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{{Short description|Eastern Romance language}}
{{distinguish|text = the [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], or [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Romanian
| altname = Daco-Romanian
| nativename = {{lang|ro|limba română}}, {{lang|ro|românește}}, {{lang|ro|română}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA
| states = [[Romania]], [[Moldova]]
| region = [[Central Europe]], [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]], and [[Eastern Europe]]
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* [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
** [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet]] ([[Transnistria]] only)
** [[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]] (
* [[Romanian Braille]]
| nation = {{ubl|{{flag|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |title=ARTICOLUL 13 – Constitutia României |website=Cdep.ro |access-date=2016-01-28 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004110/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_1&par1=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{flag|Moldova}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://protv.md/actualitate/modificat-si-in-constitutie-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-limba-romana-foto---2648619.html|title=Modificat și în Constituție: "Limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este limba română" – FOTO|publisher=[[ProTV Chișinău]]|date=30 March 2023|language=ro|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331075620/https://protv.md/actualitate/modificat-si-in-constitutie-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-limba-romana-foto---2648619.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|''{{flag|Transnistria}}'' ({{small|as "[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]"}})<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsmaker.md/ro/cat-exista-transnistria-va-exista-limba-moldoveneasca-krasnoselski-despre-posibile-divergente-cu-chisinaul/|title="Cât există Transnistria, va exista "limba moldovenească". Krasnoselski, despre posibile divergențe cu Chișinăul|first=Stela|last=Untila|newspaper=NewsMaker|date=14 July 2021|language=ro|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402182649/https://newsmaker.md/ro/cat-exista-transnistria-va-exista-limba-moldoveneasca-krasnoselski-despre-posibile-divergente-cu-chisinaul/|url-status=live}}</ref>|{{flag|Vojvodina}} ([[Serbia]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207 | title = Official use of languages and scripts in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina | publisher = Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities | accessdate = 18 October 2010 | archive-date = 25 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201025083851/http://www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs/etext.php?ID_mat=207 | url-status = live }}</ref>|{{flag|European Union}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/service-standards-and-principles/commissions-use-languages_en |title=The Commission's use of languages |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403205756/https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/service-standards-and-principles/commissions-use-languages_en |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| minority = {{ubl|{{flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/home/-/asset_publisher/VzXuex45jmKt/content/hungary-needs-to-strengthen-use-of-and-access-to-minority-languages?_101_INSTANCE_VzXuex45jmKt_viewMode=view/ |title=Hungary needs to strengthen use of and access to minority languages |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827104838/https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/home/-/asset_publisher/VzXuex45jmKt/content/hungary-needs-to-strengthen-use-of-and-access-to-minority-languages?_101_INSTANCE_VzXuex45jmKt_viewMode=view/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|{{flag|Serbia}} ({{small|both as Romanian and "[[Romanian language in Serbia|Vlach]]"}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npld.eu/news/latest-news/60/latest-council-of-europe-report-on-regional-or-minority-languages-in-serbia-published-/|title=Latest Council of Europe report on regional or minority Languages in Serbia published|publisher=The Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134700/http://www.npld.eu/news/latest-news/60/latest-council-of-europe-report-on-regional-or-minority-languages-in-serbia-published-/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|{{flag|Ukraine}}
| agency = [[Romanian Academy]]
| iso1 = ro
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[[File:Native from Bucharest, Romania speaking Romanian.webm|thumb|Native from [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]], speaking Romanian. The Romanian dialect from Bucharest is standard Romanian (from the region of [[Muntenia]], part of the historical [[Wallachia]]).]]
'''Romanian''' (obsolete spelling: '''Roumanian'''; {{
Romanian was also known as ''[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]'' in Moldova, although the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] ruled in 2013 that "the official language of Moldova is Romanian".{{efn|The constitution of the Republic of Moldova referred to the country's language as ''Moldovan'', whilst the 1991 [[Moldovan Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] named the official language ''Romanian''. In December 2013, an official decision of the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] ruled that the Declaration of Independence takes precedence over the Constitution and that the state language is therefore Romanian, not 'Moldovan'. [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/ "Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'"]{{dead link|date=August 2024}}.}} On 16 March 2023, the [[Moldovan Parliament]] approved a law on referring to the national language as Romanian in all legislative texts and the constitution. On 22 March, the president of Moldova, [[Maia Sandu]], promulgated the law.<ref name="romanian-law-prom">{{cite news |title=Președinta Maia Sandu a promulgat Legea care confirmă că limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română |language=ro |publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |url=https://presedinte.md/rom/comunicate-de-presa/presedinta-maia-sandu-a-promulgat-legea-care-confirma-ca-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-cea-romna |quote=Astăzi am promulgat Legea care confirmă un adevăr istoric și incontestabil: limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română. |trans-quote=Today I have promulgated the law that confirms a historical and indisputable truth: the state language of the Republic of Moldova is Romanian. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==Overview==
The history of the Romanian language started in the [[Roman province]]s north of the [[Jireček Line]] in [[Classical antiquity]] but there are 3 main hypotheses about its exact territory: the autochthony thesis (it developed in left-Danube Dacia only), the discontinuation thesis (it developed in right-Danube provinces only), and the "as-well-as" thesis that supports the language development on both sides of the Danube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breu |first=Walter |date=23 March 2022 |title=Romance in Contact with Slavic in Southern and South-Eastern Europe |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-449 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.449 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926064340/https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-449 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between the 6th and 8th century, following the accumulated tendencies inherited from the vernacular spoken in this large area and, to a much smaller degree, the influences from [[Substrate in Romanian|native dialects]], and in the context of a lessened power of the Roman central authority the language evolved into [[Common Romanian]]. This [[proto-language]] then came into close contact with the [[Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe|Slavic languages]] and subsequently divided into [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], and Daco-Romanian.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Marius |trans-title=From Latin to Romanian |title=De la Latină la Română] |publisher=Editura Pro Universitaria |year=2012 |isbn=978-606-647-435-1 |page=13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brâncuș |first=Grigore |trans-title=Introduction to the History of Romanian Language |title=Introducere în istoria limbii române] |publisher=Editura Fundației România de Mâine |year=2005 |isbn=973-725-219-5 |page=16 }}</ref> Due to limited attestation between the 6th and 16th century, entire stages from its history are re-constructed by researchers, often with proposed relative chronologies and loose limits.<ref>[[Gabriela Pană Dindelegan|Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C ''The Grammar of Romanian''], Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, pages 3 and 4</ref>
From the 12th or 13th century, official documents and religious texts were written in [[Old Church Slavonic]], a language that had a similar role to [[Medieval Latin]] in Western Europe. The oldest dated text in Romanian is [[Neacșu's letter|a letter]] written in 1521 with [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letters]], and until late 18th century, including during the development of printing, the same alphabet was used. The period after 1780, starting with the writing of its first grammar books, represents the modern age of the language, during which time the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] became official, the literary language was standardized, and a large number of words from [[Neo-Latin|Modern Latin]] and other [[Romance languages]] entered the lexis.
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The few allusions to the use of Romanian in writing as well as common words, anthroponyms, and toponyms preserved in the Old Church Slavonic religious writings and chancellery documents, attested prior to the 16th century, along with the analysis of graphemes show that the writing of Romanian with the Cyrillic alphabet started in the second half of the 15th century.<ref name="Dindelegan(ed.)">{{Cite web |last1=Timotin |first1=Emanuela |last2=Stan |first2=Camelia |last3=Maiden |first3=Martin |date=3 March 2016 |editor-last=Pană Dindelegan |editor-first=Gabriela |title=The Syntax of Old Romanian - Introduction |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.003.0001 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=Oxford Academic|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712350.003.0001 }}</ref>
[[Image:Neacşu's letter.jpg|thumb|left|Neacșu's letter is the oldest surviving document written in [[Old Romanian]] that can be precisely dated]]
The oldest extant document in Romanian precisely dated is [[Neacșu's letter]] (1521) and was written using the [[Romanian Cyrillic alphabet]], which was used until the late 19th century. The letter is the oldest testimony of Romanian epistolary style and uses a prevalent lexis of Latin origin.<ref>[https://ceeol-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/search/viewpdf?id=547112 Romanian letter-writing: a cultural-rhetorical perspective]</ref> However, dating by [[
The language spoken during this period had a phonological system of seven vowels and twenty-nine consonants. Particular to [[Old Romanian]] are the distribution of /z/, as the allophone of /dz/ from [[Common Romanian]], in the Wallachian and south-east Transylvanian varieties, the presence of palatal sonorants /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, nowadays preserved only regionally in [[Banat]] and [[Oltenia]], and the beginning of devoicing of asyllabic [u] after consonants.<ref name="Dindelegan(ed.)"/> Text analysis revealed words that are now lost from modern vocabulary or used only in local varieties. These words were of various provenience for example: Latin (''cure'' - to run, ''mâneca''- to leave), Old Church Slavonic (''drăghicame'' - gem, precious stone, ''prilăsti'' - to trick, to cheat), Hungarian (''bizăntui'' - to bear witness).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vîrban |first=Floarea |date=2015 |title=Aspecte privind structura vocabularului în cel mai vechi octoih în limba română |url=http://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/static/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F30667%2FVirban%2C%20Floarea%2C%20Aspecte%20privind%20structura%20vocabularului%20in%20cel%20mai%20vechi%20octoih%20in%20limba%20romana%20%28I%29%2C%20LR%2C%202015%2C%20An.%2064%2C%20Nr.%201%2C%20p.%2099-110.pdf.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&isAllowed=y |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=dspace.bcu-iasi.ro |language=ro |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905194900/http://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/static/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F30667%2FVirban%2C%20Floarea%2C%20Aspecte%20privind%20structura%20vocabularului%20in%20cel%20mai%20vechi%20octoih%20in%20limba%20romana%20%28I%29%2C%20LR%2C%202015%2C%20An.%2064%2C%20Nr.%201%2C%20p.%2099-110.pdf.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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Following the [[unification of Moldavia and Wallachia]] further studies on the language were made, culminating with the founding of {{lang|ro|italic=no|Societatea Literară Română}}<!-- no interlanguage link, it redirects to the article on the Romanian Academy --> on 1 April 1866 on the initiative of [[C. A. Rosetti]], an academic society that had the purpose of standardizing the orthography, formalizing the grammar and (via a dictionary) vocabulary of the language, and promoting literary and scientific publications. This institution later became the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref>{{lang|ro|[https://acad.ro/institutia/istoric.html History of Romanian Academy]}}</ref>
[[File:Ion Creanga-Foto03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ion Creangă (writer)|Ion Creangă]]]]
==== Contemporary period ====
The third phase of the modern age of Romanian language, starting from 1880 and continuing to this day, is characterized by the prevalence of the supradialectal form of the language, standardized with the express contribution of the school system and Romanian Academy, bringing a close to the process of literary language modernization and development of literary styles.<ref name="The Grammar of Romanian"/> It is distinguished by the activity of Romanian literature classics in its early decades: [[Mihai Eminescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă (writer)|Ion Creangă]], [[Ioan Slavici]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Marius |trans-title=From Latin to Romanian |title=De la Latină la Română] |publisher=Editura Pro Universitaria |year=2012 |isbn=978-606-647-435-1 |page=160 }}</ref>
The current orthography, with minor reforms to this day and using Latin letters, was fully implemented in 1881, regulated by the Romanian Academy on a fundamentally phonological principle, with few morpho-syntactic exceptions.<ref>Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DlrPPUCQmk4C ''The Grammar of Romanian''], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-964492-6, page 5</ref>
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|[[Romanians in Serbia|Vojvodina]] ([[Romanian language in Serbia|Serbia]])
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.04%
| style="text-align:right;"| 18,038<ref name="Dissemination database search">{{Cite web |title=Dissemination database search |url=https://data.stat.gov.rs/Home/Result/3104020302?languageCode=en-US |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=data.stat.gov.rs}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,740,230<ref
|-
|colspan="4"|minority regional co-official language:
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| style="text-align:right;"| 14,953,126
|-
! colspan="4"|Asia (excluding [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries)
|-
|[[Demographics of Israel|Israel]]
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Romania mandates the use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must bear a translation of foreign words,<ref>Legea "[[George Pruteanu|Pruteanu]]": [http://www.cdep.ro/proiecte/2001/500/80/5/leg_pl585_01.pdf 500/2004 – Law on the Protection of the Romanian Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112160042/http://www.cdep.ro/proiecte/2001/500/80/5/leg_pl585_01.pdf |date=12 November 2011 }}</ref> while trade signs and logos shall be written predominantly in Romanian.<ref>Art. 27 (3), Legea nr. 26/1990 privind Registrul Comerțului</ref>
The Romanian Language Institute (
Since 2013, the [[Romanian Language Day]] is celebrated on every [[31 August]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2020 |title=31 august – Ziua Limbii Române |language=ro |work=[[Agerpres]] |url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2020/08/31/31-august-ziua-limbii-romane--563779 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025003653/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2020/08/31/31-august-ziua-limbii-romane--563779 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=31 August 2020 |title=De ce este sărbătorită Ziua Limbii Române la 31 august |language=ro |work=Historia |url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/de-ce-este-sarbatorita-ziua-limbii-romane-la-31-august |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083523/https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/de-ce-este-sarbatorita-ziua-limbii-romane-la-31-august |url-status=live }}</ref>
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==== In Moldova ====
{{Main|Moldovan language}}
Romanian is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. The 1991 [[Moldovan Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] named the official language Romanian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declarația de independența a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană |url=http://www.moldova-suverana.md/index.php?start_from=&ucat=7&subaction=showfull&id=1156426235&archive=1156767681& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205095219/http://www.moldova-suverana.md/index.php?start_from=&ucat=7&subaction=showfull&id=1156426235&archive=1156767681& |archive-date=5 February 2008 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Moldova-suverana.md |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot that language and how to tell them apart |url=http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224120109/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2007 |access-date=9 October 2013 |publisher=European Commission |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Constitution of Moldova]] as originally adopted in 1994 named the state language of the country [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]. In December 2013, a decision of the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] ruled that the Declaration of Independence took precedence over the Constitution and the state language should be called Romanian.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-25 |title=Moldovan Court Rules Official Language is 'Romanian', Replacing Soviet-Flavored 'Moldovan' |language=en |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/ |access-date=7 December 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209102718/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored |url-status=
Scholars agree that Moldovan and Romanian are the same language, with the [[-onym|glottonym]] "Moldovan" used in certain political contexts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marian Lupu: Româna și moldoveneasca sunt aceeași limbă |url=http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204743/http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=7 October 2009 |publisher=Realitatea .NET |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has been the sole official language since the adoption of the Law on State Language of the [[Moldavian SSR]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=07-4753-117-X |page=518 |author-link=Andrew Dalby}}</ref> This law mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economic, cultural and social spheres, as well as asserting the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".<ref>[http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219024839/http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc |date=19 February 2006 }} (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian RSS supports the desire of the Moldavian that live across the borders of the Republic, and – considering the existing Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language."</ref> It is also used in schools, mass media, education and in the colloquial speech and writing. Outside the political arena the language is most often called "Romanian". In the breakaway territory of Transnistria, it is co-official with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and Russian.
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=== Popular culture ===
Romanian has become popular in other countries through movies and songs performed in the Romanian language. Examples of Romanian acts that had a great success in non-Romanophone countries are the bands [[O-Zone]] (with their No. 1 single
Also some artists wrote songs dedicated to the Romanian language. The multi-platinum pop trio [[O-Zone]] (originally from Moldova) released a song called {{lang|ro|italic=no|"Nu mă las de limba noastră"}} ("I won't forsake our language"). The final verse of this song, {{lang|ro|italic=no|"Eu nu mă las de limba noastră, de limba noastră cea română"}}, is translated in English as "I won't forsake our language, our Romanian language". Also, the Moldovan musicians [[Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici]] performed a song called "The Romanian language".
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A 1988 statistic by Marius Sala is based on 2,581 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Romanian language. This statistic gives the percentages below:<ref name="VRLR" />
If the analysis is restricted to a core vocabulary of 2,500 frequent, semantically rich and productive words, then the Latin inheritance comes first, followed by Romance and classical Latin neologisms, whereas the Slavic borrowings come third.
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Romanian nouns are characterized by gender (feminine, masculine, and neuter), and [[Declension|declined]] by number (singular and plural) and case ([[nominative case|nominative]]/[[accusative case|accusative]], [[dative case|dative]]/[[genitive case|genitive]] and [[vocative case|vocative]]). The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] in gender, number and case with the noun they modify.
Romanian is the only major Romance language where [[Article (grammar)|definite articles]] are [[enclitic]]: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in [[North Germanic languages|The Scandinavian Languages]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]]), instead of in front ([[proclitic]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Săvescu |first=Oana |date=2012 |title=When Syncretism Meets Word Order. On Clitic Order in Romanian |journal=Probus |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=233–256 |doi=10.1515/probus-2012-0010 |s2cid=194568315}}</ref> They were formed, as in other Romance languages, from the Latin demonstrative pronouns.
As in all Romance languages, [[Romanian verbs]] are highly inflected for person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The usual word order in sentences is [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO). Romanian has four verbal [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugations]] which further split into ten conjugation patterns. Romanian verbs are conjugated for five [[mood (linguistics)|moods]] ([[indicative mood|indicative]], [[conditional mood|conditional]]/[[optative mood|optative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]], [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], and [[presumptive mood|presumptive]]) and four non-finite forms ([[infinitive]], [[gerund]], [[supine]], and [[participle]]).
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{{Main|Latin-to-Romanian sound changes}}
Owing to its isolation from the other Romance languages, the phonetic evolution of Romanian was quite different, but the language does share a few changes with Italian, such as {{IPA|[kl]}} → {{IPA|[kj]}} (Lat. '''cl'''arus → Rom. '''chià'''r, Ital. '''chi'''aro, Lat. clamare → Rom. '''che'''mare, Ital. '''chia'''mare) and {{IPA|[ɡl]}} → {{IPA|[ɡj]}} (Lat. *'''gl'''acia ('''gl'''acies) → Rom. '''ghé'''ață, Ital. '''ghi'''accia, '''ghi'''accio, Lat. *un'''gl'''a (ungula) → Rom. un'''ghi'''e, Ital. un'''ghi'''a), although this did not go as far as it did in Italian with other similar clusters (Rom. '''plà'''ce, Ital. '''pi'''ace)
Another similarity with Italian is the change from {{IPA|[ke]}} or {{IPA|[ki]}} to {{IPA|[tʃe]}} or {{IPA|[tʃi]}} (Lat. pax, pa'''ce'''m → Rom. and Ital. pa'''ce''', Lat. dul'''ce'''m → Rom. dul'''ce''', Ital. dol'''ce''', Lat. '''ci'''rcus → Rom. '''ce'''rc, Ital. '''ci'''rco) and {{IPA|[ɡe]}} or {{IPA|[ɡi]}} to {{IPA|[dʒe]}} or {{IPA|[dʒi]}} (Lat. '''ge'''lu → Rom. '''gè'''r, Ital. '''ge'''lo, Lat. mar'''gi'''nem → Rom. and Ital. mar'''gi'''ne, Lat. '''ge'''mere → Rom. '''gè'''m ('''ge'''mere), Ital. '''ge'''mere). There are also a few changes shared with [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], such as {{IPA|/ɡn/}} (probably phonetically {{IPA|[ŋn]}}) → {{IPA|[mn]}} (Lat. co'''gn'''atus → Rom. cu'''mn'''at, Dalm. co'''mn'''ut) and {{IPA|/ks/}} → {{IPA|[ps]}} in some situations (Lat. coxa → Rom. có'''ps'''ă, Dalm. co'''ps'''a). Among the notable phonetic changes are:
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:* Lat. '''t'''enem → Rom. '''ț'''ine (hold)
Romanian has entirely lost Latin {{IPA|/kw/}} ('''qu'''), turning it either into {{IPA|/p/}} (Lat. '''qu'''attuor → Rom. ''pàtru'', "four"; cf. It. ''quattro'') or {{IPA|/k/}} (Lat. '''qu'''ando → Rom. ''când'', "when"; Lat. '''qu'''ale → Rom. ''càre'', "which")
== Writing system ==
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: Toate ființele omenești se nasc '''slobode''' și '''deopotrivă''' în '''destoinicie''' și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și '''trebuie''' să se poarte unele față de altele în '''duh''' de frățietate.
The sentence rewritten to exclude all loanwords. The meaning is unchanged
: '''Toate ființele omenești se nasc nesupuse și asemenea în prețuire și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu înțelegere și cuget și se cuvine să se poarte unele față de altele frățește.'''
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== External links ==
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/rom-uni.htm SAMPA for Romanian]
* [http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf Romanian Reference Grammar, by Dana Cojocaru, University of Bucharest (183 pages) – 4.6 MB – pdf]
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{{Romance languages}}
{{Languages of Romania}}
{{Languages of Hungary}}
{{Languages of Moldova}}
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