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{{
{{For|the film|Military (film){{!}}''Military'' (film)}}
{{Redirect|Armed forces}}
</noinclude>{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}▼
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date= August 2008}}
[[File:141113-A-QS211-509 - Soldiers of the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, and 2nd Cavalry Regiment participate in the closing ceremony for Iron Sword 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[NATO]] military ceremony in [[
A '''military''', also known collectively as
In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other [[paramilitary]] forces such as armed police.
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[[File:Countries by soldier count.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries by number of active soldiers (2009)]]
A nation's military may function as a discrete social [[subculture]], with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, [[Military academy|schools]], utilities, [[logistics]], [[Military hospital|hospitals]], legal services, food production, finance, and banking services. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, [[crowd control]], promotion of [[political agenda]]s, [[emergency service]]s and reconstruction, protecting [[corporate]] economic interests, social ceremonies, and national [[Guard of honour|honour guards]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=David |last2=Kiras |first2=James D. |last3=Lonsdale |first3=David J. |last4=Speller |first4=Ian |last5=Tuck |first5=Christopher |last6=Walton |first6=C. Dale |title=Understanding Modern Warfare |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1107134195 |page=66 |edition=Second}}</ref>
The profession of [[soldier]]ing is older than [[recorded history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/war/|title=War in Ancient Times|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2 September 2009|website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Some
[[:File:Terrakotta 2006 3.jpg|Terra cotta of massed ranks of Qin Shi Huang's terra cotta soldiers]]
</ref>
The [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]]
{{War}}
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The first recorded use of the word "military" in English, spelled {{lang|enm|militarie}}, was in 1582.<ref name="OED">{{cite OED|military|access-date = 25 March 2019}}</ref> It comes from the Latin {{lang|la|militaris}} (from Latin {{lang|la|miles}} {{gloss|soldier}}) through French, but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from ''*mil-it-'' – going in a body or mass.<ref>{{OEtymD|military}}</ref><ref>Tucker, T.G. (1985) ''Etymological dictionary of Latin'', Ares publishers Inc., Chicago. p. 156</ref>
As a noun phrase, "the military" usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them.<ref name="OED"/><ref name="Webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.Merriam-Webster.com|title=Merriam Webster Dictionary online|website=Merriam-Webster.com|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref> In general, it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their [[Military personnel|personnel]], [[Military technology|equipment]], and the physical area which they occupy.
As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering, but it broadened to apply to land forces in general, and anything to do with their profession.<ref name = "OED"/> The names of both the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] (1741) and [[United States Military Academy]] (1802) reflect this. However, at about the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], ''military'' began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole, such as "[[military service]]", "[[military intelligence]]", and "[[military history]]". As such, it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel.<ref name="OED"/>
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Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts, not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from the [[history of war]], with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making, while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology, governments, and geography.
Military history has a number of facets. One main facet is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes, so as to more effectively wage war in the future. Another is to create a sense of [[military tradition]], which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still, another
==Organization==
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Personnel may be [[Military recruitment|recruited]] or [[Conscription|conscripted]], depending on the system chosen by the state. Most military personnel are males; the minority proportion of female personnel varies internationally (approximately 3% in India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/indias-military-to-allow-women-in-combat-roles/|title=India's Military to Allow Women in Combat Roles|last=Franz-Stefan Gady|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref> 10% in the UK,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-2017|title=UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: 2017|date=2017|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> 13% in Sweden,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/om-myndigheten/vara-varderingar/jamstalldhet-och-jamlikhet/historik/|title=Historik|last=Försvarsmakten|website=Försvarsmakten|language=sv-SE|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> 16% in the US,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|title=Support Army Recruiting|last=US Army|date=2013|website=www.usarec.army.mil|access-date=2017-12-12|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109101909/http://www.usarec.army.mil/support/faqs.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 27% in South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16708:fact-file-sandf-regular-force-levels-by-race-a-gender-april-30-2011-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|title=Fact file: SANDF regular force levels by race & gender: April 30, 2011 {{!}} defenceWeb|last=Engelbrecht|first=Leon|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|date=29 June 2011|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>). While two-thirds of states now recruit or conscript only adults, as of 2017 50 states still relied partly on children under the age of 18 (usually aged 16 or 17) to staff their armed forces.<ref name="CSIntl-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|title=Where are child soldiers?|work=Child Soldiers International|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201210707/https://www.child-soldiers.org/where-are-there-child-soldiers|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Whereas recruits who join as [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] tend to be [[Upwardly mobile|upwardly-mobile]],<ref name="Segal-1998">{{Cite journal|last=Segal, D R|display-authors=etal|date=1998|title=The all-volunteer force in the 1970s|jstor=42863796|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=72 |issue=2|pages=390–411}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bachman|first1=Jerald G.|last2=Segal|first2=David R.|last3=Freedman-Doan|first3=Peter|last4=O'Malley|first4=Patrick M.|title=Who chooses military service? Correlates of propensity and enlistment in the U.S. Armed Forces.|journal=Military Psychology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1207/s15327876mp1201_1|year=2000|s2cid=143845150}}</ref> most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative [[Socio-economic gap|socio-economic deprivation]].<ref name="Brett-2004">Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. ''Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight''. Boulder: [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], 2004. {{ISBN|1-58826-261-8}}{{page
==== Obligations ====
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[[File:USRAK soldiers attend Finnish army's cold weather training 150110-A-WX507-585.jpg|thumb|upright|Finnish and American soldiers training together in arctic conditions in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland, Finland]], January 6–16, 2015]]
{{Main|Military recruit training}}
Initial training conditions recruits for the demands of military life, including preparedness to injure and kill other people, and to face mortal danger without fleeing. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process which [[Resocialization|resocializes]] recruits for the unique nature of military demands.{{
* Individuality is suppressed (e.g. by shaving the head of new recruits, issuing uniforms, denying privacy, and prohibiting the use of first names);<ref name="McGurk-2006">{{Cite book|chapter=Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members|title = Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat |volume = 2|last1=McGurk|first1= Dennis|last2=Cotting |first2 = Dave I.|last3= Britt|first3=Thomas W.|last4= Adler|first4 = Amy B.|display-authors=1|publisher=Praeger Security International |year=2006|isbn=978-0-275-98302-4|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=13–31|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mwuEuGG1-1UC&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name="Hockey-1986">{{Cite book|title=Squaddies : portrait of a subculture|last=Hockey|first=John|date=1986 |publisher= University of Exeter|isbn=978-0-85989-248-3|location=Exeter, Devon|oclc=25283124}}</ref>
* Daily routine is tightly controlled (e.g. recruits must make their beds, polish boots, and stack their clothes in a certain way, and mistakes are punished);<ref name="Bourne-1967">{{Cite journal|last=Bourne|first=Peter G.|date=1967-05-01|title=Some Observations on the Psychosocial Phenomena Seen in Basic Training|journal=Psychiatry|volume=30|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.1080/00332747.1967.11023507|issn=0033-2747|pmid=27791700}}</ref><ref name="Hockey-1986" />
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{{Main|Military budget}}
{{Bar chart
| title = Military
| caption = {{small|Source: [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2021)|url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-16|website=www.sipri.org|language=en-UK}}</ref>}}
| label_type = {{small|Country}}
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[[Economics of defense|Defense economics]] is the financial and monetary efforts made to resource and sustain militaries, and to finance [[military operation]]s, including war.
[[File:Military budget in % of USA military expeditures 1988-2019.svg|thumb|Map showing Military Budget in countries from 1988 throughout 2019]]▼
The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a [[military budget]], which is administered by a military finance organization within the military. Military procurement is then authorized to purchase or contract provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at a permanent base, or in a combat zone from local population.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Military Expenditures by Country 2019.svg|A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI
File:Military Expenditures as percent of GDP 2017.png|Map of military expenditures as a percentage of [[gross domestic product|GDP]] by country, 2017
File:2014 militrary expenditures absolute.svg|Military expenditure of 2014 in [[USD]]
▲
</gallery>
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{{Main|Military technology}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2017}}
[[File:UA EDM4S anti-drone rifle 01.jpg|thumb|A frontline Ukrainian soldier with an anti-drone rifle, which uses [[Directed-energy weapon|directed energy]] to disable its target. The mainstream use of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] technology in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] led to a need to research, develop and deploy effective counter-measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Deploys Anti-Drone Jamming Guns to its Forces on the Donbas Frontline |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/ukraine_deploys_anti_drone_jamming_guns_to_its_forces_on_the_donbas_frontline-1986.html |website=Defense Express |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>]]
Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in commercial branches, much of the material is researched, designed, developed, and offered for inclusion in [[arsenal]]s by [[military science]] organizations within the overall structure of the military. Therefore, military scientists can be found interacting with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command.
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[[Military strategy]] is the management of forces in [[war]]s and [[military campaign]]s by a [[commander-in-chief]], employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of [[Army|armies]], [[Navy|navies]] and [[air force]]s; such as [[army group]]s, [[naval fleet]]s, and large numbers of [[aircraft]]. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the [[logistics|supply of war]] and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years.<ref name="p.67, Dupuy"/>
{{
===Operational victory===
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{{More citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Arrow-head Olynthus BM GR1912.4-19.4.jpg|thumb|A [[bronze]] [[arrowhead]] from the 4th century BCE, found in [[Olynthus]], [[Chalkidiki]], [[Greece]]
As with any occupation, since ancient times, the military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools: the [[weapon]]s and [[military equipment]] used in combat. When [[Stone Age]] humans first took [[flint]] to tip the [[spear]], it was the first example of [[applied research|applying technology]] to improve the weapon. Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons, has been closely linked. Stone weapons gave way to [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] weapons such as [[sword]]s and [[shield]]s. With each technological change was realized some tangible increase in military capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating [[armour]], or [[Mechanics of materials|improved density of materials]] used in manufacture of weapons.[[File:Armor for Man and Horse, Italy (probably Milan), c. 1565, and Field armor for horseman, Italy, c. 1575 - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC08601.JPG|thumb|Mounted and foot [[armour]]ed [[knight]]s. Armour and [[cavalry]] dominated the battlefield until the invention of [[firearm]]s.]]
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==See also==
{{
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}<!-- list contains terms that should actually be worked into the main article -->
* [[Arms industry]]
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; Armed forces of the world
* [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel]]
* [[List of countries by level of military equipment]]
* [[List of countries by Global Militarization Index]]
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{{Sister project links|military}}
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/MS-MIL-XPND-GD-ZS/ Military Expenditure % of GDP] hosted by Lebanese economy forum, extracted from the World Bank public data.
{{Military and war}}
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