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| trade_name = IBM
| logo = IBM logo.svg
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 200px
| image = IBM CHQ - Oct 2014.jpg
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| location_city = [[Armonk, New York]]
| location_country = United States
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'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (using the [[trademark]] '''IBM'''), nicknamed '''Big Blue''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title=IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005172652/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]] and present in over 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Trust and responsibility. Earned and practiced daily. |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/corporate-social-responsibility/2019/06/trust-and-responsibility-earned-and-practiced-daily/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Impact |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|website=10-K|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|title=10-K|access-date=June 1, 2019|ref={{harvid|10-K|2018}}|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181213/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[Publicly-traded company|publicly traded company]] and one of the 30 companies in the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]].{{Efn|As of 2024.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Dow Jones Industrial Average |url=https://www.slickcharts.com/dowjones |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=SlickCharts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Overview |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/IBM/profile |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref> IBM is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 19 research facilities across a dozen countries, having held the record for most annual [[United States|U.S.]] [[
<!--Early notable history-->IBM was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR), a [[holding company]] of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of [[tabulating machine|punch-card tabulating systems]]. During the 1960s and 1970s, the [[IBM mainframe]], exemplified by the [[IBM System/360|System/360]], was the world's dominant [[computing platform]], with the company producing 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IBM {{!}} Founding, History, & Products {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Business-Machines-Corporation |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><!--END Early notable history-->
<!--Recent history & present-->IBM debuted in the [[microcomputer]] market in 1981 with the [[IBM Personal Computer]], — its [[DOS]] software provided by [[Microsoft]], — which became the basis for the majority of [[personal computers]] to the present day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alfred |first=Randy |title=Aug. 12, 1981: IBM Gets Personal With 5150 PC |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/08/0812ibm-5150-personal-computer-pc/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> The company later also found success in the [[Portable computer|portable]] space with the [[ThinkPad]]. Since the 1990s, IBM has concentrated on [[Information technology|computer services]], [[software]], [[supercomputer]]s, and [[Scientific method#Scientific inquiry|scientific research]]; it sold its microcomputer division to [[Lenovo]] in 2005. IBM continues to develop mainframes, and its supercomputers have [[TOP500|consistently ranked]] among the most powerful in the world in the 21st century.<!--END Recent history & present-->
<!--Legacy-->As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several [[
▲As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several [[Technological innovation|technological innovations]], including the <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE-->[[automated teller machine]] (ATM), [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[SQL|SQL programming language]], and the [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcode]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE--> The company has made inroads in advanced [[Integrated circuit|computer chips]], [[quantum computing]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[data infrastructure]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=2023-12-04 |title=IBM unveils new quantum computing chip to 'explore new frontiers of science' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/04/ibm-quantum-computer-heron |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sandy |title=The Evolution Of AI: From IBM And AWS To OpenAI and Anthropic |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/11/07/the-evolution-of-ai-from-ibm-and-aws-to-openai-and-anthropic/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Steve |title=IBM Realigns Its Storage Business To Match Data-Driven Enterprise Needs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2023/03/07/ibm-realigns-its-storage-business-to-match-data-driven-enterprise-needs/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] and six [[Turing Award|Turing Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2021 |title=About us |url=https://research.ibm.com/about |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Research}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of IBM}}
=== 1910s–1950s ===
IBM originated with several technological innovations developed and commercialized in the late 19th century. Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott|last1=Aswad|first1=Ed|last2=Meredith|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=0-7385-3700-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032106/https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=scienceandsociety.co.uk |publisher=UK Science Museum}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]] (1889);<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |url=https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214449/https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=columbia.edu |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a [[time clock]] to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape (1889).<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee Punch Clocks |url=https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011858/https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=floridatimeclock.com |publisher=Florida Time Clock}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in Endicott, New York.<ref name="certificate1911" /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |date=June 10, 1911 |title=Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital |page=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203320/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; and [[Toronto]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The origins of IBM {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/history/ctr-and-ibm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
Collectively, the companies manufactured a wide array of machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<ref name="Belden">{{cite book|last1=Belden|first1=Thomas Graham|last2=Belden|first2=Marva Robins|year=1962|title=The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson|url=https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld/page/89 89–93]}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when [[Competition law|antitrust]] cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |title=Computer: A History of the Information Machine |last2=Aspray |first2=William F. |last3=Yost |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Tinn |first4=Honghong |last5=Díaz |first5=Gerardo Con |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-87875-2 |location=New York, NY |language=en}}</ref> Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]]
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IBM as a military contractor produced 6% of the [[M1 Carbine]] rifles used in World War II, about 346,500 of them, between August 1943 and May.
IBM built the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]], an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube based [[IBM 701]], in 1952. The [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] introduced the hard disk drive in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the [[IBM 700/7000 series|7000]] and [[IBM 1400 series|1400]] series, beginning in 1958. In which, IBM considered the [[IBM 1400|1400]] series the <nowiki>''model T''</nowiki> of computing, due to it being the first computer with over ten thousand sales by IBM.
In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when [[Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)|Arthur L. Samuel]] of IBM's [[Poughkeepsie]], New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed.
=== 1960s–1980s === In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre (travel reservation system)|SABRE reservation system]] for [[American Airlines]] and introduced the highly successful [[IBM Selectric|Selectric]] typewriter. In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to Armonk, New York. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers.
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In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|title=Monopolization: Corporate Strategy, the IBM Cases, and the Transformation of the Law|last=Sullivan|first=Lawrence A.|journal=[[Texas Law Review]]|date=April 1982|access-date=January 14, 2022|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–647|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192845/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|url-status=live}}</ref>
Also in 1969, IBM engineer [[Forrest Parry]] invented the [[magnetic stripe card]] that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |url=https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220243/https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2011 |website=cummingsdesign.com |publisher=Cummingsdesign}}</ref> IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Corporate Finance|edition=9th, alternate|last1=Ross|last2=Westerfield|last3=Jordan|year=2010|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|page=746}}</ref>
IBM entered the [[microcomputer]] market in the 1980s with the [[IBM Personal Computer]] (IBM 5150), which soon became known as the [[Personal computer|PC]], one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Larry |title=IBM PC |publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=0-470-86412-5 |publication-date=1 January 2003 |page=833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of the IBM PC {{!}} Low End Mac |url=https://lowendmac.com/2006/origin-of-the-ibm-pc/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=lowendmac.com}}</ref> the PC was not well protected by [[intellectual property]] laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market.
In 1985, IBM collaborated with [[Microsoft]] to develop a new [[operating system]], which was released as [[OS/2]]. Following a dispute, Microsoft severed the collaboration and IBM continued development of OS/2 on its own but it failed in the marketplace against Microsoft's [[Windows]] during the mid-1990s.
=== 1990s–2000s ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+No. of worldwide employees at leading U.S. computer firms (1989/1992)<ref>https://www.usitc.gov/publications/other/pub2821.pdf</ref>
!Company
!1989
!1992
|-
|'''IBM'''
|372,297
|303,764
|-
|[[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]
|125,900
|102,100
|-
|[[Hewlett-Packard]]
|52,640
|65,118
|-
|[[Unisys]]
|82,300
|54,300
|-
|[[AT&T]]
|63,000
|52,000
|-
|[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
|14,550
|14,900
|-
|[[Sun Microsystems]]
|10,859
|12,900
|-
|[[Compaq]]
|9,600
|9,400
|-
|[[Amdahl Corporation|Amdahl]]
|8,200
|8,764
|-
|[[Dell]]
|1,554
|4,300
|}
In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Michael W. | date=November 10, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398331696/ | title='Break Up IBM,' Cry Some Investors Who See Value in Those Baby Blues | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=C1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ziegler | first=Bart | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/268053630/ | title=Big Blue still breaking up its bureaucracy | journal=Colorado Springs-Gazette | page=E3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> These included [[AdStar]], dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; [[Lexmark]], dedicated to small printers; and more.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/288539645/ |url-access=subscription | title=Facts, Figures on IBM's 13 Decentralized Firms |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune | page=D14 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Lexmark was acquired by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton & Dubilier]] in a [[leveraged buyout]] shortly after its formation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9173CF931A15751C1A967958260|title=The Executive Computer; Can I.B.M. Learn From a Unit It Freed?|work=The New York Times|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|date=December 22, 1991}}</ref>
In September 1992, IBM completed the spin-off of their various non-mainframe and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions, combining them into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).<ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | title=IBM Plans Division For Its PC Business; One Executive Expected to Be Put in Control | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=B11 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20230512002255/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | archive-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=November 26, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | title=With New Approach and Executive Team, IBM Seeks a Rebirth | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=D1 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20230512001140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | archive-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref> This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the drop to a fierce price war in the personal computer market over the summer of 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hooper | first=Lawrence | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398296978/ | title=IBM to Unveil New Structure of PC Business | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=A3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> The corporate restructuring was one of the largest and most expensive in history up to that point.<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | date=July 28, 1993 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256293920/ |url-access=subscription | title=IBM reports record loss of $8 billion |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman | page=B6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including [[Ambra Computer Corporation]] and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "[[IBM PC compatible|clone]]" computers of IBM's own architecture and the latter responsible for IBM's [[PowerPC]]-based [[workstation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lohr | first=Steve | date=August 2, 1993 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | title=I.B.M. and Dell Stake Out the Little Picture in PC's | journal=The New York Times | page=D2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526082706/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | archive-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Steven | date=September 11, 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/227494932/ | title=IBM Power Personal Systems group to be folded into PC Co. | journal=Computer Reseller News | publisher=CMP Publications | issue=648 | page=7 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> IBM PC Co. introduced the [[ThinkPad]] clone computers, which IBM would heavily market and would eventually become one of the best-selling series of [[notebook computers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ThinkPad {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/history/thinkpad |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en}}</ref>
In 1993, IBM posted an $8 billion loss – at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004332/https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|archive-date=February 23, 2014|title=Life science: Fade or flourish ?|first1=Guy|last1=Lefever|first2=Michele|last2=Pesanello|first3=Heather|last3=Fraser|first4=Lee|last4=Taurman|year=2011|publisher=IBM Institute for Business Value|access-date=July 6, 2013|page= 2}}</ref> [[Lou Gerstner]] was hired as CEO from [[RJR Nabisco]] to turn the company around.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|title=IBM Archives: Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=July 10, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920153611/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In
[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]]
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In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer consulting and customer service division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmerman | first=Michael R. | author2=Lisa Dicarlo | date=December 14, 1998 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53396059/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Not Your Father's PC Company Anymore | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=15 | issue=50 | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> A year later, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors [[Compaq]] and [[Dell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hansell |first=Saul |date=October 25, 1999 |title=The Strategy For I.B.M.: Loss-Leader PC Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/25/business/the-strategy-for-ibm-loss-leader-pc-sales.html |access-date=March 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greiner | first=Lynn | date=October 22, 1999 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225027589/ | title=Big Blue to combine PC division with PSG | journal=Computing Canada | publisher=Plesman Publications | volume=25 | issue=40 | page=6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
In 2002 IBM acquired PwC Consulting, the consulting arm of [[PwC]] which was merged into its [[IBM Consulting|IBM Global Services]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Linda Rosencrance |date=July 30, 2002 |title=IBM to acquire PwC Consulting for $3.5 billion |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2576700/ibm-to-acquire-pwc-consulting-for--3-5-billion.html |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Computerworld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Stephen Shankland |date=July 31, 2002 |title=IBM grabs consulting giant for $3.5 billion |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/ibm-grabs-consulting-giant-for-3-5-billion/ |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> On September 14, 2004, [[LG Corporation|LG]] and IBM announced that their business alliance in the [[South Korea]]n market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won Choi |first=Hae |date=September 15, 2004 |title=IBM, LG Electronics Call Halt To PC Joint Venture in Korea |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109516384011117260 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung-ha |first=Park |date=August 30, 2004 |title=LG, IBM to split by end of year |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM, LG Electronics to End Joint Venture |work=[[Forbes]] |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022180259/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |title=South Korea slams IBM with server slush fund charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> [[List of LG laptops#Xnote|Xnote]] was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop Retrospective |url=https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Laptop Retrospective |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== 2010s–present === In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program [[Watson (artificial intelligence software)|Watson]], which was exhibited on ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy [[Kenexa]] and Texas Memory Systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|title=IBM Plans to Acquire Texas Memory Systems|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012043556/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a year later it also acquired SoftLayer Technologies, a [[web hosting service]], in a deal worth around $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|title=IBM to buy website hosting service SoftLayer|first=Jennifer|last=Saba|publisher=Reuters|date=June 5, 2013|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181906/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, the company designed a video surveillance system for [[Davao City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|title=Inside the Video Surveillance Program IBM Built for Philippine Strongman Rodrigo Duterte|first1=George|last1=Joseph|date=March 20, 2019|website=The Intercept|access-date=January 17, 2020|archive-date=January 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104104906/https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 IBM announced it would sell its [[x86]] server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 29, 2014|title=Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105338/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|url-status=live}}</ref> while continuing to offer [[Power ISA]]-based servers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lenovo-finalises-acquisition-of-ibms-x86-server-business/ |title=Lenovo finalises acquisition of IBM's x86 server business |work=ZDNet |first=Aimee |last=Chanthadavong |date=September 29, 2014 |access-date=October 5, 2024}}</ref> Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple + IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055744/https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215222753/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=marketbusinessnews.com |publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Twitter,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=November 2, 2014 |title=Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions |url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012816/https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2014 |publisher=Market Business News}}</ref> Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|date=May 6, 2015 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103944/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|date=November 3, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|work=Reuters|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204802/https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|date=January 6, 2016|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114905/https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Curtis Jr.|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|date=June 26, 2015|url=https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231350/https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM – and Apple should be nervous|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100141/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|date=June 14, 2016|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823095633/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|date=July 25, 2016|publisher=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|date=July 22, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015013059/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|url-status=live}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nusca|first=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235241/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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In 2015, IBM bought the digital part of [[The Weather Company]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|title=IBM Buys Digital Part of The Weather Company|first=David|last=Goldman|work=CNN Money|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220517/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire [[Red Hat]] for $34 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279 |url-access=subscription |title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat for About $33 Billion|last1=Greene|first1=Jay|date=October 28, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=October 29, 2018|last2=McMillan|first2=Robert|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005734/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ed|last2=Porter|first2=Kiel|last3=Barinka|first3=Alex|title=IBM to Acquire Linux Distributor Red Hat for $33.4 Billion |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902215121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to acquire Red Hat, completely changing the cloud landscape and becoming world's #1 hybrid cloud provider |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider |website=Red Hat |date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028191024/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future|website=Red Hat |date=July 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216104317/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|url-status=live}}</ref>
In February
{{anchor|Kyndryl}}IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM To Accelerate Hybrid Cloud Growth Strategy And Execute Spin-Off Of Market-Leading Managed Infrastructure Services Unit |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |date=Oct 8, 2020 |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220744/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, [[Kyndryl]], will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vengattil |first1=Munsif |title=IBM to break up 109-year old company to focus on cloud growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |date=October 9, 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015101518/https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jazmin |title=IBM spins off a quarter of the company to focus on the cloud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNN Business |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126022525/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=IBM shares rise on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073437/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Asa |last1=Fitch |first2=Dave |last2=Sebastian |title=IBM to Spin Off Services Unit to Accelerate Cloud-Computing Pivot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-access=subscription |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106020856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendor-Samuel |first1=Peter |title=IBM Splits Into Two Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/ |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorhead |first1=Patrick |title=IBM Spinning Off Infrastructure Managed Services Group To Focus On Cloud Is A Good Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/ |url-access=subscription |date=Oct 9, 2020 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070537/https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of Kyndryl.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |title=IBM names Martin Schroeter as CEO of $19B NewCo services spinoff |first=Maria |last=Deutscher |work=SiliconANGLE |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033317/https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |title=IBM names former financial chief Martin Schroeter as head of new IT infrastructure services company |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003803/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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|publisher = IBM
|date = March 7, 2022
|access-date = March 7, 2022}}</ref> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<ref name="tribm">{{cite news |title=IBM finally shutters Russian operations, lays off staff |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/07/ibm_russia_closes/ |publisher=The Register |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref>
In late 2022, IBM started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer [[Rapidus]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership to Build Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Ecosystem in Japan |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-12-12-IBM-and-Rapidus-Form-Strategic-Partnership-to-Build-Advanced-Semiconductor-Technology-and-Ecosystem-in-Japan |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=GlobalFoundries sues IBM, says trade secrets were unlawfully given to Japan's Rapidus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
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In December 2023, IBM announced it would acquire [[Software AG]]'s StreamSets and [[webMethods]] platforms for €2.13 billion ($2.33 billion).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=IBM to buy Software AG's enterprise integration platforms for $2.3 billion |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-buy-software-ags-enterprise-073610897.html |agency=Reuters |first1=Shivani |last1=Tanna |first2=Emma-Victoria |last2=Farr |editor-first1=Rashmi |editor-last1=Aich |editor-first2=Ed |editor-last2=Osmond |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref>
▲IBM entered the [[microcomputer]] market in the 1980s with the [[IBM Personal Computer]], which soon became known as the [[Personal computer|PC]], one of IBM's best selling products. Due to a lack of foresight by IBM,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Press |first=Larry |title=IBM PC |publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=0-470-86412-5 |publication-date=1 January 2003 |page=833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of the IBM PC {{!}} Low End Mac |url=https://lowendmac.com/2006/origin-of-the-ibm-pc/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=lowendmac.com}}</ref> the PC was not well protected by [[intellectual property]] laws. As a consequence, IBM quickly began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors in the PC market.
== Corporate affairs ==
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|282,200
|}
===Board and shareholders===
{{See also|List of IBM CEOs|}}
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In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McFarland |first1=Matt |title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=August 11, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffett increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<ref>{{cite web |last=Belvedere |first=Matthew J. |date=May 4, 2018 |title=Warren Buffett says Berkshire Hathaway has sold completely out of IBM |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504195836/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html |archive-date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=May 4, 2018 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref>
=== Headquarters and offices ===
{{see also|List of IBM facilities}}
[[File:IBM Beijing, Pangu Plaza.jpg|thumb|Pangu Plaza, one of IBM's offices in Beijing, China]]
IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], a community {{convert|37|mi}} north of Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043253/https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> A nickname for the company is the "'''Colossus of Armonk'''".<ref name="salmans19820109">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | title=Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back | work=The New York Times | date=January 9, 1982 | access-date=January 2, 2015 | author=Salmans, Sandra | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827213057/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone edifice on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|title=IBM's New Headquarters Reflects A Change in Corporate Style|first=Laurence|last=Zuckerman|date=September 17, 1997|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201259/https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|title=On the Dedication of the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning – THINK Blog|date=October 2, 2018|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213458/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Property Overview|url=https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|publisher=Dolce Hotels and Resorts|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145017/https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|archive-date=September 17, 2016}}</ref>
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==== Mainframe computers ====
Since 1954, IBM sells [[mainframe computers]], the latest being the [[IBM Z|IBM z]] series. The most recent model, the [[IBM
==== Microprocessors ====
In 1990, IBM released the [[IBM Power microprocessors|Power microprocessors]], which were designed into many console gaming systems, including [[Xbox 360]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|title=IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch|publisher=IBM|date=October 25, 2005|access-date=March 22, 2007|archive-date=December 17, 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20061217220450/http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii U]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|title=IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console|publisher=mybroadband.co.za|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926031755/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Isaac|url=https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|title=IBM's 45nm SOI microprocessors at core of Nintendo Wii U|work=Electronics News|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714122624/https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|archive-date=July 14, 2011}}</ref> IBM [[Secure Blue]] is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2008/11/building-a-smarter-planet.html|title=Building a smarter planet|publisher=Asmarterplanet.com|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=October 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015162756/https://www.ibm.com/us-en/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2014, the company revealed [[TrueNorth]], a [[neuromorphic]] [[CMOS]] [[integrated circuit]] and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.<ref name="BrainIBM">{{cite news|title=New research initiative sees IBM commit $3 bn|url=https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|access-date=July 10, 2014|publisher=San Francisco News.Net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183807/https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> In 2016, the company launched [[Flash file system|all-flash arrays]] designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|title=IBM launches flash arrays for smaller enterprises, aims to court EMC, Dell customers|first=Larry|last=Dignan|work=ZDNet|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021054406/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Quantum Computing ====
[[File:IBM Q system (Fraunhofer 2).jpg|thumb|[[IBM Q System One]] (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer]]▼
In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial quantum computer: [[IBM Q System One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IBM Unveils Q System One Quantum Computer|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|work=ExtremeTech|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224042014/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build
=== Software ===
Since 2009, IBM owns [[SPSS]], a software package used for [[statistical analysis]] in the [[
=== Cloud services ===
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=== Artificial intelligence ===
[[IBM Watson]] is a technology platform that uses [[natural language processing]] and machine learning to reveal insights from large amounts of [[unstructured data]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Watson?|url=https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080103/https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Watson was debuted in 2011 on the American game show ''[[Jeopardy!]]'', where it competed against champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]] in a three-game tournament and won. Watson has since been applied to business, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] to assist with considering treatment options for [[oncology]] patients and for doing [[melanoma]] screenings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watson Oncology|url=https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013210541/https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|archive-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref> Several companies use Watson for call centers, either replacing or assisting customer service agents.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Upbin|first1=Bruce|title=IBM's Watson Now A Customer Service Agent, Coming To Smartphones Soon|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|work=Forbes|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041848/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION-->
▲[[File:IBM Q system (Fraunhofer 2).jpg|thumb|[[IBM Q System One]] (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer]]
▲In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial quantum computer: [[IBM Q System One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IBM Unveils Q System One Quantum Computer|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|work=ExtremeTech|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224042014/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM also provides infrastructure for the [[New York City Police Department]] through their [[IBM Cognos Analytics]] to perform data visualizations of [[CompStat]] crime data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|title=NYPD changes the crime control equation by transforming the way it uses information|publisher=IBM Corporation|location=Road Armonk, NY|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108221903/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build the first quantum computer in [[Ehningen|Ehningen, Germany]]. The center, to be operated by the [[Fraunhofer Society]], was still in construction as of 2023, with cloud access planned in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |title=IBM to build Europe's first quantum computer in Germany |work=Financial Times |date=March 13, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Miller |first1=Joe |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119003053/https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM to build its first European quantum data center |url=https://optics.org/news/14/6/16 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=optics.org}}</ref>
In June 2020, IBM announced that it was exiting the facial recognition business. In a letter to congress,<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Policy |website=IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/policy/facial-recognition-sunset-racial-justice-reforms/}}</ref> IBM's Chief Executive Officer Arvind Krishna told lawmakers, "now is the time to begin a national dialogue on whether and how facial recognition technology should be employed by domestic law enforcement agencies."<ref>{{cite news |title=IBM exits facial recognition business, calls for police reform |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-facial-recognition-idUSKBN23G01T |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
In May 2023, IBM revealed [[IBM Watsonx|Watsonx]], a [[Generative AI]] toolkit that is powered by IBM's own [[IBM Granite|Granite]] models with option to use other publicly available [[Large language model|LLMs]]. Watsonx has multiple services for training and [[Fine-tuning (deep learning)|fine tuning]] models based on confidential data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/07/ibm-rolls-out-new-generative-ai-features-and-models/|title=IBM rolls out new generative AI features and models|first=Kyle|last=Wiggers|date=September 7, 2023|publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref> A year later, IBM [[Open source|open-sourced]] Granite code models and put them on [[Hugging Face]] for public use.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nine |first=Adrianna |date=May 7, 2024 |title=IBM Makes Granite AI Models Open-Source Under New InstructLab Platform |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/ibm-makes-granite-ai-models-open-source-under-new-instructlab-platform |work=[[ExtremeTech]]}}</ref> In October 2024, IBM introduced Granite 3.0, an open-source large language model designed for enterprise AI applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM doubles down on open source AI with new Granite 3.0 models |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-doubles-down-on-open-source-ai-with-new-granite-3-0-models/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref>
== Consulting ==
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===Patents===
As of 2021, IBM holds the record for most annual [[United States|U.S.]] [[
In 2001, IBM became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artificial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud, Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> IBM has also been criticized as being a [[patent troll]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Is the World's Biggest Patent Troll |url=https://www.pcmag.com/opinions/ibm-is-the-worlds-biggest-patent-troll |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullin |first=Joe |date=2019-01-31 |title=Stupid Patent of the Month: IBM's Software Patent on Texting and Driving |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/01/stupid-patent-month-ibms-software-patent-texting-and-driving |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schestowitz |first=Roy |title=IBM is Acting No Better Than Patent Trolls, Preying on Smaller Companies by Suing Them With Software Patents |url=https://techrights.org/n/2024/09/17/IBM_is_Acting_No_Better_Than_Patent_Trolls_Preying_on_Smaller_C.shtml |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=techrights.org}}</ref>
▲In 2001, IBM became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artificial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud, Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> IBM has also been criticized as being a [[patent troll]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Is the World's Biggest Patent Troll |url=https://www.pcmag.com/opinions/ibm-is-the-worlds-biggest-patent-troll |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullin |first=Joe |date=2019-01-31 |title=Stupid Patent of the Month: IBM's Software Patent on Texting and Driving |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/01/stupid-patent-month-ibms-software-patent-texting-and-driving |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schestowitz |first=Roy |title=IBM is Acting No Better Than Patent Trolls, Preying on Smaller Companies by Suing Them With Software Patents |url=https://techrights.org/n/2024/09/17/IBM_is_Acting_No_Better_Than_Patent_Trolls_Preying_on_Smaller_C.shtml |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=techrights.org}}</ref>
==Brand and reputation==
[[File:IBM ads at JFK.jpg|thumb|IBM ads at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], 2013]]
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[[File:Ibmaustin designcamp.jpg|thumb|New IBM employees being welcomed to a bootcamp at IBM Austin, 2015]]
[[File:Watson Jeopardy demo.jpg|thumb|Employees demonstrating [[IBM Watson]] capabilities in a [[Jeopardy!]] exhibition match on campus, 2011]]
It is among the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|world's largest employers]], with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022,<ref name="Fortune 500">{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> with about 160,000 of those being [[Information technology consulting|tech consultants]].<ref name=":1" />
IBM's leadership programs include [[Extreme Blue]], an internship program, and the [[IBM Fellow]] award, offered since 1963 based on technical achievement.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Extreme Blue web page |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183610/https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 23, 2010 |publisher=01.ibm.com}}</ref>
==== Notable current and former employees ====<!-- ONLY NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
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In government, [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline DeLaat|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts|title-link=Women in World History}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|access-date=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230121/https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">{{cite web|url=https://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/statepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin|title=Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994|page=157}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|title=Katherine Harris' Biography|work=[[Project Vote Smart]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|archive-date=January 24, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]].
Other former IBM employees include [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]], noted musician [[Dave Matthews]],<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |title=POP/JAZZ; A Band That Built a Career From the Ground Up |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 1998 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010074833/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harvey Mudd College]] president [[Maria Klawe]], [[Western Governors University]] president emeritus [[Robert Mendenhall]], former [[University of Kentucky]] president [[Lee T. Todd Jr.]], former [[University of Iowa]] president [[Bruce Harreld]], [[NFL]] referee [[Bill Carollo]],<ref name="NASO">{{cite web|title=Board of Directors — Officers|url=https://www.naso.org/board.htm|publisher=National Association of Sports Officials|access-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040843/https://www.naso.org/board.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Rangers F.C.]] chairman [[John McClelland (businessman)|John McClelland]], and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[J. M. Coetzee]]. [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] also served as the [[List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America|11th national president]] of the [[Boy Scouts of America]].
Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web |date=October 15, 1986 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193323/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html |archive-date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=January 1, 2014 |publisher=Nobel Media AB}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Six IBM employees have won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steele |first=Guy L. |year=2011 |title=An interview with Frances E. Allen |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=54 |page=39 |doi=10.1145/1866739.1866752 |issn=0001-0782 |s2cid=11847872 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology (USA)]] and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science (USA)]] have been awarded to IBM employees.
=== Workplace culture ===
Employees are often referred to as "IBMers". IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |title=Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications |publisher=Kogan Page |year=1999 |isbn=0-7494-2918-6 |page=24 |access-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161210/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Louis V. Gerstner Jr.]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.<ref name="IBM Attire">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=IBM Attire |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154040/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |archive-date=August 14, 2018 |access-date=May 31, 2012 |work=IBM Archives |publisher=IBM Corp.}}</ref> The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying it stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,<ref name="IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved'">{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=David |title=IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved' |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106015406/https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=CNN Money}}</ref> others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM stands for "I'm by myself' for teleworkers of the blue giant |url=https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011500/https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=African America}}</ref> and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.<ref name="Intelligent Mentoring">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |title=Intelligent Mentoring |date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=IBM Press |isbn=978-0-13-700949-7 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164300/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Labor relations ===
{{Main|IBM and unions}}
The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=John |date=December 2006 |title=The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States |url=https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf |journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=651–675 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00518.x |s2cid=155066215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122539/https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2010}}</ref> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Global Unions Links |url=https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040215/https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=October 12, 2013 |publisher=EndicottAlliance.org}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of electronics brands]]
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