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§ 90 deals with defamation of the president, which is a different crime. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{short description|
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{About-distinguish|the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany|Flag of the German Empire|Flag of Nazi Germany|Flag of East Germany}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Federal Republic of Germany
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[[File:Flag of Germany (unoff).svg|thumb|{{FIAV|variant}} Common unofficial flag variant with the [[coat of arms of Germany]]]]
The [[national flag
Since the mid-19th century, Germany has two competing traditions of national colours, black-red-gold and black-white-red. Black-red-gold were the colours of the [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|1848 Revolutions]], the [[Weimar Republic]] of 1919–1933 and the Federal Republic (since 1949). They were also [[Flag of East Germany|adopted]] by the [[German Democratic Republic]] (1949–1990).
The colours [[Flag of the German Empire|black-white-red]] appeared for the first time in 1867 in the constitution of the [[North German Confederation]]. This nation state for Prussia and other north and central German states was expanded to the south German states in 1870–71, under the name [[German Empire]]. It kept these colours until the revolution of 1918–19. Thereafter, black-white-red became a symbol of the political right. The Nazis ([[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Worker's Party]]) re-established these colours along with the party's own [[Flag of Nazi Germany|swastika flag]] in 1933. After World War II, black-white-red was still used by some conservative groups or by groups of the [[far right]], as it is not forbidden, unlike
Black-red-gold is the official flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. As an official symbol of the constitutional order, it is protected against [[defamation]]. According to §90a of the German penal code, the consequences are a fine or imprisonment up to three years.
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The German association with the colours [[black]], [[red]], and [[gold (color)|gold]] surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolise the movement against the [[Conservative Order]], which was established in [[Europe]] after [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] defeat.
There are many theories in circulation regarding the origins of the colour scheme used in the 1848 flag. It has been proposed that the colours were those of the Jena Students' League ({{lang|de|Jenaer Burschenschaft}}), one of the radically minded {{lang|de|[[Burschenschaft]]en|italic=no}} banned by {{lang|de|[[Metternich]]|italic=no}} in the [[Carlsbad Decrees]]. The colours are mentioned in their canonical order in the seventh verse of [[August Daniel von Binzer]]'s student song {{lang|de|[[Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus|Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft]]}} ("On the Dissolution of the Jena Students' League") quoted by {{lang|de|[[Johannes Brahms]]|italic=no}} in his ''[[Academic Festival Overture]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ingeb.org/Lieder/wirhatte.html |title=Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft / Wir hatten gebauet ein stattliches Haus free midi mp3 download Strand Hotel Sechelt bed breakfast |website=ingeb.org |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428065848/http://ingeb.org/Lieder/wirhatte.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another claim goes back to the uniforms (mainly black with red facings and gold buttons) of the [[Lützow Free Corps]], which were mostly worn by university students and were formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon. Whatever the true explanation, those colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during that brief period. Especially after their reintroduction during the [[Weimar period]], they became synonymous with [[social liberalism|liberalism]] in general.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://everythingaboutgermany.com/germany-country-information/the-flag-of-germany/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629012856/http://www.everythingaboutgermany.com/Germany-Flag.html |url-status=dead |title=The Flag of Germany |first=The German |last=Tourists |date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2010 |website=Germany Tourism and Travel by Everything about Germany}}</ref> (The colours also appear in the mediaeval {{lang|de|[[Reichsadler]]}}.)
== Flag variants ==
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=== Civil flag ===
[[File:Berlin reichstag CP.jpg|thumb|The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to [[German reunification]] that was raised on 3 October 1990. It flies in front of the [[Reichstag building]] in [[Berlin]] (seat of the [[German parliament]]).]]
The German [[national flag]] or {{lang|de|Bundesflagge}} ({{
=== Government flag ===
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The [[government flag]] of Germany is officially known as the {{lang|de|Dienstflagge der Bundesbehörden}} (state flag of the federal authorities) or {{lang|de|Bundesdienstflagge}} for short. It was introduced in 1950. It is the civil flag [[defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the {{lang|de|Bundesschild}} ("Federal Shield"), which overlaps with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands.<ref name="flag1950"/> The {{lang|de|Bundesschild}} is a variant of the [[coat of arms of Germany]], whose main differences are the illustration of the eagle and the shape of the shield: the {{lang|de|Bundesschild}} is rounded at the base, whereas the standard coat of arms is pointed.
The government flag may only be used by federal government authorities and its use by others is an offence, punishable with a fine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/owig_1968/__124.html |title=§ 124 OWiG: Benutzen von Wappen oder Dienstflaggen |author=Federal Government of Germany |language=de |trans-title=Administrative Offences Act § 124: Use of crest or official flags |date=24 May 1968 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=23 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623203849/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/owig_1968/__124.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, public use of flags similar to the {{lang|de|Bundesdienstflagge}} (e.g. using the actual coat of arms instead of the {{lang|de|Bundesschild}}) is tolerated, and such flags are sometimes seen at international sporting events.
<!-- (commenting out passage until supporting evidence can be found)
Not all federal authorities use the state flag. Some of the highest federal authorities—the [[Bundestag]], the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]], the [[Bundesversammlung (Germany)|Bundesversammlung]], the [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellery]], and the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Constitutional Court]]—use the national flag. -->
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[[File:Flag of Germany (Hanging).svg|thumb|left|upright=0.25|{{FIAV|Vertical exclusive}} Civil banner]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (Hanging state flag).svg|thumb|upright=0.25|{{FIAV|Vertical exclusive}} Government banner]]
In addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings in [[Germany]] use [[vertical flag]]s. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag (and usually the flag of the state they are in and the flag of the [[European Union]]) in this way; many town flags in Germany exist only in vertical form.{{cit|date=September 2024}} The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified<!-- (commented out until supporting evidence can be found), although a ratio of 5:2 is the most common-->. In 1996, a layout for the vertical version of the government flag was established, that coincidentally matched the pattern of the "conventional" black-red-gold flag of the [[Principality of Reuss-Gera]] ({{lang|de|Fürstentum Reuß-Gera}}) from 1806 to 1918: the {{lang|de|Bundesschild}} is displayed in the centre of the flag, overlapping with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands.<ref name="flag1996">{{cite web |author=
=== Military flags ===
Since the German armed forces ({{lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]}}) are a federal authority, the {{lang|de|Bundesdienstflagge}} is also used as the German [[war flag]] on land. In 1956, the {{lang|de|Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr}} (Flag of the [[German Navy]]) was introduced: the government flag ending in [[swallowtail (flag)|swallowtail]].<ref name="navyflag">{{cite web |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bpr_sflaggenano/BJNR004470956.html |title=Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr |author=
{{Clear}}
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Article 22 of the German constitution, the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]], states:
<blockquote>The federal flag shall be black, red and gold.<ref name="constitutionDE">[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]] (23 May 1949). [http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1949/grundgesetz.html German version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116153917/http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1949/grundgesetz.html |date=16 November 2019 }} and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041054/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf English version (December 2000) (PDF)]. See Article 22. Retrieved on 24 February 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227112926/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf |date=27 February 2008}}</ref></blockquote>
Following specifications set by the West German government in 1950, the flag displays three bars of equal width and has a width–length ratio of 3:5;<ref name="flag1950">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1950/deutsche-flaggen_ao.html |title=Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen |author=
At the time of the adoption of the flag there were no exact colour specifications other than ''"Black-Red-Gold''".<ref name="FOTWcolor">{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_color.html |title=Colors of the Flag (Germany) |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |date=5 August 1998 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=28 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033237/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de_color.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de.html#his |title=Historical Use of the Current Flag |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201234/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de.html#his |url-status=live }}</ref> However on 2 June 1999, the [[Cabinet of Germany|federal cabinet]] introduced a [[corporate design]] for the German government which defined the specifications of the official colours as:<ref name="govt_design">{{cite web |url=http://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/index_de.html?Content=basiselemente/farben/primaerfarben_de.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233554/http://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/index_de.html?Content=basiselemente%2Ffarben%2Fprimaerfarben_de.html |archive-date=26 September 2007 |title=Primärfarben |work=Corporate Design Documentation |author=Federal Government of Germany |language=de |date=17 December 2007 |access-date=26 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Styleguide der Bundesregierung |url=https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/hidden/suche/farben-318376 |website=Bundesregierung |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615221640/https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/hidden/suche/farben-318376 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
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On 24 December 1951, the [[Federal Court of Justice]] ({{lang|de|Bundesgerichtshof}}) stated that the usage of "black–red–yellow" and the like had "through years of Nazi agitation, attained the significance of a malicious slander against the democratic symbols of the state" and was now an offence.<ref name="court1959">{{in lang|de}} Federal Court of Justice of Germany (16 November 1959). 3 StR 45/59.</ref> As summarised by heraldist Arnold Rabbow in 1968, "the German colours are black–red–yellow but they are called black–red–gold."<ref name="Rabbow1968">{{cite journal |last=Rabbow |year=1968 |title=Schwarz–Rot–Gold oder Schwarz–Rot–Gelb? |language=de |journal=Neue Heraldische Mitteilungen / Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch |place=Hanover| volume=6+7 |pages=30–32 |first=Arnold}}</ref>
== Flag
There are a number of [[
[[File:MuensterStadtweinhaus.jpg|thumb|upright|The {{lang|de|Stadtweinhaus}} in [[Münster]] with banners displayed in mourning (note the black ribbons atop each staff) after the death of former German president [[Johannes Rau]] in 2006]]
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| 1 May
| [[International Workers' Day#Germany|Day of Labour]]<br />{{lang|de|Tag der Arbeit}}
| Established for German labour unions to demonstrate for the promotion of workers' welfare
|-
| 9 May
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|}
Election days for the [[Bundestag]] and the [[European Parliament]] are also flag days in some states, in addition to other state-specific flag days. The public display of flags to mark other events, such as the election of the [[President of Germany|president]] or the death of a prominent politician (whereupon flags would be at half-staff), can be declared at the discretion of the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Federal Ministry of the Interior]].<ref name="flagday"/> When flags are required to be flown at half-staff, vertical flags are not lowered. A black mourning ribbon is instead attached, either atop the staff (if hung from a pole) or to each end of the flag's supporting cross-beams (if flown like a banner).<ref name="flagprotocol">{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_law.html#pro |title=
== History ==
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}}
The [[Holy Roman Empire]] (800/962 – 1806, known as the ''Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation'' after 1512) did not have a national flag, but black and gold were used as colours of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and featured in the imperial banner: a [[Coat of arms of Germany|black eagle]] on a golden background. After the late 13th or early 14th century, the claws and beak of the eagle were coloured red. From the early 15th century, a [[double-headed eagle]] was used.<ref name="HRE">{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_roman.html |title=
| align = left
| header = Early [[Hanseatic flags]]
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In 1804, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] declared the [[First French Empire]]. In response to this, Holy Roman Emperor [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg dynasty]] declared his personal domain to be the [[Austrian Empire]] and became Francis I of Austria. Taking the colours of the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor, the flag of the Austrian Empire was black and gold. Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, with Napoleon forcing the empire's dissolution in 1806. After this point, these colours continued to be used as the [[flag of Austria]] until 1918.
With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, many of its dukes and princes joined the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], a confederation of Napoleonic client states. These states preferred to use their own flags. The confederation had no flag of its own; instead it used the blue-white-red [[flag of France]] and the Imperial Standard of its protector, [[Napoleon]].<ref name="confR">{{cite web |url= http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-rh806.html |title= Unidentified 'Rhine Republic' Flag 1806 (Germany) |work= [[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date= 26 February 2008 |archive-date= 16 March 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080316000806/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de-rh806.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold, which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the [[Lützow Free Corps]], a volunteer unit of the [[Prussian Army]]. This unit had uniforms in black with red facings and gold buttons. The colour choice had pragmatic origins, even though black-red-gold were the former colours used by the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name="Rabbow2007">{{cite journal |last=Rabbow |first=Arnold |year=2007 |title=Schwarz-Rot-Gold: Einheit in Freiheit |journal=Der Flaggenkurier [The Flag Courier] |volume=25 |pages=41–45 |language=de |trans-title=Black-Red-Gold. Unity in Freedom}}</ref> At the time, the colours represented:
{{bquote|''Out of the blackness (black) of servitude through bloody (red) battles to the golden (gold) light of freedom''.{{Efn|{{
Members of the corps were required to supply their own clothing: in order to present a uniform appearance it was easiest to dye all clothes black. Gold-coloured buttons were widely available, and [[pennon]]s used by the [[lancer]]s in the unit were red and black. As the members of this unit came from all over Germany and included a modest but well known number of university students and academics, the Lützow Free Corps and their colours gained considerable exposure among the German people.<ref name="Rabbow2007"/> {{clear}}
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=== German Confederation ===
[[File:Flag of Urburschenschaft.svg|thumb|The flag adopted by the Jena Urburschenschaft]]
The 1815–16 [[Congress of Vienna]] led to the creation of the [[German Confederation]], a loose union of all remaining German states after the Napoleonic Wars. The Confederation was created as a replacement for the now-extinct Holy Roman Empire, with [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I of Austria]]—the last Holy Roman Emperor—as its president. The confederation did not have a flag of its own, although the black-red-gold tricolour is sometimes mistakenly attributed to it.<ref name="GermConf">{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de1848.html |title=German Confederation |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=2 March 2008 |archive-date=2 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010056/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de1848.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Upon returning from the war, veterans of the Lützow Free Corps founded the {{lang|de|[[Urburschenschaft]]}} fraternity in [[Jena]] in June 1815. The Jena {{lang|de|Urburschenschaft}} eventually adopted a flag with three equal horizontal bands of red, black, and red, with gold trim and a golden oak branch across the black band, following the colours of the uniforms of the Free Corps.<ref name="Rabbow2007"/> The famous gymnast and student union (''{{lang|de|[[Burschenschaft]]en}}'') founder [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]] proposed a black-red-gold banner for the Burschen. Some members interpreted the colours as a rebirth of the Imperial black-yellow colours embellished with the red of liberty or the blood of war. More radical students exclaimed that the colours stood for the black night of slavery, the bloody struggle for liberty, and the golden dawn of freedom.<ref>[[Heinrich von Treitschke]], ''History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century'', English translation 1917. Volume 3, p. 51.</ref> In a memoir, Anton Probsthan of Mecklenburg, who served in the Lützow Free Corps, claimed his relative Fraulein Nitschke of Jena presented the Burschenschaft with a flag at the time of its foundation, and for this purpose chose the black-red-and-gold colours of the defunct secret society ''Vandalia''.<ref>Heinrich Treitschke, ''History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century'', English translation 1917. Volume 3 Appendixes, p. 603.</ref>
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Since the students who served in the Lützow Free Corps came from various German states, the idea of a unified German state began to gain momentum within the {{lang|de|Urburschenschaft}} and similar Burschenschaft that were subsequently formed throughout the Confederation. On 18 October 1817, the fourth anniversary of the [[Battle of Leipzig]], hundreds of fraternity members and academics from across the Confederation states met in [[Wartburg]] in [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]] (in modern [[Thuringia]]), calling for a free and unified German nation.
The gold-red-black flag of the Jena {{lang|de|Urburschenschaft}} featured prominently at this [[Wartburg festival]]. Therefore, the colours black, red, and gold eventually became symbolic of this desire for a unified German state. The Ministerial Council of the German Confederation, in its determination to maintain the status quo,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33361 |title=Austria: The Age of Metternich |year=2008 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=5 March 2008 |archive-date=28 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060328145216/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33361 |url-status=live }}</ref> enacted the [[Carlsbad Decrees]] of 1819 that banned all student organisations, officially putting an end to the {{lang|de|Burschenschaften}}.
In May 1832, around 30,000 people demonstrated at the [[Hambach Festival]] for freedom, unity, and civil rights. The colours black, red, and gold had become a well established symbol for the liberal, democratic and republican movement within the German states since the Wartburg Festival, and flags in these colours were flown en masse at the Hambach Festival. While contemporary illustrations showed prominent use of a gold-red-black tricolour (an upside-down version of the modern German flag), surviving flags from the event were in black-red-gold. Such an example is the {{lang|de|Ur-Fahne}}, the flag flown from [[Hambach Castle]] during the festival: a black-red-gold tricolour where the red band contains the inscription {{lang|de|Deutschlands Wiedergeburt}} (Germany's rebirth). This flag is now on permanent display at the castle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hambacher-schloss.de/html_en/The_exhibition/The_Hambach_Festival.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819212751/http://www.hambacher-schloss.de/html_en/The_exhibition/The_Hambach_Festival.htm |archive-date=19 August 2004 |title=The Hambach Festival |year=2007 |work=Official website of [[Hambach Castle]] |access-date=24 February 2008}}</ref>
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[[File:Flag of the German Confederation (war).svg|thumb|{{FIAV|000001}} {{FIAV|historical}} War ensign of the [[Reichsflotte]] (1848–1852)]]
[[File:Image Germania (painting).jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)|Germania]]''. The painting hung inside the ''Paulskirche'' above where the Frankfurt Parliament assembled]]
In the [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|Springtime of the Peoples]] during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], revolutionaries took to the streets, many flying the tricolour. The Confederation's Bundestag, alarmed by the events, hasted to adopt the tricolour (9 March 1848). Liberals took power and made the Bundestag call for general elections for a German parliament, the national assembly. This [[Frankfurt Parliament]] declared the black-red-gold as the official colours of Germany and passed a [[Imperial law regarding the introduction of a German war and civil ensign|law]] stating its civil ensign was the black-red-yellow tricolour.<ref name="flag1848">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/1848/reichsflaggen1848_ges.html |title=Gesetz betreffend die Einführung einer deutschen Kriegs- und Handelsflagge |author=Frankfurt Parliament |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |trans-title=Act concerning the introduction of a German navy and merchant flag |date=12 November 1848 |access-date=9 August 2007 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019050120/http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/1848/reichsflaggen1848_ges.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, a naval war ensign used these colours.
[[File:Maerz1848 berlin.jpg|thumb|200px|Revolutionaries in [[Berlin]], [[Berlin Palace]] in the background (March 1848)]]
In May 1849, the larger states actively fought the revolution and the Frankfurt parliament. In late 1850, the [[German Confederation]] was definitely restored under Austrian-Prussian leadership. The tricolour remained official but was no longer used before 1863 at a conference of the German governments. Afterwards, the most pressing issue was whether or not to include Austria in any future German nation, as Austria's status as a multi-ethnic empire complicated the dream of a united Greater Germany—the {{lang|de|[[Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland|grossdeutsch]]}} solution. Alternatively, there was the {{lang|de|[[Kleindeutschland|kleindeutsch]]}} (Lesser German) solution for a Germany that encompassed only German lands and excluded Austria. The Prussian–Austrian duality within the Confederation eventually led to the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866. During the war, the southern states allied with Austria adopted the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, and the 8th German Army Corps also wore black-red-gold armbands.<ref name="GermConf"/> The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and its predominately north German allies defeated Austria and made way for the realisation of the Lesser German solution a few years later. {{clear}}
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{{see also|Reichskriegsflagge|Flag of the German Empire}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = North German Confederation and the German Empire
| Image = File:Flag of the German Empire.svg
| Use = 010110
| Symbol = {{FIAV|010110}} {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion = 2:3 (3:5 in 1933–1935)
| Adoption = *{{Start date and age|1867}} (first 2:3 ratio)▼
▲*{{Start date and age|1867}} (first 2:3 ratio)
*{{Start date and age|1933}} (second 3:5 ratio)
| Relinquished = *{{Start date and age|1919}} (first 2:3 ratio)
*{{Start date and age|1935}} (second 3:5 ratio)
| Design = A horizontal tricolour of black, white, and
| Designer =
| Type =
}}
Following the dissolution of the German Confederation, Prussia formed its unofficial successor, the [[North German Confederation]], in 1866 with the signing of the [[North German Confederation Treaty|Confederation Treaty]] in August 1866 and then the ratification of the [[North German Constitution|Constitution of 1867]]. This national state consisted of Prussia, the largest member state, and 21 other north German states.
The question regarding what flag should be adopted by the new confederation was first raised by the shipping sector and its desire to have an internationally recognisable identity. Virtually all international shipping that belonged to the confederation originated from either Prussia or the three Hanseatic city-states of [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], and [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]]. Based on this, [[Adolf Soetbeer]], secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, suggested in the {{lang|de|Bremer Handelsblatt}} on 22 September 1866 that any planned flag should combine the [[Flag of Prussia|colours of Prussia]] (black and white) with the [[Hanseatic flags|Hanseatic colours]] (red and white). In the following year, the [[North German Constitution|constitution of the North German Confederation]] was enacted, where a horizontal black-white-red tricolour was declared to be both the civil and war ensign.<ref name="NDBconst">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/ndbd/verfndbd.html |title=Constitution of the North German Confederation |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |date=27 June 1867 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028010740/http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/ndbd/verfndbd.html |url-status=live }} See Article 55.</ref>
King [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I of Prussia]] was satisfied with the colour choice: the red and white were also taken to represent the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], the [[Prince-elector|Imperial elector state]] that was a predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia.<ref name="Rabbow2007"/> The absence of gold from the flag also made it clear that this German state did not include the "black and gold" monarchy of Austria. In the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the remaining southern German states allied with the North German Confederation, leading to the [[unification of Germany]]. A new constitution of 1871 gave the federal state the new name of German Empire and the Prussian king the title of Emperor. The [[German Empire]] retained black, white, and red as its national colours.<ref name="GEconst">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr/verfksr.html |title=Constitution of the German Empire |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |date=16 April 1871 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045814/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ksr/verfksr.html |url-status=live }} See Article 55.</ref> An ordinance of 1892 dealt with the official use of the colours.
The black-white-red tricolour remained the flag of Germany until the end of the German Empire in 1918, in the final days of [[World War I]].
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[[File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg|thumb|2:3 {{FIAV|100000}} {{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933)]]
[[File:Merchant flag of Germany (1919–1933).svg|thumb|Merchant flag of the Weimar Republic]]
Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|revolutionary period]], the so-called [[Weimar Republic]] was founded in August 1919. To form a continuity between the anti-autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic, the old black-red-gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the [[Weimar Constitution]] in 1919.<ref name="WRconst">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html |title=Constitution of the Weimar Republic |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |date=11 August 1919 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127054556/http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html |url-status=live }} See Article 3.</ref> Only the tiny German principalities of [[Principality of Reuss-Greiz|Reuss-Greiz]] – where the use and layout of the ''schwarz-rot-gold'' design had originated some 140 years earlier, [[Principality of Reuss-Gera|Reuss-Gera]], [[Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont|Waldeck-Pyrmont]] and [[Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont|its republican successor]] had upheld the 1778-established tradition, and had always continued to use the German colours of [[Sable (heraldry)|black]], [[Gules|red]], and [[Or (heraldry)|or]] (gold) in their flag. As a civil ensign, the black-white-red tricolour was retained, albeit with the new tricolour in the top left corner.
This change was not welcomed by many people in Germany, who saw this new flag as a symbol of humiliation following Germany's defeat in the First World War. In the {{lang|de|[[Reichswehr]]}}, the old colours continued to be used in various forms. Many conservatives wanted the old colours to return, while monarchists and the far right were far more vocal with their objections, referring to the new flag with various derogatory names (''see [[#Colour|Colour]] above''). As a compromise, the old black-white-red flag was reintroduced in 1922 to represent German diplomatic missions abroad.<ref name="flag1921"/>
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=== Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945) ===
[[File:SS Bremen incident illustration.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Illustration depicting anti-Nazi demonstrators attacking ''Bremen'' docked in New York Harbor, United States on 26 July 1935.]]
[[File:Flag of German Reich (
[[File:
[[File:War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg|thumb|[[Reichskriegsflagge|War flag]] of [[Nazi Germany]] adopted in 1935, with some minor changes in 1938, used by the army and navy until 1945.]]
{{anchor|Nazi Germany}}
{{see also|Flag of Nazi Germany|Reichskriegsflagge|List of German flags#Nazi Germany (1933–1945)}}
After
On 15 September 1935, one year after the death of [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|Reich President]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and Hitler's elevation to the position of ''[[Führer]]'', the dual flag arrangement was ended, with the exclusive use of the Nazi flag as the national flag of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. One reason may have been the "[[SS Bremen (1928)|''Bremen'']] incident" of 26 July 1935, in which a group of demonstrators in New York City boarded the ocean liner SS ''Bremen'', tore the Nazi Party flag from the [[jackstaff]], and tossed it into the [[Hudson River]]. When the German ambassador protested, US officials responded that the German national flag had not been harmed, only a political party symbol.<ref>Brian Leigh Davis: Flags & standards of the Third Reich, Macdonald & Jane's, London 1975, {{ISBN|0-356-04879-9}}.</ref> The new flag law{{hsp}}<ref name="flag1935">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1935/flaggen1935_ges.html |title=Reichsflaggengesetz |author=Government of the German Reich |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |trans-title=Reich Flag Act |date=15 September 1935 |access-date=23 December 2007 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127054521/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1935/flaggen1935_ges.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104135248/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,749071-2,00.html "Germany: Little Man, Big Doings"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 23 September 1935.</ref> where [[Hermann Göring]] claimed the old black-white-red flag, while honoured, was the symbol of a bygone era and under threat of being used by "reactionaries".<ref name="time-magazine-1935-nazi-rally">Statement by [[Hermann Göring]], quoted in the {{lang|de|[[Völkischer Beobachter]]}} (17 September 1935) (in German).</ref>
The design of the Nazi flag was introduced by Hitler as the party flag in mid-1920, roughly a year before (29 July 1921) he became his political party's leader: a flag with a red background, a white disk and a black [[swastika]] in the middle. In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', Hitler explained the process by which the Nazi flag design was created: It was necessary to use the same colours as Imperial Germany, because in Hitler's opinion they were "revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation." The most important requirement was that "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." Nazi propaganda clarified the symbolism of the flag: the red colour stood for the social, white for the movement's national thinking and the swastika for the victory of Aryan humanity and the victory of productive humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/pimpfhitler.htm |title=The Life of the Fuehrer |website=research.calvin.edu |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164332/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/pimpfhitler.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
An off-centred disk version of the swastika flag was used as the civil ensign on German-registered civilian ships and was used as the jack on {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} (the name of the [[German Navy]], 1933–1945) warships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1933/flaggen-kauffahrteischiffe_vo.html |title=Verordnung über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenführung auf Kauffahrteischiffen |author=Government of the German Reich |work=documentArchiv.de |language=de |date=20 December 1933 |access-date=23 December 2007 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024190746/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/1933/flaggen-kauffahrteischiffe_vo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The flags for use on sea had a [[through and through]] image, so the reverse side had a "left-facing" swastika; the national flag was right-facing on both sides.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html |title=Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – The German Swastika Flag |website=loeser.us |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208193101/http://loeser.us/flags/germany_note_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1933 to at least 1938, the Nazis sometimes "sanctified" swastika flags by touching them with the {{lang|de|[[Blutfahne]]}} (blood flag), the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in 1923. This ceremony took place at every [[Nuremberg Rally]]. It is unknown whether this tradition was continued after the last Nuremberg rally in 1938.
At the end of [[World War II]], the first law enacted by the [[Allied Control Council]] abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ena.lu/?doc=16808&lang=2 |title=Law N° 1 from the Control Council for Germany: Repealing of Nazi Laws |author=[[Allied Control Council]] |work=European Navigator |date=30 August 1945 |access-date=23 December 2007 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090843/https://www.ena.lu/?doc=16808&lang=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The possession of swastika flags is [[Swastika#Post–World War II stigmatisation|forbidden in several countries]] since then, with the importation or display of them forbidden [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|particularly in Germany]].
=== {{anchor|After World War II}} After World War II (1945–1949) ===
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After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the country was [[Allied-administered Germany|placed under Allied administration]]. Although there was neither a national German government nor a German flag, German ships were required by international law to have a national ensign of some kind. As a provisional civil ensign of Germany, the [[Allied Control Council|Council]] designated the [[International maritime signal flags|international signal pennant Charlie]] representing the letter C ending in a [[swallowtail (flag)|swallowtail]], known as the C-Pennant ({{lang|de|C-Doppelstander}}). The Council ruled that "no ceremony shall be accorded this flag which shall not be [[Flag dipping|dipped]] in salute to warships or merchant ships of any nationality".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/de1945.html#law |title=Law No. 39 of the Allied Control Commission |author=[[Allied Control Council]] |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |date=30 November 1946 |access-date=26 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312195426/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de1945.html#law |archive-date=12 March 2008}} See Article 1 #3.</ref> Similarly, the [[Flag of Japan#U.S. occupation|Japanese civil ensign]] used immediately following World War II was the signal pennant for the letter E ending in a swallowtail, and the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands#Flag|Ryūkyūan civil ensign]] was a swallowtailed letter D signal pennant. [[File:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|thumb|right|2:3 {{FIAV|000100}} {{FIAV|historical}} The C-Pennant (1946–1949)]]
West of the [[Oder–Neisse line]], the German states were reorganised along the lines of the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|zones of occupation]], and new state governments were established. Within the American zone, the northern halves of the former states of [[Free People's State of Württemberg|Württemberg]] and [[Republic of Baden|Baden]] were merged to form [[Württemberg-Baden]] in 1946. As its flag, Württemberg-Baden adopted the black-red-gold tricolour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/bw/wuerttemberg-baden/wuertt-b46-index.htm |title=Constitution of Württemberg-Baden |work=Verfassungen der Welt |date=30 November 1946 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233239/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/bw/wuerttemberg-baden/wuertt-b46-index.htm |url-status=live }} See Article 45 (in German).</ref> The choice of these colours was not based on the historical use of the tricolour, but the simple addition of gold to Württemberg's colours of red and black.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/de-wb947.html |title=Württemberg-Baden 1947–1952 (Germany) |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=24 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312195401/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de-wb947.html |archive-date=12 March 2008}} Contains quotation from discussion of the constitution committee.</ref> Coincidentally, Baden's colours were red and yellow, so the colour choice could be mistaken for a combination of the two flags. In 1952, Württemberg-Baden became part of the modern German state of [[Baden-Württemberg]], whose flag is black and gold.
Two other states that were created after the war, [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] (French zone) and [[Lower Saxony]] (British zone), chose to use the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, defaced with the state's coat of arms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://verfassungen.de/de/rlp/rlp47-index.htm |title=Constitution of Rhineland-Palatinate |work=Verfassungen der Welt |language=de |date=18 May 1947 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215024706/http://verfassungen.de/de/rlp/rlp47-index.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://verfassungen.de/de/nds/niedersachsen51.htm |title=Preliminary constitution of Lower Saxony |work=Verfassungen der Welt |language=de |date=13 April 1951 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311105823/http://verfassungen.de/de/nds/niedersachsen51.htm |archive-date=11 March 2008 |url-status=dead}} See Article 1 #2.</ref> These two states were formed from parts of other states, and no colour combinations from these previous states were accepted as a new state flag. This led to the use of the black-red-gold for two reasons: the colours did not relate particularly to any one of the previous states, and using the old flag from the Weimar Republic was intended to be a symbol of the new democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-rp.html |title=Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-date=10 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310234406/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/de-rp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-ni.html |title=Lower Saxony (Germany) |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-date=16 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316010814/http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/de-ni.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Divided Germany (1949–1990) ===
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With relations deteriorating between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]], the three western Allies met in March 1948 to merge their zones of occupation and allow the formation of what became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as [[West Germany]]. Meanwhile, the eastern Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, commonly known as [[East Germany]].
During the preparation of the new constitution for West Germany, discussions regarding its national symbols took place in August 1948 during a meeting at [[Herrenchiemsee]]. Although there were objections to the creation of a national flag before reunification with the east, it was decided to proceed. This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]] in November 1946,<ref>{{cite book |last=Friedel |first=Alois |title=Deutsche Staatssymbole |language=de |trans-title=German state symbols |year=1968 |publisher=Athenäum-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7610-5115-3}}</ref> where black-red-gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1946/sed-verfassungsentwurf-ddr.html |title=SED-proposed constitution of the German Democratic Republic |work=documentArchiv.de |date=14 November 1946 |language=de |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126134018/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1946/sed-verfassungsentwurf-ddr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Proposed designs ===
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[[File:Flag of German Olympic Team 1960-1968.svg|thumb|right|200px|upright=0.5|Flag of the [[United Team of Germany]], as used from the 1960 to 1968 Olympics]]
While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany,<ref name="proposals">{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de!1949.html |title=Proposals 1944–1949 (Germany) |work=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101031657/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de!1949.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the final choice was between two designs, both using black-red-gold. The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag, while the conservative parties such as the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]/[[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]] and the [[German Party (1947)|German Party]] proposed a suggestion by Josef Wirmer, a member of the {{lang|de|[[Parlamentarischer Rat]]}} (parliamentary council) and future advisor of chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]]. Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 "Resistance" flag (using the black-red-gold scheme in a [[Nordic Cross flag|Nordic Cross]] pattern) designed by his brother and [[July 20 Plot|20 July]] co-conspirator Josef.<ref name="proposal1944">{{cite journal |last=Rabbow |first=Arnold |date=May–August 1983 |title=A Flag Against Hitler. The 1944 National Flag Proposal of the German Resistance Movement |journal=Flag Bulletin |volume=100}}</ref> The tricolour was ultimately selected, largely to illustrate the continuity between the Weimar Republic and this new German state. With the enactment of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|(West) German constitution]] on 23 May 1949, the black-red-gold tricolour was readopted as the flag for the Federal Republic of Germany.<ref name="constitutionDE"/>
In 1955, the inhabitants of the French-administered [[Saar Protectorate]] voted to join West Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ena.lu/saar-referendum-23-october-1955-022100041.html |title=The Saar referendum |work=European Navigator |date=23 October 1955 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=11 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311132612/http://www.ena.lu/saar-referendum-23-october-1955-022100041.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947, the Saar had a [[Flag of Saarland|white Nordic cross on a blue and red background]] as its flag.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/de/saar/saarland47-index.htm |title=Constitution of the Saarland |work=documentArchiv.de |date=15 December 1947 |language=de |access-date=24 February 2008}} See Article 61.</ref> To demonstrate the commitment of the Saar to be a part of West Germany, a new flag was selected on 9 July 1956: the black-red-gold tricolour defaced with the new [[Coat of arms of Saarland|coat of arms]], also proposed on this day.<ref>{{in lang|de}} Government of the Saarland (9 July 1956) {{lang|de|Gesetz Nr. 508 über die Flagge des Saarlandes}} and {{lang|de|Gesetz Nr. 509 über das Wappen des Saarlandes}}.</ref> This flag came into force on 1 January 1957, upon the establishment of the [[Saarland]] as a state of West Germany.
[[File:National Committee for a Free Germany logo.svg|thumb|177x177px|Logo of the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]] used the [[Flag of the German Empire|Reichsflagge]]]]
While the use of black-red-gold had been suggested in the Soviet zone in 1946, the Second People's Congress in 1948 decided to adopt the old black-white-red tricolour as a national flag for East Germany. This choice was based on the use of these colours by the [[National Committee for a Free Germany]],<ref name="proposals"/> a German anti-[[Nazism|Nazi]] organisation that operated in the [[Soviet Union]] in the last two years of the war. In 1949, following a suggestion from [[Friedrich Ebert, Jr.]], the black-red-gold tricolour was instead selected as the flag of the German Democratic Republic upon the formation of this state on 7 October 1949.<ref name="DDRconst">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr1949.html |title=Constitution of the German Democratic Republic |work=documentArchiv.de |date=7 October 1949 |access-date=24 February 2008 |language=de |archive-date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130042244/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr1949.html |url-status=live }} See Article 2.</ref> From 1949 to 1959, the flags of both West and East Germany were identical. On 1 October 1959, the East German government changed its flag with the addition of [[Coat of arms of East Germany|its coat of arms]].<ref name="DDR1959">{{cite web |url=http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1959/ddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html |title=Gesetz zur Änderung des Gesetzes über das Staatswappen und die Staatsflagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |language=de |author=Government of the German Democratic Republic |work=documentArchiv.de |date=1 October 1959 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113012908/http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/1959/ddr-staatswappen-staatsflagge-aender_ges.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In West Germany, these changes were seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the two Germanies. Displaying this flag in West Germany and West Berlin—where it became known as the {{lang|de|Spalterflagge}} (divider-flag)—was seen as a breach of the constitution and subsequently banned until the late 1960s.
From 1956 to 1964, West and East Germany attended the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter]] and [[Summer Olympic Games]] as a single team, known as the [[United Team of Germany]]. After the East German national flag was changed in 1959, neither country accepted the flag of the other. As a compromise, a new flag was used by the United Team of Germany from 1960 to 1964, featuring the black-red-gold tricolour [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with white [[Olympic rings]] in the red stripe. In 1968 the teams from the two German states entered separately, but both used the same German Olympic flag. From 1972 to 1988, the separate West and East German teams used their respective national flags.{{clear}}
=== 1990–present ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1003-400, Berlin, deutsche Vereinigung, vor dem Reichstag.jpg|thumb|left|Flag of unified Germany raised at midnight of 3 October 1990 in front of the [[Reichstag building]]]]
After the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in November 1989, many East Germans removed the coat of arms from their flags to imply the plain black-red-gold tricolour symbolic of a united Germany.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Montserrat |last1=Guibernau |title=Belonging: Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies |publisher=Polity Press |date=26 July 2013 |isbn=978-0745655079 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz_nkP8m8a0C&q=Montserrat+Guibernau+Belonging%3A+Solidarity+and+Division+in+Modern+Societies |page=95}}</ref> The widespread act of removing the coat of arms from the East German flag implied the plain black-red-gold tricolour as symbol for a united and democratic Germany. Finally, on 3 October 1990, as the area of the German Democratic Republic was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany, the black-red-gold tricolour became the flag of a [[German reunification|reunified Germany]]. In 1998, the [[Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur|Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship]] was formed. The duty of this organisation, directly responsible to the federal government, is to examine the consequences of the former East German regime. As its logo, the foundation used an East German flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out.<ref>[http://www.stiftung-aufarbeitung.de/downloads/pdf/english.pdf Information pamphlet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227143044/http://www.stiftung-aufarbeitung.de/downloads/pdf/english.pdf |date=27 February 2012}} by the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship. Retrieved on 9 March 2008.</ref>
[[File:
The old black-white-red tricolour of the German Empire is still used by [[monarchist]]s and those members of German royalty who long for the peaceful reintroduction of a German democratic monarchy.<ref name="pro-monarchy">[http://www.promonarchie.de/ Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022948/http://www.promonarchie.de/ |date=4 August 2020 }} of monarchist organisation {{lang|de|[[Tradition und Leben]]}}. See German section for more detailed text. Retrieved on 24 February 2008.</ref> This use of the old flag is almost completely overshadowed by its prevalent use by the far right, however; since the aforementioned ban on all [[Nazi symbolism]] (e.g. the swastika), the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'s'' (SS) double [[sig rune]], etc.) is still in effect within today's Germany, the far right have been forced to forgo any Nazi flags and instead use the old imperial flag, which the Nazis themselves banned in 1935.<ref name="flag1935" />[[File:World Cup 2006 German fans at Bochum.jpg|thumb|right|German football fans during a match against Ecuador in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. Some flags seen here contain the [[Coat of arms of Germany|federal coat of arms]] but [[#Government flag|should not be confused]] with the ''Bundesdienstflagge'', which displays the {{lang|de|Bundesschild}} and may only be used by government authorities.]]In Germany, the use of the flag and other national symbols has been relatively low for most of the time since World War II – a reaction against the widespread use of flags by the Nazi Party and against nationalistic fervour in general.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,424373,00.html |title=Dr. Strangelove: How Germans Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Flag |author=Sontheimer, Michael |work=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]] |date=29 June 2006 |access-date=5 March 2008 |archive-date=15 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215134020/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,424373,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], which took place in Germany and in which the [[Germany national football team|Germany national team]] made a deep run into the knockout rounds (being eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual winners [[Italy national football team|Italy]]), public use of the national flag increased drastically.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,421241,00.html |title=Germany flies the flag |author=Young, Marc |work=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]] |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=24 February 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313183938/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,421241,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This explosion in the flag's occurrence in day-to-day life was initially greeted by many Germans with a mixture of surprise and apprehension.<ref name="NYT2006">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/world/europe/18germany.html |title=In World Cup Surprise, Flags Fly With German Pride |author=Bernstein, Richard |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=5 March 2008 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714082034/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/world/europe/18germany.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The decades-old fear that German flag-waving and national pride was inextricably associated with its Nazi past was dismissed by the end of the tournament by Germans and non-Germans alike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,426063,00.html |title=Germany's World Cup Recovery: From Humorless to Carefree in 30 Days |author=Crossland, David |work=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]] |date=10 July 2006 |access-date=5 March 2008 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216010729/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,426063,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As many Germans regarded showing their flag as part of support for their own team in the tournament, most flags disappeared after the end of a tournament, sometimes due to administrative decisions.<ref name="faz2008">{{cite news
|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball-wm-2006/deutschland-und-die-wm/nach-der-wm-die-party-ist-aus-flaggen-muessen-weg-1354035.html
|title=Nach der WM: Die Party ist aus: Flaggen müssen weg
|work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]
|date=2006-07-11
|access-date=2019-01-05
|archive-date=8 August 2020
By the time of Germany's World Cup victory in [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], usage of the German flag had been increasing sporadically.<ref name="Spon2016">▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808224843/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball-wm-2006/deutschland-und-die-wm/nach-der-wm-die-party-ist-aus-flaggen-muessen-weg-1354035.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
▲By the time of Germany's World Cup victory in [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], usage of the German flag had been increasing sporadically.<ref name="Spon2016">{{cite web
|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/patriotismus-waehrend-der-fussball-em-schwarz-rot-kompliziert-a-1096553.html
|title=EM-Patriotismus: Schwarz-rot-kompliziert
|last=Borcholte
|first=Andreas |work=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Online]]
|date=2016-06-12
|access-date=2019-01-05
|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> In the following period the display of the German flag colours, even outside stadiums, was regularly limited to the period of major sporting events.▼
|archive-date=28 December 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228195455/http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/patriotismus-waehrend-der-fussball-em-schwarz-rot-kompliziert-a-1096553.html
|url-status=live
▲
With the rise of nationalist currents, however, ([[Pegida]], [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]], etc.) and their showing of the German flag as a symbol of their nationalism, the flag again became more widespread but remained somewhat contentious in everyday life.<ref name="Spon2016" /> Mainstream society remains hesitant to use the colours.<ref name="Zeit2018">{{cite news
|url=https://www.zeit.de/2018/43/deutschlandfahne-symbol-rechte-szene-unteilbar-demonstration
|title=Deutschlandfahne: Farbe bekennen
|last=Lau
|first=Mariam |work=[[Die Zeit|Zeit Online]]
|date=2018-10-17
|access-date=2019-01-05
|archive-date=6 January 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011943/https://www.zeit.de/2018/43/deutschlandfahne-symbol-rechte-szene-unteilbar-demonstration
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
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{{GermanFlags}}
{{National symbols of Germany}}
{{Germany topics}}
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[[Category:National flags|Germany]]
[[Category:National symbols of Germany]]
[[Category:Tricolor flags]]
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