany]] and the [[British Empire]] defeated the Emirate in the [[Adamawa Wars]] and split the area. The British-controlled area (much of the west of modern-day Adamawa) was incorporated into the [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] which later merged into [[British Nigeria]] before becoming independent as [[Nigeria]] in 1960. The German-controlled area formed a part of [[German Kamerun]] until [[Allies of World War I|allied forces]] invaded and occupied Kamerun during the [[Kamerun campaign]] of [[World War I]]. After the war, what is now eastern Adamawa State became most of the [[Northern Cameroons]] within the [[British Cameroons]] until 1961, when a [[1961 British Cameroons referendum|referendum]] led to a merger with [[Nigeria]].
Originally, modern-day Adamawa State was a part of the post-independence [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]] until 1967 when the area became part of the [[North-Eastern State]]. After the North-Eastern State was split in 1976, [[Gongola State]] was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, Gongola was split with the state's south becoming [[Taraba State]] while its north became Adamawa State.
A [[measles]] outbreak was reported in an [[internally displaced person]]s camp, in January 2015.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mohammed Ismail |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501160208.html |title=Nigeria: Adamawa IDPs' Camps Record Outbreak of Measles |publisher=AllAfrica |date=16 January 2015}}</ref>
=== Lamibe of Adamawa ===
[[Lamido|Lamibe]] (Emirs) of Adamawa have included:
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!Reign
!Lineage
|-
|1
|[[Modibo Adama|Modibbo Adama bin Hassan]]
|1809 – 1848
|son of Ardo Hassan
|-
|2
|Lawalu bin Adama
|1848 – 1872
|son of Modibbo Adama
|-
|3
|Sanda bin Adama
|1872 – 1890
|son of Modibbo Adama
|-
|4
|[[Zubeiru bi Adama|Zubayru bin Adama]]
|1890 – 1901
|son of Modibbo Adama
|-
|5
|Bobbo Ahmadu bin Adama
|1901 – 1909
|son of Modibbo Adama
|-
|6
|Iya Bin Sanda
|1909 – 1910
|son of Lamido Sanda
|-
|7
|Muhammadu Abba
|1910 – 1924
|son of Lamido Bobbo Ahmadu
|-
|8
|[[Muhammad Bello Maigari|Muhammad Bello "Maigari" bin Ahmadu "Babbawa"]]
|1924 – 1928
|great-grandson of Adama
|-
|9
|Mustafa bin Muhammadu Abba
|1928 – 1946
|son of Lamido Muhammadu Abba
|-
|10
|Ahmadu bin Muhammadu Bello
|1946 – 1953
|son of Lamido Maigari
|-
|11
|Aliyu Mustafa
|1953 – 2010
|son of Lamido Mustafa
|-
|12
|[[Muhammadu Barkindo Aliyu Musdafa]]
|2011 – present
|son of Lamido Aliyu
|}
=== Boko Haram insurgency ===
Adamawa State has been badly impacted by the Boko Haram insurgency. In January 2012, Boko Haram [[January 2012 Northern Nigeria attacks|attacked]] [[Gombi]], [[Mubi (town)|Mubi]] and [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]]. By 2014, the state became home to camps housing an estimated 35,000 internally displaced people, fleeing violence from Boko Haram in locations including Mubi, [[Madagali]], [[Askira uba|Askira Uba]], [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]] and [[Gwoza]] in the states of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe. In 2014, an estimate placed the number of IDPs around Yola at 400,000.<ref name="Deliver Relief">{{cite news |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201411210306.html |title=Nigeria: U.S., UK, American University Deliver Relief Materials to Adamawa Displaced Persons |date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Channels Television}}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[January 2014 Northern Nigeria attacks|An attack]] occurred in Chakawa in 2014. A [[suicide attack|suicide]] [[improvised explosive device|bombing]] in Yola [[November 2015 Yola bombing|in 2015]] killed over 30 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-17 |title=Nigeria blast: Yola market explosion kills 30 |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34852971 |access-date=2023-03-29}}</ref> A [[Madagali suicide bombings|double suicide bombing]] in [[Madagali]] in 2016 killed over 50 people. Mubi is the worst affected place in Adamawa State, suffering major attacks [[Federal Polytechnic, Mubi attack|in 2012]], [[2014 Mubi bombing|2014]], [[2017 Mubi bombing|2017]] [[2018 Mubi suicide bombings|and 2018]].
Organizations serving the community include the Adamawa Peace Initiative (API) - a group of business, religious, and community leaders - and the Adamawa Muslim Council. The [[United States Agency for International Development]] has pledged to provide continuing humanitarian assistance.<ref name="Deliver Relief" />
On 21–22 February 2020, Boko Haram [[terrorist]]s launched an attack on homes and churches in Garkida, killing three soldiers and wounding [[civilian]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brethren.org/news/2020/garkida-attacked-by-boko-haram-1.html |title=Garkida attacked by Boko Haram, town was birthplace of EYN in Nigeria {{!}} Church of the Brethren |website=www.brethren.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229134052/http://www.brethren.org/news/2020/garkida-attacked-by-boko-haram-1.html |archive-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nigeria |first1=Guardian |title=Boko Haram torches houses, church, police station in Adamawa community |url=https://guardian.ng/news/boko-haram-torches-houses-church-police-station-in-adamawa-community/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
==Geography==
Adamawa is one of the largest states of [[Nigeria]] and occupies about 36,917 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Victoria |date=2019-10-21 |title=Adamawa State: History, Population, Size, LGAs, Map & More |url=https://www.naijahomebased.com/adamawa-state-history-population-size-lgas-map-more/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=NaijaHomeBased |language=en-US}}</ref> It is bordered by the states of [[Borno State|Borno]] to the northwest, [[Gombe State|Gombe]] to the west and [[Taraba State|Taraba]] to the southwest. Its eastern border forms the national eastern [[Cameroon-Nigeria border|border with]] [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aga |first=Chiegeonu |title=Nigeria: State by State |publisher=Lulucom |year=2009|isbn=9781105864322|location=Nigeria}}</ref><ref name="Mamman Oyebanji Petters">{{Cite book |first1=A.B. |last1=Mamman |first2=J.O. |last2=Oyebanji |first3=S.W. |last3=Petters |title=Nigeria: A People United, A Future Assured |publisher=Gabumo Publishing |year=2000 |edition=Millenium |location=Federal Ministry of Information}}</ref>
Topographically, it is a mountainous land crossed by
=== Climate ===
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The [[Dangote Group|Dangote group]] operates a sugar production factory in [[Numan, Nigeria|Numan]] which has a sugar refining capacity of 3,000 tonnes of cane per day. The company announced plans to expand to factory to a capacity of 6,000tcd, 9,800tcd and to 15,000 tcd. They also plan to increase the size of the factory from 8,700 hectares in 2022 to about 24,200 hectares within seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2022-11-22 |title=Dangote Sugar Refinery boosts investments |url=https://punchng.com/dangote-sugar-refinery-boosts-investments/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>
The markets found in the state are incredibly important to its economic activity and to its inhabitants. These markets, especially its cattle markets, enhanced the development of economic activities in the state, [[Cash crop|cash crops]] like [[Peanut|groundnut]] and [[Bean|beans]] are grown and crops like [[rice]], [[maize]] and [[sorghum]] are grown as food crops. Around [[Yedseram River valley|River Yedseram]] and its tributaries, vegetable gardening in the dry season is
Adamawa state has a thriving [[livestock]] industry especially cattle-rearing. It has 2.5 million heads of cattle. Traders come from all over the country and West Africa to buy and sell cattle in its markets, such as the Mubi International cattle market in [[Mubi South]]. Despite the state's high level of cattle production, the markets are poorly developed without essential services like meat processing. Meaning, live animals have to be transported in trucks for 4 days before they reach cities with high demand to regions like the [[South West (Nigeria)|South-West]], [[South South|South-South]] or [[South East (Nigeria)|South-East]] Nigeria.<ref name=":2" />
The development of many communities in the state can be traced to the colonial era when the Germans ruled a swath of territory known as the Northern and Southern [[Kamerun]]s from [[Dikwa]] in the North to Victoria ([[Limbe, Cameroon|Limbe]]) on the Atlantic coast in the 19th century. These were, however, handed over as [[United Nations Trust Territories]] to the British at the end of the [[World War I]] with the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. After a series of referendums, the Northern Kameruns joined Nigeria to form the then Sardauna Province
== Natural resources ==
Line 236 ⟶ 325:
Other major roads include
*
*
*
* northeast from [[A13 highway (Nigeria)|A13]] at Jiberu via Yolde to [[Belel, Nigeria|Belel]],
*
*
* the Zaridi-Mayo Belwa Rd west to [[Taraba State]] at Bisa [Google Maps].
Line 256 ⟶ 345:
==Religion==
Adamawa is a Muslim
4.5% Catholic with 192,767 followers (2020) in the Diocese of Yola (1950) with 39 parishes under Bishop Stephen Dami Mamza (2011) [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dyola.html Yola (Diocese) Catholic-Hierarchy. The Anglican Diocese of Yola (1990) with 39 parishes is led by Bishop Markus Ibrahim (2020), also the Archbishop of the Province of Jos [[Anglican Diocese of Yola]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}
== Education ==
Line 366 ⟶ 368:
[[Adamawa Region|Adamawa state]] has many healthcare sectors that are of different levels, these levels are federal, state and local(grassroot) levels, these include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Health Facility Registry |url=https://hfr.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=95 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=hfr.health.gov.ng}}</ref>
=== Primary
* Basha Health
*Dowaya Health Post
*Gweda Malam Primary Health
*Numan maternal and child primary health care
*Sabon
*Wayam primary health clinic
* Gbalapun primary health clinic
* Vulpi
* Wisdom Primary Health Care
* Bakta
=== State
* General Hospital Numan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tauna |first=Amos |date=2021-10-08 |title=Cholera outbreak kills 20 in Adamawa |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/08/cholera-outbreak-kills-20-in-adamawa/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Sites of interest==
Line 441 ⟶ 443:
! [[Local government area|LGA]] !! Languages
|-
| [[Demsa]] ||[[Bali language (Adamawa)|Bali]], [[Bata language|Bata]], [[Bile language|Bille]], [[Mbula-Bwazza language|Mbula-Bwazza]] Wakka
|-
| [[Fufore]] || [[Fulfulde]], [[Bata language|Bata]]
Line 463 ⟶ 465:
| [[Maiha]] || [[Nzanyi language|Nzanyi]]
|-
| [[Mayo-Belwa]] || [[Fulfulde]], [[Yendang languages|Yangdang]], Wakka
|-
| [[Michika]] || [[Kamwe language|Kamwe]]
Line 487 ⟶ 489:
The [[List of governors of Adamawa State|Governor of Adamawa State]] which acts as the Executive, the State Legislature, and the [[Adamawa State House of Assembly]] are located in Yola, the state capital.
===Electoral system===
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two
==Notable people==<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Atiku Abubakar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abiola|first=Rahaman|date=2020-03-02|title=He remains a man of estimable character and virtue - Atiku hails Adeboye at 78|url=https://www.legit.ng/1307461-pastor-enoch-adeboye-78-atiku-abubakar-congratulates-rccg-go.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> (born 26 November 1946) a Nigerian politician and
* [[Iya Abubakar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Omotayo|first=Joseph|date=2019-10-08|title=Meet Nigerian mathematical genius, Iya Abubakar, who became a professor at 28|url=https://www.legit.ng/1264239-prof-iya-abubakar-mathematical-genius-2nd-indigenous-vc-abu.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jibril Aminu]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Idachaba|first=Eleojo|date=2020-05-01|title=Jubril Aminu, Oladipo Diya: Where are they now?|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/jubril-aminu-oladipo-diya-where-are-they-now/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref>
Line 515 ⟶ 517:
* [[Murtala Nyako]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-15|title=Governor Murtala Nyako Of Adamawa State Impeached|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/07/15/governor-murtala-nyako-adamawa-state-impeached|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref>
* [[Muhammadu Ribadu]]
* [[Nuhu Ribadu]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiennes |first=Alice |date=2020-09-14 |title=Oil Bunkering in the Niger Delta
* [[Bamanga Tukur]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-15|title=Mahmud Tukur: Homage To A Distinguished Accomplisher, By Muhammad Musa-Gombe|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/455166-mahmud-tukur-homage-to-a-distinguished-accomplisher-by-muhammad-musa-gombe.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Tukur lauds Fintiri's performance in office|url=https://guardian.ng/politics/tukur-lauds-fintiris-performance-in-office/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Mahmud Tukur]]
Line 528 ⟶ 530:
* [http://www.Adamawa.com/ Adamawa.com] - Articles, photographs, and art from Adamawa State
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{{Adamawa State}}
{{Nigeria states}}
{{AdamawaStateGovernors}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Adamawa State]]
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