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Lovćen was a mountain made famous by being featured in Serbian epic poetry by some of Montenegro’s most famous leaders like Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{Short description|Mountain and national park in southwestern Montenegro}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox mountain
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[[File:Lovcen-024-p1010064.jpg|thumb|260px|Mausoleum of Njegoš on Jezerski vrh]]
[[File:Lovcen-011-p1010050.jpg|thumb|260px|Lovćen National Park]]
[[File:M 45 14 les monténégrins Lovcen au nord de Cettinié.jpg|thumb|260px|Montenegrin troops outside of the [[Njegoš's Testament Church]], Lovćen, October 1914
'''Lovćen''' ({{lang-
Mount Lovćen rises from the borders of the [[Adriatic
The mountain slopes are rocky, with numerous fissures, pits and deep depressions giving its scenery a specific look. This is a [[karst]] landscape carved from [[limestone]] and [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://euscentia.com/mausoleum-landscape-lovcen-national-park/ | title=The Panoramic Mausoleum and Karst Landscape of Lovcen National Park | date=3 January 2021 }}</ref> Lovćen stands on the border between two completely different natural wholes, the sea and the mainland, and so it is under the influence of both climates. The specific connection of the life conditions has caused the development of the different biological systems. There are 1,158 plant species on Lovćen, four of which are endemic.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
==National park==
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A particular architectural relic worth mentioning is the road, winding uphill from [[Kotor]] to the village of [[Njeguši]], the birthplace of Montenegro's royal family, the [[House of Petrović]].
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Upon the outbreak of [[World War I]], Montenegro was the first nation to come to [[Serbia]]'s aid, and [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] ordered his army, on August 8, 1914, to commence operations against the Austro-Hungarian naval base in the [[Bay of Kotor]], the Austro-Hungarian [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Kriegsmarine]]'s southernmost base in the [[Adriatic]]. It was just across the border from Mount Lovćen where the army had placed several batteries of artillery, and on the same day, Montenegrin guns commenced firing on Austro-Hungarian fortifications. The forts of Kotor and the old armoured cruiser [[SMS Kaiser Karl VI|SMS ''Kaiser Karl VI'']] returned the fire, aided by reconnaissance from navy seaplanes. However, on September 13, Austrian-Hungarian reinforcements arrived from [[Pula|Pola]], in the form of three active pre-[[dreadnought]] battleships, the [[SMS Monarch|SMS ''Monarch'']], [[SMS Wien|SMS ''Wien'']], and [[SMS Budapest|SMS ''Budapest'']]. They outgunned the Montenegrins, who nevertheless put up a fight for several weeks, with artillery duels almost daily.
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With the entry of [[France]] into the war, the French realised that the capture of Kotor might be beneficial to their own navy and so landed an artillery detachment of four {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} and four {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} naval guns under the command of Capitaine de frégate Grellier, at [[Antivari]], on September 18–19. It took Grellier a month to move his guns inland but eventually his batteries were set up and positioned in fortifications on the south side of Mount Lovćen.
On October 19, the French guns opened fire. The Austro-Hungarians called for reinforcements and on October 21, Admiral [[Anton Haus]] despatched the modern battleship [[SMS Radetzky (1909)|SMS ''Radetzky'']]. With a broadside of four {{convert|30.5|cm|abbr=on}} guns and four {{convert|24|cm|abbr=on}} guns, the ''
On October 26, the ''
In early January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian army [[Montenegrin Campaign (World War I)|launched an offensive into Montenegro]], and the battleship ''Budapest'' was again used to assist the troops against Lovćen's renewed defences to such good effect that on the 10th, the Austro-Hungarian troops took the Lovćen Pass and the adjacent heights, where the French guns had previously been. The bombardment of Mount Lovćen played a decisive role in breaking the morale of the defenders of the mountain, and the Montenegrins requested an [[armistice]] two days later.<ref name="Austro-Hungarian Battleships 1914-18"/>
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== Mausoleum==
The biggest and most important monument of Lovćen national park is [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Petar Petrović Njegoš]]'s [[Mausoleum of Njegoš|Mausoleum]] constructed in 1971. The location for his burial place and the mausoleum at the summit of ''Jezerski vrh'' was chosen by Njegoš himself as his last wish.
{{Commons category}}
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==References==
{{Reflist
==External links==
* [https
* [
{{National parks of Montenegro}}
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[[Category:National parks of Montenegro]]
[[Category:National symbols of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains]]
[[Category:Cetinje]]
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