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'''Ruhurater''' or '''Lahuratil'''{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} was an [[Elam]]ite deity.
==Character==
Ruhurater is the city god of Huhnur.{{sfn|Mofidi-Nasrabadi|2018|p=116}}
Ruhurater's gender is uncertain,{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} though some researchers refer to him as a male deity.{{sfn|Jahangirfar|2018|p=113}} It has been proposed that his name means "(the god who is the) creator (of) man" and that he was connected to various creator deities (collectively known as Napratep), but his role in Elamite beliefs remains uncertain.{{sfn|Jahangirfar|2018|p=113}} It is possible that he was regarded as a creator deity in a specific area of Elam, but not in the entire region.{{sfn|Jahangirfar|2018|p=113}}
Many documents mentioning Ruhurater are legal texts which cast him in the role of a divine witness, alongside the Mesopotamian [[Shamash]].{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} In two of the legal documents from [[Susa]] where Ruhurater appears, the measurement for silver was the city weight of the city of Huhnir, likely indicating that the transactions were either done in Huhnur, or Huhnur was the city the trader came from.{{sfn|Mofidi-Nasrabadi|2018|p=120-121}} The ''kidinnu'' (here possibly to be understood as a symbol for a god) of Ruhurater is mentioned in one of these texts from Susa in relation to a loan of Silver.{{sfn|De Graef|2018|p=129}} In legal texts excavated from Teppeh Bormi (Huhnur) Ruhurater is invoked along with [[Nahhunte]] as divine witnesses, as in Susa where Inshushinak and Nahhunte were invoked for the role.{{sfn|Mofidi-Nasrabadi|2018|p=120}}
He is also described as capable of bestowing ''kiten'', an Elamite religious concept which can be translated as "divine protection."{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} Wouter Henkelman notes that his role in them can be compared to that played by [[Inshushinak]] in similar texts from [[Susa]].{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}}
==Worship==
The oldest attestion of Ruhutater comes from {{ill|Tepe Bormi|nl|Tappeh Bormi}}, possibly to be identified with the ancient Elamite city of Huhnur.{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} The text in mention, an inscription of [[Amar-Sin]], a Mesopotamian king from the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]], states that Huhnur was the cult center of this god.{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} Amar-Sin apparently rebuilt Ruhurater's temple located there and returned a statue of the god to it.{{sfn|Malbran-Labat|2018|p=465}} Association between him and Huhnur is also attested in two texts from the [[Sukkalmah Dynasty|Sukkalmah period]].{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} Another temple of Ruhurater, shared with Hishmitik, was located at [[Chogha Zanbil]].{{sfn|Potts|1999|p=223}} It has been proposed that Hishmitik was his spouse, but this remains unproven.{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}}
Two Elamite kings bore the [[theophoric name]] Tan-Ruhurater, "obedient to Ruhurater."{{sfn|De Graef|2013|p=443}} Tan-Ruhurater I was the eighth ruler from the Shimashki dynasty,{{sfn|De Graef|2013|p=443}} while Tan-Ruhurater II belonged to the Kidinuid dynasty.{{sfn|De Graef|2013|p=444}}
Ruhurater is mentioned on a stele of the neo-Elamite king Atta-hamiti-Insushinak, who reigned in the sixth century BCE.{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} While Ruhurater is not directly mentioned in the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]], it is possible that offerings to unspecified gods made in Huhnur mentioned in it constituted an [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] continuation of his cult.{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}}
==In Mesopotamia==
In Mesopotamian scholarly texts, Ruhurater was considered to be an equivalent of [[Ninurta]].{{sfn|Henkelman|2011|p=449}} In a Neo-Assyrian fragment of shorter [[An = Anum]], Ruhurater is likely listed as one of the Elamite equivalents of Ninurta.{{sfn|Lambert|Winters|2023|p=295}} The "Hurabtil" mentioned in the [[Anzû]] epic as one of the names of Ninurta in Elam is likely a variant spelling of Ruhurater (Lahuratil).{{sfn|Lambert|Winters|2023|p=295}}
An Elamite bearing a theophoric name invoking Ruhurater, Kutir-Ruhurater, is also mentioned in records from archives of the Mesopotamian [[First Sealand dynasty]].{{sfn|Zadok|2014|p=225}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{citation|first=Katrien|last=De Graef|entry=Tan-Ruhurater|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=2013|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#11426|access-date=2022-03-25}}
* {{cite journal |last1=De Graef |first1=Katrien |title=The Seal of an Official or an Official Seal? The Use of Court Seals in Old Babylonian Susa and Haft Tepe |journal=JAOS |date=2018 |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=121–142 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.1.0121 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36830311 |language=en |issn=2169-2289}}
*{{citation|first=Wouter F. M.|last=Henkelman|entry=Ruhurater|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=2011|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10079|access-date=2022-03-25}}
*{{cite journal|last=Jahangirfar|first=Milad|title=The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition|journal=Iranica Antiqua|volume=53|year=2018|pages=105–124|url=https://www.academia.edu/38023344|access-date=2022-03-25}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=W. G. |last2=Winters |first2=Ryan D. |title=An = Anum and Related Lists- God Lists of Ancient Mesopotamia, Volume I |date=1 August 2023 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |isbn=978-3-16-161382-1 |pages=1–755}}
*{{cite book|last=Malbran-Labat|first=Florence|author-link=Florence Malbran-Labat|title=The Elamite World|chapter=Elamite Royal Inscriptions| publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY|year=2018|isbn=978-1-315-65803-2|oclc=1022561448}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mofidi-Nasrabadi |first1=Behzad |title=Who was "dMÙŠ.EREN.EŠŠANA.DINGIR.MEŠ"? |journal=Elamica |date=1 January 2018 |volume=8 |pages=113–126 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37930704}}
*{{cite book|last=Potts|first=Daniel|title=The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state|publisher=Cambridge University Press|publication-place=New York|year=1999|isbn=978-0-511-48961-7|oclc=813439001}}
*{{cite journal|last=Zadok|first=Ran|title=On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty|journal=Tel Aviv|publisher=Maney Publishing|volume=41|issue=2|year=2014|issn=0334-4355|doi=10.1179/0334435514z.00000000036|pages=222–237}}
[[Category:Elamite gods]]
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