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{{Short description|
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}
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| map_size =
| map_caption =
|staff=2,341
| type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialised agency]]▼
|staff_year= 2022<ref>https://unsceb.org/hr-organization</ref>
▲| type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations
| abbreviation = UNESCO
| leader_title =
| leader_name = [[Audrey Azoulay]]
| leader_title2 = Deputy | leader_name2 = [[Xing Qu]]
| status = Active
| formation = {{start date and age|1945|11|16|df=yes}}
| logo = Logo UNESCO 2021.svg
| headquarters = [[Paris]],
| website =
| parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
| subsidiaries =
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}}
The '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ('''UNESCO'''
UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the [[League of Nations]]' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]].<ref name="intellectualcooperation">{{cite book|last=Grandjean|first=Martin|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres|date=2018|publisher=Université de Lausanne|location=Lausanne|trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=live}} ([http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/ English summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103701/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/the-networks-of-intellectual-cooperation/|date=22 March 2019}}).</ref>
UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator
▲UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO is a member of the [[United Nations Sustainable Development Group]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |title=UNDG Members |publisher=United Nations Development Group |access-date=8 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].
{{TOC limit|}}
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=== Origins ===
UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a [[League of Nations]] resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational and scientific achievements.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = League of Nations | series = Records of the Second Assembly | title = Plenary Meetings | date = 5 September – 5 October 1921 | place = Geneva}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | quote = The [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC) was created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. | title = A Chronology of UNESCO: 1945–1987 | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | place = Paris | date = December 1987 | id = LAD.85/WS/4 Rev | series = UNESDOC database | ref = {{Harvid | UNESCO |1987}} | access-date = 13 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202095140/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000790/079049eb.pdf | archive-date = 2 February 2011 | url-status = live }}.</ref> This new body, the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] (ICIC), was created in 1922<ref
=== Creation ===
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After the signing of the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of the United Nations]], the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by [[Nationalist government|China]], the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] (UNCIO), held in San Francisco from April to June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London from 1 to 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by [[Rab Butler]], the [[Minister of Education]] for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103837/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1949/jan/26/the-work-of-unesco |date=19 October 2017 }}. Millbank systems. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{Harvid | Unesco | 1945}} | url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | title = United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation | place = The Institute of Civil Engineers, London | date = 1–16 November 1945 | id = ECO/Conf./29 | series = UNESDOC database | access-date = 8 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024012/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001176/117626e.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 — the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.{{Sfn | Unesco | 1945}}
The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected [[Julian Huxley]] to Director-General.<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |year=1947 |title=General Conference, First Session |place=UNESCO House, Paris |at=Item 14, p. 73 |series=UNESDOC database |access-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904090227/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114580e.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> United States Army colonel, university president and [[civil rights]] advocate [[Blake R. Van Leer]] joined as a member as well.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_KlLQISQMC&dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&pg=PA35|title=Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956|year=1956|publisher=United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082914/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Summary_Minutes_of_Meeting/3N_KlLQISQMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=blake+%22van+leer%22&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114586e.pdf |title=Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session |website=
=== Development ===
Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential [[The Race Question|statements on race]] starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 [[The Race Question#Legacy and other UNESCO statements|Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice]].<ref>{{
In
The [[World Declaration on Higher Education]] was adopted by UNESCO's World Conference on Higher Education on 9 October 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000141952|title=World Declaration On Higher Education For The Twenty-First Century: Vision And Action |publisher=
UNESCO's early activities in culture included the [[International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia]], launched in 1960.<ref>{{
An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the [[European Council for Nuclear Research]], which was responsible for establishing the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN)<ref>{{
Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.<ref>{{
In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of [[sustainable development]]. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]].<ref>{{cite
UNESCO has been credited with the diffusion of national science bureaucracies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finnemore|first=Martha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|title=National Interests in International Society|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=4|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|isbn=978-0-8014-8323-3 |access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601221422/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image" has been in UNESCO's constitution
International Programme for the Development of Communication – About |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> In 1993, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the [[Windhoek Declaration]] on [[media independence]] and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as [[World Press Freedom Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Press Freedom Day |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/press-freedom-day |access-date=2024-07-26 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the [[UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize|UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize]] every 3 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize? |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/world/2024/05/03/unesco-guillermo-cano-world-press-freedom-prize.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.manoramayearbook.in}}</ref>
=== 21st century ===
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UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|title = General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date = 31 October 2011|access-date = 11 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214135140/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state/|archive-date = 14 December 2011|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |title = US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership |first = Adrian |last = Blomfield |work = The Telegraph |date = 31 October 2011 |access-date = 31 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101190549/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/8860951/US-withdraws-Unesco-funding-after-it-accepts-Palestinian-membership.html |archive-date = 1 November 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref>
Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] membership in April 1989<ref name="Sakran2019">{{cite book|author=Shadi Sakran|title=The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|date=26 November 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-076357-7|pages=64–|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224172201/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413024831/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082711_eng |date=13 April 2020 }}, UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989</ref> mean that the
2023 saw Russia excluded from the
The United States stated its intent to rejoin UNESCO in 2023, 5 years after leaving, and to pay its $600 million in back dues.<ref name="usa2023">{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/unesco-us-rejoin-palestine-china-5b7849bd2cae966e4e9837380c0c094f |first=Angela |last=Charlton |date=2023-06-12 |accessdate=2024-09-26 |language=en-US |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |title=US decides to rejoin UNESCO and pay back dues, to counter Chinese influence}}</ref> The United States was readmitted by the [[UNESCO General Conference]] that July.<ref name="uspbs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/u-s-formally-rejoins-unesco-5-years-after-withdraw |title=U.S. formally rejoins UNESCO 5 years after withdraw |last=Lee |first=Matthew |website=[[PBS]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=2024-09-26 |accessdate=2023-07-11}}</ref>
== Activities ==
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[[File:UNESCO Brasília Office.jpg|thumb|UNESCO offices in [[Brasília]]]]
UNESCO implements its activities through
* UNESCO supports research in [[comparative education]], provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the
** [[UNESCO Chairs]], an international network of 644 UNESCO
** Environmental Conservation
** [[Convention against Discrimination in Education]] adopted in 1960
** Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years
** Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
** Publication of the ''Four Pillars of Learning'' seminal document
** [[UNESCO ASPNet]], an international network of
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.<ref>Because [[diploma mill]]s have
* UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public:
** [[Seville Statement on Violence]]: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to
* Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:
** [[Global Geoparks Network]]
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** [[International Literacy Day]], 8 September each year
** [[International Year for the Culture of Peace]], 2000
** Health Education for Behavior Change programme in partnership with the Ministry of Education of [[Kenya]] which was financially supported by the Government of [[Azerbaijan]] to promote health education among 10-19-year-old young people who live in informal camp in [[Kibera]],
** [[World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development]] 21 May each year
* Founding and funding projects, such as:
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=== Natural Sciences ===
* [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards|L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]]<ref> Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. "A reflection on Public-Private Partnerships’ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.", Scienza e Pace - Università di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.</ref> <ref> Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. "Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa." Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).</ref>
* [[Kalinga Prize|UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science]]
* [[UNESCO-Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences]]
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{{Main|Member states of UNESCO}}
[[File:UNESCO member states.png|thumb|right|334px|{{legend|#008000|UNESCO member states}} {{legend|#0000FF|UNESCO member state dependent territory with separate NOC}} {{legend|#00FF00|UNESCO associates}} {{legend|#FFFF00|UNESCO observers}}]]
{{As of|July 2023}}, UNESCO has 194 member states and 12 associate members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries/ |title=List of UNESCO members and associates |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102233939/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/countries |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some members are not [[independent state]]s and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their [[dependent territory|dependent territories]].<ref name="Palestine">{{cite web |title=Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport |url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |publisher=WADA |page=2 |access-date=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165411/http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Item_8_6_Attachment_1_SummaryUpdateGovernments_UNESCO_Oct2008_ENG_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref> UNESCO state parties are the [[United Nations member states]] (except Israel<ref>{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Declaration by UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay on the withdrawal of Israel from the Organization|date=29 December 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|type=Press release.|access-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224221/https://en.unesco.org/news/declaration-unesco-director-general-audrey-azoulay-withdrawal-israel-organization|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Liechtenstein]]), as well as [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |title=State Parties |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties |archive-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |access-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lazaroff|first=Tovah|title=Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias|url=https://m.jpost.com/International/Israel-US-slated-to-leave-UNESCO-today-to-protest-anti-Israel-bias-575875 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082910/https://www.jpost.com/international/israel-us-slated-to-leave-unesco-today-to-protest-anti-israel-bias-575875 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=UNESCO|title=Statement by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Withdrawal by the United States of America from UNESCO|date=12 October 2017|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|type=Press release.|access-date=21 February 2019|author-link=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224138/https://en.unesco.org/news/statement-irina-bokova-director-general-unesco-occasion-withdrawal-united-states-america-unesco|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> but the
== Governing bodies ==
Line 541 ⟶ 545:
|+Directors-General of UNESCO
|-
|scope="col"|Order
!scope="col"|Image
!scope="col"|Name
Line 546 ⟶ 551:
!scope="col"|Term
|-
| 1st
| [[File:Julian Huxley 1-2.jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Julian Huxley]]
| {{flagcountry|UK}} || 1946–1948
|-
| 2nd
| [[File:JAIME TORRES BODET 1902, ESCRITOR, POETA Y POLITICO MEXICANO (13451293993).jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Jaime Torres Bodet]]
| {{flagcountry|MEX|1934}} || 1948–1952
|-
| –
| [[File:Captura de Pantalla 2022-06-03 a las 23.24.45.png|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[John Wilkinson Taylor (educator)|John Wilkinson Taylor]]
| {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1952–1953
|-
| 3rd
| [[File:Luther Harris Evans, Diretor-geral da United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).tif|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Luther Evans]]
| {{flagcountry|USA|1912}} || 1953–1958
|-
| 4th
| [[File:Contemporary history, Italy - UNESCO - PHOTO0000002707 0001.tiff|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Vittorino Veronese]]
| {{flagcountry|ITA}} || 1958–1961
|-
| 5th
| [[File:René Maheu (France), UNESCO Director General (1961-1974).JPG|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[René Maheu]]
| {{flagcountry|FRA}} || [[acting (law)|acting]] 1961; 1961–1974
|-
| 6th
| [[File:Unesco history, M'Bow - UNESCO - PHOTO0000002701 0001.tiff|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow]]
|| {{flagcountry|SEN}} || 1974–1987
|-
| 7th
| [[File:Federico Mayor Zaragoza 1988 (cropped).jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Federico Mayor Zaragoza]]
| {{flagcountry|ESP}} || 1987–1999
|-
| 8th
| [[File:Matsuura Koichiro 1-2.jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Koïchiro Matsuura]]
| {{flagcountry|JPN}} || 1999–2009
|-
| 9th
| [[File:Irina Bokova crop.jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Irina Bokova]]
|| {{flagcountry|BUL}} || 2009–2017
|-
| 10th
| [[File:Didier Plowy - Audrey Azoulay (cropped).jpg|60px]]
|scope="row"| [[Audrey Azoulay]]
Line 719 ⟶ 735:
! Group V(b) <br />(7 seats)
|- style="border-top: 2px solid;"
| 2017–<br />2021
|
{{flagcountry|Finland}} <br />
Line 746 ⟶ 762:
{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}} <br />
{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} <br />
{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Zambia}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|
{{flagcountry|Egypt}} <br />
{{flagcountry|Jordan}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|-
| 2019–2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|title=40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019|date=16 October 2019|website=UNESCO|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155643/https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40/elections|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|
{{flagcountry|France}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Germany}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Italy}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Spain}}<br />
{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|
{{Flag|Hungary}}<br />
{{Flag|Poland}}<br />
{{Flag|Russia}}<br />
{{Flag|Serbia}}
|
{{flagcountry|Argentina}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Brazil}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}<br />
{{Flag|Uruguay}}
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{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}<br />
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| '''2021–2025'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Elections |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/general-conference/41/elections?TSPD_101_R0=080713870fab2000296c62ecf70783aa2deb49bab9972b32e78e12a141101e730f19afd71077a454085e4dbe2414300050c3569c0132c2e6ed5d6c59cee0616cbf7eb737bcd75d6d5fbcda198e9ca730a3a536e274d2f7e2f102624759a6d48c |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:April 2010, UNESCO Headquarters in Paris - The Garden of Peace (or Japanese Garden) in Spring.jpg|thumb|The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters]]
The UNESCO headquarters is located at [[Place de Fontenoy]] in Paris, France. Several architects collaborated on the construction of the headquarters, including [[Bernard Zehrfuss]], [[Marcel Breuer]] and Luigi Nervi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO House – visit us {{!}} UNESCO |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/house |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> It includes a ''Garden of Peace'' which was donated by the [[Government of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO garden |url=https://architectuul.com/architecture/unesco-garden |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Architectuul}}</ref> This garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist [[Isamu Noguchi]] in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano. In 1994–1995, in memory of the 50th anniversary of UNESCO, a [[meditation]] room was built by [[Tadao Ando]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Furuyama|first=Masao|title=Ando (Basic Art Series)|url=https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|access-date=30 January 2021|website=taschen.com|pages=71–72|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324030457/https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/49278/facts.ando.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.
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* [[Cairo]] – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]
* [[Doha]] – Cluster Office to [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Yemen]]
* [[Iraq]] – National Office for [[Iraq]] (currently located in [[Amman]],
* [[Khartoum]] – National Office to [[Sudan]]
* [[Manama]] – [[Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage]]
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In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, [[Irina Bokova]], "indefinitely postponed" and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] entitled "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|Jewish people and the Land of Israel]]". The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the [[Arab-Israeli peace process|peace process]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Lazar|title=UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|access-date=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120120047/http://www.timesofisrael.com/unesco-cancels-event-on-jewish-ties-to-land-of-israel/|archive-date=20 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The author of the exhibition, professor [[Robert Wistrich]] of the [[Hebrew University]]'s [[Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Anti-Semitism]], called the cancellation an "appalling act", and characterized Bokova's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history". UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahren|first=Raphael|title=Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries 'appalling betrayal'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal|access-date=21 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122053858/http://www.timesofisrael.com/author-of-unescos-nixed-israel-exhibit-decries-appalling-betrayal/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 1 January 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over
==== Occupied Palestine Resolution ====
{{Main|Occupied Palestine Resolution}}
On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for "aggressions" by Israeli police and soldiers and "illegal measures" against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.<ref name="UNESCO adopts anti">{{cite news|title=UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132706/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/unesco-adopts-anti-israel-resolution-al-aqsa-mosque-161018120610946.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While the text acknowledged the "importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions", it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name "Al-Haram al-Sharif", Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words "Temple Mount" or "Har HaBayit", stating that it [[Temple denial|denies Jewish ties to the key holy site]].<ref name="UNESCO adopts anti" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf|title=Commission report|website=
In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.<ref name="stategov" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Erlangeroct|first2=Steven|title=U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|access-date=8 April 2018|work=The New York Times|date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/12/us/politics/trump-unesco-withdrawal.html|archive-date=21 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Listing Nanjing Massacre documents ===
In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding
=== US withdrawals ===
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The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the "highly politicized" nature of the organisation, its ostensible "hostility toward the basic institutions of a [[free society]], especially a [[free market]] and a [[Freedom of the press|free press]]", as well as its "unrestrained budgetary expansion", and poor management under then Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow of Senegal.<ref name="withdrawal">{{cite web|url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|title=UNESCO Membership: Issues for Congress|date=20 November 2003|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service reports]]|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328082545/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30985.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 19 September 1989,
{{Blockquote |The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The
Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the
On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO
The United States has not paid over $600 million in dues<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Eli |last2=Morello |first2=Carol |date=12 October 2017 |title=U.S. withdraws from UNESCO, the
=== Kurdish–Turkish conflict ===
On 25 May 2016, Turkish poet and human rights activist [[O. Z. Livaneli|Zülfü Livaneli]] resigned as [[Turkey]]'s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted the [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights situation in Turkey]] and the destruction of the historical [[Sur, Diyarbakır|Sur]] district of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]], the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|fighting]] between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: "To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO."<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA Turkish writer quits UNESCO to protest damage to heritage, rights abuse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-rights-un/turkish-writer-quits-unesco-to-protest-damage-to-heritage-rights-abuse-idUSKCN0YH1KA |date=9 May 2018 }}". Reuters. 26 May 2016.</ref>
=== Campaigns against illicit art trading ===
In 2020 UNESCO stated that the size of the illicit trade in cultural property amounted to 10 billion dollars a year. A report that same year by the [[Rand Organisation]] suggested the actual market is "not likely to be larger than a few hundred million dollars each year". An expert cited by UNESCO as attributing the 10 billion figure denied it,
In November 2020, part of a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artefacts had to be withdrawn
== Products and services ==
* UNESDOC Database<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|title=UNESDOC Database – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=unesco.org|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214091237/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/unesdoc-database/|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> – Contains
=== Information processing tools ===
UNESCO develops, maintains, and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1542&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150108023105/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php%2DURL_ID%3D1542%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 8 January 2015 |title= Information Processing Tools |publisher= Unesco }}</ref>
* CDS/ISIS – a
* OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary, but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open
* IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS
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* [[UniRef]]
* [[National Commissions for UNESCO]]
* [[International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport]]
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{{Commons category}}
{{Meta|WikiProject UNESCO}}
* {{Official website|
{{United Nations}}
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