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{{About|a region of Saudi Arabia||Katif (disambiguation){{!}}Katif}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
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| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province (Ash Sharqiyah)]]
| leader_title = [[Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Saud bin Nayef]]
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="cdsi.gov.sa">{{cite web |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/04/qatif.pdf|title=Population Estimates 2017}} </ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| utc_offset = +03:00
| timezone = [[UTC+
| coordinates = {{coord|26.556|N|49.996|E|region:SA_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| area_code = +966 13
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}}
'''Qatif''' or '''Al-Qatif''' ({{
Qatif is one of the oldest settlements in [[Eastern Arabia]]
Several travelers visited the city,
Its survival in the midst of [[desert]] surroundings is due not only to its being a coastal city but to the fact that Qatif is a green oasis with rich agricultural soil. Qatif itself is surrounded by a jungle of [[Arecaceae|palm trees]]. Springs are abundant in the
==Etymology and history==
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Qatif functioned for centuries as the most important trade port in [[Eastern Arabia]], to the point where the whole Persian Gulf was labeled "Sea of Qatif".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/qatif/qatif-history.htm|title=Qatif History}}</ref> The term ''Qatif'' is derived from what translates to "harvest" or "grain", signifying the area's past agricultural history.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
The historic oasis area shows its first archaeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as [[Al-Khutt|Al-Khatt]] ({{lang|ar|الخَطّ}}), immortalized in the poetry of [[Antarah ibn Shaddad]], [[Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd]], [[
Until the advent of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule in the 18th century, Qatif belonged to the historical region known as the [[Province of Bahrain]], along with [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]] and the present-day [[Bahrain]] islands.
In 899 the [[Qarmatians]] conquered the region with the oases of Qatif and Al-Hasa. They declared themselves independent and reigned from al-Mu'miniya near modern [[Hofuf]] until 1071.<ref name="Facey">{{cite book |last=Facey |first=William |date=2004 |orig-date=1994 |title=The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia |location=London, UK |publisher=Stacey International |isbn=1-900988-18-6}}</ref> The [[Buyid]]s of western [[Persia]] raided Qatif in 988. In 1059, Qatif was liberated from Qarmatian rule during the [[Battle of Qatif (1059)|Battle of Qatif]]. From 1071 until 1253 the [[Uyunids]] ruled the region first from the city of "al-Hasa" (predecessor to modern [[Hofuf]]) and later from Qatif. In 1253 the [[Usfurid]]s rose from Al-Hasa and ruled during the struggle of Qays with the [[Ormus|Hormuz]] for control of the coast. Probably at about this time, Qatif became the main port for the mainland surpassing '[[Uqair]] in importance for the trade and thus became the capital of the Usfurids.<ref name="Facey" /> [[Ibn Battuta]], visited Qatif in 1331 and found it a large and prosperous city inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is".<ref>{{cite book |author=Ibn Battuta |title=Ibn Battuta's Journey |location=Beirut |publisher=Dar Sadir |date=1964 |pages=279–280}}</ref> Power shifted in 1440 to the [[Jabrid]]s of the Al-Hasa oasis.
=== Portuguese and Ottomans ===
In 1515 the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] conquered Hormuz and sacked Qatif in 1520, killing the Jabrid ruler [[Muqrin ibn Zamil]].<ref name="Facey" /> The Portuguese invaded the island of [[History of Bahrain#Bahrain as a Portuguese dominion|Bahrain]] and stayed there for the next eighty years. The ruler of Basra extended his power to Qatif in 1524 but ultimately in 1549 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] took over, though they could not expel the Portuguese from the island of Bahrain.<ref name="Facey" /> In 1551
In 1680 the Al Humayd of the [[Banu Khalid]] took the by now weak garrison of the Ottomans in Hofuf. In a battle at Ghuraymil, south of Qatif, the Banu Khalid lost their rule to the new "[[First Saudi State]]" in 1790. In 1818 the Saudi State was destroyed in the [[Ottoman-Saudi War]] and the commander of the mostly Egyptian troops, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], took control of Hofuf, only to evacuate it the next year and return to the west coast. The Humayd regained control until the Banu Khalid were finally defeated in 1830 by the "Second Saudi State" who now took control of the whole region. The Ottomans moved in again in 1871 not to be expelled until 1913 when [[Ibn Saud]] finally established the Saudi rule in the [[Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Eastern Province]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
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{{main|2011 Saudi Arabian protests}}
On 10 March 2011, in the wake of the [[Arab Spring]] and a day before
Over six people were reported to be killed by the government's forces since November 2011. However, the government tried to overshadow the reports but social networking groups has highly worked to demonstrate the way the government used force against the protesters<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRlA7npoJBo |title=قتل شاب وجراحة برصاص قوات الأمن السعودي في القطيف|trans-title=A young man was shot and wounded by Saudi security forces in Qatif |language=ar |website=[[BBC News Arabic]] |via=YouTube |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/GRlA7npoJBo |archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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{{main|2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests|2017–2020 Qatif unrest}}
Activists in Qatif first took to the streets in March 2011, demanding the release of political prisoners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://
Activists reported that seven protesters were killed from November 2011 to 10 February 2012 in Qatif.<ref name=bbc14412>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16995286 |title=New clashes in Saudi Arabia leave 'protester' dead |newspaper=BBC News |date=11 February 2012}}</ref>
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* {{ill|Kabaji|ar|كباجي}}
* {{ill|Mary's bread|ar|خبز مريم}}
* [[Mahmous]] (Roasted rice)
==Climate==
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The Qatif region is the largest concentration of [[Shia Islam]] in Saudi Arabia;<ref name="Fuccaro2016">{{cite book |first=Nelida |last=Fuccaro |title=Violence and the City in the Modern Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KptxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |date=9 March 2016 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9752-8 |page=112}}</ref> less than 10% of Qatif are [[Sunni Muslims]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} Qatif is the centre of the Shiite population in Saudi Arabia.<ref>Mackey, p. 234.</ref> Since 2005, the government has eased the restrictions on commemorating [[Day of Ashura]] in public.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/09/03/denied-dignity |title=Denied Dignity |journal=Human Rights Watch |access-date=29 January 2016 |date=2009-09-03}}</ref>
As of
Most people in Qatif are [[Arab]] [[Baharna]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthiesen |first=Toby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4tsBQAAQBAJ&dq=qatif&pg=PA25 |title=The Other Saudis |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04304-6 |language=en}}</ref> with very similar culture and dialects to the Baharna of [[Bahrain]]. There is a minority of bedouins, of the tribes of [[Bani Khalid]] and [[Bani Hajer]], concentrated in the villages of Anak and [[Um Al-Sahek]]. There are also Sunni Gulf Arabs concentrated in the villages of Darin and Al-Zour.
== Culture ==
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Several periodic religious occasions are held in Qatif, the most prominent of which are the [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], as well as [[Gargee'an|Qarqi'an]], and the deaths and births of [[Muhammad]] and [[The Twelve Imams|the twelve Imams]].
At the beginning of each [[Hijri year]], Qatif is draped with black, red and green banners and flags over houses, alleys and roads, which is intended to announce the state of mourning and the start of the [[Ashura|Ashura season]] from the beginning of the month of Muharram until the end of the month of [[Safar]] in commemoration of the days of Ashura in which [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussein bin Ali]], grandson of [[Muhammad]] was killed in the [[Battle of Karbala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://juhaina.ddns.net/index.php?act=artc&id=36154 |title=بالصور.. المواكب الحسينية تحيي ليلة 13 محرم بالعزاء والعروض التمثيلية |trans-title=In pictures.. Hussainiya processions celebrate the night of Muharram 13 with condolences and performances |language=ar |date=2020-03-21 |website=Juhayna News |access-date=2021-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321163517/https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090224/http://juhaina.ddns.net/index.php?act=artc&id=36154 |archive-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> These days have a special importance for the majority of the Qatif community, in which shops are closed and no
Traditionally, people go out to the seashore to celebrate after the end of [[Safar]], and when they return in the sunset, heaps of straw are collected and burned to symbolize the burning of mourning monuments. Pottery, worn-out trays, and pots are disposed of by smashing them, a habit that seemed to fade away, but few still do it nonetheless.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=سعيد |first=مسل، محمد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOTUtgAACAAJ&q=%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%87+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7:+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81|title= القطيف|date=1989 |publisher=الرئاسة العامة لرعاية الشباب، وكالة شؤون الشباب، الادارة العامة للنشاطات الثقافية، |language=ar}}</ref>
Joy and festivals pervade all of Qatif on during [[Gargee'an|Qarqi'an]], on the 15th of the month of [[Sha'ban|Sha’ban]], which coincides with the birth of [[Mahdi|Al-Mahdi]], and this day is called Al-Nasifah, and on the 15th of Ramadan, which coincides with the birth of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan bin Ali]], and is called Karikshon. Qarqi'an is an annual custom found in both Bahrain, Qatif and some other areas in the Persian Gulf, where celebrations are held, feasts are made, new clothes are worn, candles are lit, and people and children between 4 and 12 years go out to the streets of old villages and neighborhoods to celebrate. Mosques prepare early to receive visitors, and people distribute sweets and food. The girls wear traditional clothes and are decorated with henna.<ref name=":2" /> The children chant folk songs, while they roam the neighborhoods with large bags to collect candy distributed from houses.<ref name=":2" />
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[[Saudi Aramco]] (the Saudi national oil company) completed the development of the Qatif Project in October 2004, comprising facilities to produce, process and transport {{convert|500000|oilbbl/d|order=flip|sigfig=1}} of blended Arabian light crude oil from the Qatif field and {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d|order=flip|abbr=on}} of Arabian medium crude oil from the offshore Abu Sa'fah field (total {{convert|800000|oilbbl/d|order=flip|abbr=on}}), plus {{convert|370|e6cuft/d|order=flip}} of associated gas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/www/en/home.html#our-operations%257C%252Fen%252Fhome%252Four-operations%252Foil%252Fmajor-oil-processing-complexes%252Fqatif-oil-processing-facility.baseajax.html |title=Qatif oil processing facility |website=Saudi Aramco |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729144306/http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/www/en/home.html#our-operations%257C%252Fen%252Fhome%252Four-operations%252Foil%252Fmajor-oil-processing-complexes%252Fqatif-oil-processing-facility.baseajax.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Qatifi people are likely to work in the oil industry (Saudi Aramco, [[Schlumberger]], [[Halliburton]] and [[Baker Hughes]]). Some of the employees have moved to [[Dhahran]], where these companies are located, but the majority still reside in Qatif and go to Dhahran by cars or Saudi Aramco buses in about 50 minutes' journey. Others work in Aramco refineries in Ras Tanura. and others work in the petrochemical companies in Jubail (80 km from Qatif), some go
The Qatif coastline is rich with shrimp and many varieties of [[fish]]. Qatif Fish Market is the largest in the [[Middle East]]. Qatif villages are known to have many [[date palms]] and other fruits.
On 8 March 2020 Qatif was put into lockdown by Saudi Arabia until 29 April 2020 because of cases of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/covid-19/411258/coronavirus-italy-death-toll-soars-amid-travel-ban |title=Coronavirus: Italy death toll soars amid travel ban |date=2020-03-09 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz |access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
==Education==
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Qatif is connected with other Saudi urban centers through highways mainly the [[Dhahran-Jubail Highway]] which runs across Qatif, and [[Abu Hadriyah Highway]] which serves as a western border for Qatif and separates it from [[King Fahd International Airport]]. The [[Gulf Road (Saudi Arabia)|Gulf Road]] links the city with [[Dammam]].
It is also close to the
==Towns and villages==
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* [[Al-Taubi]]
* [[Aljish]]
* Anak
* [[Hellat-Muhaish]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alhella.com/ |title=Alhella site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026084035/http://www.alhella.com/ |archive-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Qatif Castle|Al-Qala'a]]
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{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al Faihani Palace]]
==References==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181001224531/http://www.qatifonline.com/ Qatif online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070330045339/http://qatif.8m.com/qatif_loc_en.htm Geography of Qatif]
* [http://www.qatifoasis.com Qatif Oasis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705173722/http://www.qatifoasis.com/ |date=5 July 2014 }} {{in lang|ar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090226060940/http://www.world66.com/asia/middleeast/saudiarabia/qatif Qatif travel guide] at World66
* [http://www.goliards.net/qatif/qatif1.htm Qatif photos]
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[[Category:Port cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Oases of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Shia communities]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Cities in Saudi Arabia]]
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