Subdivisions of Indonesia: Difference between revisions

[[Indonesia]] is divided into [[provinces of Indonesia|provinces]] ({{lang-langx|id|Provinsi}}). Provinces are made up of [[regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] (''{{Lang|id|kabupaten''}}) and [[City status in Indonesia#Kota|cities]] (''kota''). Provinces, regencies, and cities have their own [[local government]]s and parliamentary bodies.

Since the enactment of Law Number 22 of 1999 on Local Government<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dte.gn.apc.org/46wht.htm |title=DTE 46 / August 2000: What is regional autonomy? |publisher=Dte.gn.apc.org |access-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231222151/http://dte.gn.apc.org/46wht.htm |archive-date=31 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (the law was revised by Law Number 32 of 2004 and, Law Number 23 of 2014, and the [[2023 Omnibus Law on Job Creation]]),<ref>{{cite act |type=Law |index=23 |date=2014 |legislature=People'sHouse Representativeof CouncilRepresentatives |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah |trans-title= |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/38685/uu-no-23-tahun-2014 |language=id}}</ref> local governments now play a greater role in administering their areas. [[Foreign policy]], [[Defense (military)|defence]] (including [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|armed forces]] and [[Indonesian National Police|national police]]), [[Law of Indonesia|system of law]], and [[Bank Indonesia|monetary policy]], however, remain the domain of the [[Government of Indonesia|national government]]. Since 2005 as the enactment of Law Number 32 of 2004, heads of local government (governors, regents and mayors) have been directly elected by [[Elections in Indonesia|popular election]].<ref>{{cite act |type=Law |index=32 |date=2004 |legislature=People'sHouse Representativeof CouncilRepresentatives |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah |trans-title= |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/40768/uu-no-32-tahun-2004 |language=id}}</ref>

First level subdivisions of Indonesia are called '''Provinces'''. A province is headed by a governor (''{{lang|id|Gubernur''}}). Each province has its own regional assembly, called ''{{lang|id|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah''}} (DPRD, literally "{{lit|Regional People's Representative Council"}}). Governors and representative members are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Provinces were formerly also known as {{lang|id|Daerah Tingkat I}} (Level I Regions).

* [[Jakarta|Jakarta Special Capital Region]]: Jakarta is the capitallargest city of Indonesia. The [[Governor of Jakarta]] has the power to appoint and dismiss mayors and regent within the region. The local government is allowed to co-operate with other cities from other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ |title=CIA - The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>

* [[Aceh]]: Aceh has greater role in local government, which includes its own Islamic [[Sharia]] law (for Muslim citizens), flag and provincial anthem, local political parties are allowed, and decisions or laws made by the central government which directly affect Aceh's administration must be referred to the local government or legislative body.<ref>{{cite act |type=Law |index=11 |date=2006 |legislature=People'sHouse Representativeof CouncilRepresentatives |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintah Daerah |trans-title= |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/40174/uu-no-11-tahun-2006 |language=id|article=8|article-type=Article}}</ref>

* [[Yogyakarta Special Region]]: The [[Sultan of Yogyakarta]] is de facto and de jure [[List of Governors of Yogyakarta|governor of Yogyakarta]] since he is given priority when electing the governor. For centuries, the [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]] has reigned in the region.<ref>{{cite web|author=indahnesia.com |url=http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/PROYOG/yogyakarta.php |title=Provinces of Indonesia - Yogyakarta - Motto: Tut Wuri Handayani - Discover Indonesia Online |publisher=indahnesia.com |access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> However, in the 2000s the central government proposed a law that required the governor to be popularly elected as in the other provinces, while still giving the sultan significant political power. Since 31 August 2012, the Law Number 13 of 2012 on Specialty of Yogyakarta Special Region has been approved by the central government and according to the act, Yogyakarta refuses to be a province but a region at province-level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/yogyakarta-debate-moves-from-street-to-house/412161 |title=Yogyakarta Debate Moves From Street to House |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926193022/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/yogyakarta-debate-moves-from-street-to-house/412161 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/wisdom-is-key-in-yogyakartas-status-controversy-taufiq-kiemas/412021 |title=Wisdom Is Key in Yogyakarta's Status Controversy, Taufiq Kiemas |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926193053/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/wisdom-is-key-in-yogyakartas-status-controversy-taufiq-kiemas/412021 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1292313163/minister-sticks-to-direct-election-for-yogyakarta-governor |title=Minister sticks to direct election for Yogyakarta governor |publisher=Antara News |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> Within the Special Region of Yogyakarta is also the [[Pakualaman|Principality of Pakualaman]]. The Prince of Pakualaman is also a hereditary position, and serve as the Vice-Governor of Yogyakarta.<ref>{{cite act |type=Law |index=13 |date=2012 |legislature=People'sHouse Representativeof CouncilRepresentatives |title=Undang-undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/39064 |language=id}}</ref>

* [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]: Since 2001 local government has a greater role. The governor is required to be of [[Papuan people|Papuan origins]].<ref name="papua act">{{cite act |type=Law |index=21 |date=2001 |legislature=[[People'sHouse Representativeof Council]]Representatives |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua |trans-title= |url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/44901/uu-no-21-tahun-2001 |language=id}}</ref>

Second level subdivisions of Indonesia is [[Regency (Indonesia)|Regencyregency]] ({{lang|id|kabupaten}}) and [[City status in Indonesia|city]] ({{lang|id|kota}}). This subdivisions is a local level of government beneath the provincial level. However, they enjoy greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as provision of public schools and public health facilities. They waswere formerly known collectively as {{lang|id|Daerah Tingkat II}} (Level II Region).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/yid.html|title=Indonesia Regencies|website=www.statoids.com|date= 2012-12-31|access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref>

Generally the regency has a larger area than the city, and the city has non-agricultural economic activities. A regency is headed by a regent ({{lang|id|bupati}}), and a city is headed by a mayor ({{lang|id|wali kota}}). The regent or mayor and the representative council members are elected by popular vote for a five-year term of 5 years.

* In the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], ''kapanewon'' (for subdivisions of regencies), headed by a ''panewu'', and ''kemantren'' (for subdivisions of [[Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta City]]), headed by a ''mantri pamong praja'', are used.<ref name="pemda">{{cite web |url=https://jogjaprov.go.id/berita/detail/8348-perubahan-nomenklatur-kelembagaan-kabupaten-kota-di-diy |title=Perubahan Nomenklatur Kelembagaan Kabupaten/Kota di DIY |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Regional Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta) |lang=id |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220012454/https://www.jogjaprov.go.id/berita/detail/8348-perubahan-nomenklatur-kelembagaan-kabupaten-kota-di-diy |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="diy">{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/03/yogyakarta-to-restore-archaic-administrative-naming-convention.html|title=Yogyakarta to restore archaic administrative naming convention|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|first=Bambang|last=Muryanto|date=3 December 2019|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>

In Indonesian, as in English, a village (''desa'') has rural connotations. In the context of administrative divisions, a ''desa'' can be defined as a body which has authority over the local people in accordance with acknowledged local traditions of the area. A ''desa'' is headed by a "head of village" ({{lang-langx|id|kepala desa}}), who is elected by popular vote.

* ''[[Nagari (settlement)|Nagari]]'' in [[West Sumatra]] (except {{ref|a|[[Mentawai Islands Regency]a])}}

* ''Dusun'' in [[Bungo Regency]] ([[Jambi]]){{ref|ab|[ab]}}

* ''Kampung'' in some places in Indonesia:{{ref|bc|[bc]}}

*^{{{note|a|[a]}}} except [[Mentawai Islands Regency]]
*^{{{note|b|[b]}}} In other places, "dusun" is an administrative division form below "desa".

*^{{{note|bc|[bc]}}} In other places, "kampung" is equal with "dusun", except in Bungo, Jambi.