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{{Short description|1448–1482 polity in Southeast Europe}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Disputed|date=March 2021}}{{Undue weight|date=February 2023}}{{Synthesis|date=July 2024}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Former country
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{{History of Herzegovina}}
 
The '''Duchy of Saint Sava'''{{sfn|Miller|1923|p=574|ps=: "Duchy of St Sava"}}{{sfn|Seton-Watson|1931|p=337|ps=: "Hercegovina, originally known as the Duchy of St. Sava"}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j5DWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22st+sava%22 Encyclopædia Britannica, t. 15 (1953), p. 756.] "Stephen Vukčić established the duchy of St. Sava"</ref>{{sfn|Pitcher|1972|p=71|ps=: "the south-west gradually became independent as the Duchy of St. Sava or Herzegovina"}}{{sfn|Zlatar|1992a|p=374, 414|ps=: "Duchy of St. Sava (Ducato di Santo Saba in Italian), which became known as Hercegovina"}}{{sfn|Nicol|1997|p=XV|ps=: "Duchy of St Sava in Bosnia"}}{{sfn|Kozličić|Bratanić|Uglešić|2011|p=35|ps=: "Herzegovina's real name was Duchy of St. Sava (Ducatus Sancti Sabbae)"}} ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Vojvodstvo Svetog Save|Војводство Светог Саве}}){{efn|Some sources also refer to it as the '''Dukedom of St. Sava'''.{{sfn|Edwards|1971|p=123|ps=: "In 1482 the Turks captured Hercegnovi and the Dukedom of St Sava ceased to exist"}}{{sfn|DjukanovicDjukanović|2023|p=39, 386}} Another rendering of its name is the '''Herzegovina of St. Sava'''.{{sfn|Osborne|1967|p=195|ps=: "Dukedom ('Hercegovina') of St Sava"}} The latter is also attested in various maps dating from 1513 to 1818.{{sfn|Vemić|Lović|2014|p=683}}}} was a [[late medieval]] polity in [[southeastern Europe]], that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was founded and controlled by the [[Kosača noble family]], whose rulers held the title '''Duke of Saint Sava''' ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Herceg od Svetog Save|Херцег од Светог Саве}}).{{sfn|Zlatar|1995|p=9}} Their domains included southern parts of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal [[Croatia]], northwestern [[Montenegro]] and southwestern [[Serbia]]. Its founder, [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]] (duke since 1448), titled himself [[Herceg (title)|Herceg]] of [[Saint Sava]],{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}}{{sfn|Bataković|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106-108}}{{sfn|Bataković|2005|p=82}}{{sfn|Behmen|2009|p=208}} a title which would later give rise to the new name to the region: [[Herzegovina]], and will be also used by the Ottomans as ''Hersek Sancağı'' (Sanjak of the Herzeg), designating the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Šabanović|1959|p=44–46}}
 
In various sources, and historiographical traditions, the name of the duchy is recorded or used in several forms, varying mostly in the way the name of [[Saint Sava]] is spelled in different languages: {{lang-langx|la|Ducatus Sancti Sabbae}},{{sfn|Fresne|1746|p=126}}{{sfn|Vego|1957|p=45}}{{sfn|Dőry|1976|p=427}}{{sfn|Zirdum|1977|p=196}}{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=54}} {{lang-langx|it|Ducato di Santo Sabba}},{{sfn|Orbini|1601|p=380–382|ps=: "Et al suo stato altresì diede vn'altro nuouo nome, chiamandolo Ducato di Santo Sabba"}} {{lang-langx|de|Herzogtum des hl. Sava}}.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA336 Vogel, Walther (1925): Dan neue Europa und seine historisch-geografischen Grudlagen. Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag], p. 336.</ref> In English historiography, forms such as the "Duchy of Saint Sava" or "Dukedom of Saint Sava" were used already since the 1700s and further on.{{sfn|Echard|1700|p=104|ps=: "Herzegovina, or the Dukedom of St. Saba"}}{{sfn|Evans|1876|p=LI, 217, 300, 302}}
 
==History==
[[File:PECAT HERCEG STJEPAN 1455.png|right|thumb|265px|Grand seal of [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]], the first Duke od Saint Sava ({{lang-langx|la|Sigillum ilustrissimi Domini Ducis Stephani Sancti Sabe et Regni Bosne}}){{sfn|Anđelić|1970|p=76}}]]
[[File:1690 Coronelli Map of Montenegro - Geographicus - Montenegro-coronelli-1690.jpg|right|thumb|265px|[[Vincenzo Coronelli|Coronelli]] map (1690), designating the region as: „''Parte del Ducato di S. Saba''”]]
{{see|Kingdom of Bosnia}}
 
Until the 14th century, most regions of the later Duchy of Saint Sava were part of [[medieval Serbia]],{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=160}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=8, 203}} and then became part of the [[medieval Bosnia]].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=62}} By the beginning of the 15th century, the [[Kosača]] noble family gained prominence and power in those southeastern parts of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]]. Since 1435, the family was headed by [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]], a mighty feudal lord and ''[[veliki vojvoda]]'' of [[Bosnian Kingdom|Bosnia]], whose relations with Bosnian kings became turbulent, due to his high ambitions. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], who was also the [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]], becoming his vassal in exchange for the king's help against Stjepan's main enemies, namely King [[Stephen Thomas of Bosnia]], and the [[Republic of Venice]].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=278-279}}{{sfn|Isailović|2020|p=37-68}}
 
In order to emphasize his feudal rank among other lords and consolidate his feudal domain, Stjepan decided to take a new title. Since the autumn of 1448, he started to style himself as ''"Herceg"'' (from German title [[Herzog]] or [[Duke]]), that was also used as an equivalent to the South Slavic title ''[[Vojvoda]]''.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106, 108}}<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35567380 Nakaš, Lejla (2011): Konkordancijski rječnik ćirilskih povelja srednjovjekovne Bosne], p. 113–114, 118–125, 129–132, 135–139.</ref> InitialyInitially, he was mentioned in one document as ''"Herceg of [[Hum (region)|Hum]] and [[Primorje (Montenegro)|Primorje]]"'' (1448), but from the beginning of 1449 and further on, he styled himself as ''"Herceg of Saint Sava"'' ({{lang-langx|la|Dux Sancti Sabae}}), after [[Saint Sava]] (†1236), after the first [[Serbian Archbishop]]. The title "Duke of Saint Sava" had considerable symbolic value, because Saint Sava's relics, which were located in monastery [[Mileševa]] within Stjepan's domains, were considered miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths in the region.{{sfn|Ivić|1905|p=80-94}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=290}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=106-108}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}}{{sfn|Ančić|2015|p=54-55}}
 
Ducal rank, that was assumed by Stjepan in 1448, was positioned highly in European medieval hierarchy, ranking just below the royal title.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=107}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1982|p=391}} Duke Stjepan thus gained a higher position in [[Feudalism|feudal]] hierarchy, striving to gain more independence from the Bosnian king.{{sfn|Ćorović|1940|p=483-484}}{{sfn|Aličić|1981|p=203|ps=: "In order to emphasize his independence from Bosnia, Stephen Vukčić proclaimed himself "Duke of Saint Sava" in 1448."}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106|ps=: "Stefan Vukčić Kosača, who had grown completely independent of the Bosnian king, pronounced himself herzeg (“Herzeg of St. Sava”)."}}{{sfn|Zlatar|2007|p=555|ps=: "Stefan Vukčić Kosača, consolidated his domain, and in effect declared his independence from the Bosnian King by taking a title of "Herceg" [from German herzog, i.e. Duke] of Hum and the Coast; a year later he changed that to "Herceg Sv. Save" [Duke of St. Sava]"}} Stjepan's domain covered various regions, from the river [[Lim (river)|Lim]] in the east, to beyond the river [[Neretva]] in the west, and upper [[Drina]] in the north, encompassing several historical territories (''[[Zemlja (feudal Bosnia)|zemlja]]'' and ''[[župa]]''), such as: [[Hum (region)|Hum]], [[Primorje (Montenegro)|Primorje]], [[Travunija]], [[Onogošt (župa)|Onogošt]], [[Drina (župa)|Drina]], [[Polimlje]] and others.{{sfn|Dinić|1940|p=151-259}}{{sfn|Ančić|2015|p=53-55|ps=: "The Herzog himself did not equate his province with the land of Hum"}}{{sfn|Isailović|2015|p=54-56}} At its greatest territorial extent ({{circa}} 1465), under Duke Stjepan, the Duchy included southern parts of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and extended to parts of modern-day coastal [[Croatia]], northwestern [[Montenegro]] and southeastern part of modern [[Serbia]]. At its highest point, the Duchy covered the entire southern half of the Bosnian Kingdom.{{sfn|Špoljarić|2019|p=156|ps=: "Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, whose duchy covered half of the entire kingdom"}}
 
Stjepan also improved his relations with the Serbian Despot [[Đurađ Branković]], and already in 1448-1449 they formed an alliance, and conquered [[Višegrad]] and [[Srebrenica]] from the Bosnian crown.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578-579}} In 1450, upon the conclusion of the peace treaty between the Venetian Republic and the Kingdom of Naples, Duke Stjepan was listed among the concluding parties on the side of King Alfonso of Naples, while King of Bosnia was listed among allies of Venice.{{sfn|Isailović|2020|p=57}}
 
In 1451, Stjepan attacked the [[Republic of Ragusa]] in order to gain the region of [[Konavle]], and laid siege to the city of [[Dubrovnik]]. He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 [[ducat]]s, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. An offer was also made to the Ottomans, by Duke's enemies, to buy out Stjepan's domain for 50,000 ducats, and additional problems occurred within ducal family, since his eldest son [[Vladislav Hercegović|Vladislav]] attempted to establish himself in the western parts of ducal domains, in the region of [[Hum (region)|Hum]]. Stjepan and Vladislav were reconsiledreconciled in 1453, and the peace with Dubrovnik was concluded in 1454.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=147-212}}{{sfn|Krekić|1978|p=388–389}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106-107}}
 
In the same year (1454), Duke Stjepan renewed his alliance with King [[Alfonso I of Naples|Alfonso of Naples]], who issued a charter (June 1st) confirming all of Stjepan's ducal domains and mutual obligations. In the royal charter, Stjepan was addressed as: "''illustris Stephani ducis Sancte Save Domini terre Hulminis maritimarum partium ac comiti Drine et magni vayvode Regni Boccine''".{{sfn|Thallóczy|1914|p=394-400}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=212-213}}{{sfn|Isailović|2020|p=43}}
 
Religious situation in Stjepan's domains was complex,{{sfn|Špoljarić|2019|p=156, 162}} since his subjects belonged to three Christian denominations ([[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Roman Catholicism]], and the [[Bosnian Church]]).{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=215-217}} Prominent members of his court were metropolitan David of [[Mileševa]] (of the [[Serbian Patriarchate of Peć]]), and [[gost Radin]] (of the Bosnian Church).{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=287}}{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=112}}{{sfn|Fine|2007|p=136–143}} Ethnic composition of Stjepan's wast domains was also complex, encompassing local [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] populations, and also romance [[Vlachs]].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964b|p=131-132}}{{sfn|Simon|2023|p=17|ps=: "Duchy of Saint Sava"}}
 
In 1463, the Ottomans [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|conquered the Bosnian Kingdom]],{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=108}} andthus inendangering 1465all theyof the neighbouring regions, including the Duchy of Saint Sava.{{sfn|Rimac|2022|p=101|ps=: "Duchy of Saint Sava"}} In 1465, alsoOttomans conquered most of the eastern part of Stjepan's domains, organizing the captured territories as the [[Vilayet]] of the Herceg (Vilâyet-i Hersek) within the [[Sanjak of Bosnia]], and later ({{circa}} 1470) reorganizing the same region as a separate [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Šabanović|1959|p=136–143}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=108, 111}}▼
 
Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466, and was succeeded by his sons [[Vladislav Hercegović]] and [[Vlatko Hercegović]]. The elder brother ruled in western regions, while the younger governed over the remaining southeastern parts, centered in [[Herceg-Novi]].{{sfn|Laszowski|1898|p=25–29}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=118}} By 1467, much of the Duchy was occupied by the Ottoman governor of the Sanjak of Bosnia, [[Isa Bey Ishaković]].{{sfn|Ursinus|2007|p=411}} As a result, Vladislav left for [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and received an estate in [[Slavonia]].{{sfn|Laszowski|1898|p=25–29}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=118}} In 1470, Vlatko concluded a treaty with the sultan, becoming Ottoman sultanvassal and receiving back some previously lost regions ([[Trebinje]] and [[Popovo polje]]), thus securing the existence of his domain,{{sfn|Beldiceanu-Steinherr|Bojović|1993|p=75–86}} which was gradually reduced to the region of Novi.{{sfn|Paulus|Weber|2020|p=208–260}}▼
▲In 1463, the Ottomans [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|conquered the Bosnian Kingdom]], and in 1465 they also conquered most of the eastern part of Stjepan's domains, organizing the captured territories as the [[Vilayet]] of the Herceg (Vilâyet-i Hersek) within the [[Sanjak of Bosnia]], and later ({{circa}} 1470) reorganizing the same region as a separate [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Šabanović|1959|p=136–143}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=108}}
 
During the following years, Duke Vlatko tried to secure his remaining ducal domains by balancing between Venetians and Ottomans, while his youngest brother [[Stjepan Hercegović|Stjepan]] converted to [[Islam]] ({{circa}} 1474) and consequently achieved a prominent career in Ottoman service, becoming known as Ahmed Pasha Hersekzade.{{sfn|Vrankić|2017|p=14, 46|ps=: "Vojvodstva Svetoga Save (Ducatus Sancti Sabae)"}}
▲Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466, and was succeeded by his sons [[Vladislav Hercegović]] and [[Vlatko Hercegović]]. The elder brother ruled in western regions, while the younger governed over the remaining southeastern parts, centered in [[Herceg-Novi]].{{sfn|Laszowski|1898|p=25–29}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=118}} By 1467, much of the Duchy was occupied by the Ottoman governor of the Sanjak of Bosnia, [[Isa Bey Ishaković]].{{sfn|Ursinus|2007|p=411}} As a result, Vladislav left for [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and received an estate in [[Slavonia]].{{sfn|Laszowski|1898|p=25–29}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=118}} In 1470, Vlatko concluded a treaty with the Ottoman sultan, thus securing the existence of his domain,{{sfn|Beldiceanu-Steinherr|Bojović|1993|p=75–86}} which was gradually reduced to the region of Novi.{{sfn|Paulus|Weber|2020|p=208–260}}
 
=== Fall of the Duchy ===
{{History of Bosnia}}
 
Since the end of the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|Ottoman-Venetian war]] (1463-1479), duke Vlatko was left without further support from his main ally, the [[Venetian Republic]]. As a result of Ottoman expansion during the previous years, territory of the formerly wast Duchy of Saint Sava was gradually reduced to its southeastern regions around Novi. In attempt to gain support against Ottomans, duke Vlatko tried to strengthen his ties with the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and the [[Kingdom of Naples]], thus provoking new sultan [[Bayezid II]] (1481-1512). In autumn 1481, Ottoman forces invaded the Duchy and besieged Novi, that was defended by duke Vlatko, aided by allied forces sent by Hungarian king. Outnumbered by invading forces, defenders resisted until December/JannuaryJanuary (1481/1482) when Novi fell into Ottoman hands. Thus, the last remnant of the Duchy of Saint Sava was finally conquered, and incorporated into the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]]. In order to demonstrate clemency, sultan granted some inland possessions to duke Vlatko, who lived under Ottoman rule for several years, but later moved under Venetian protection and settled in the island of [[Rab (island)|Rab]].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=341}}{{sfn|Atanasovski|1979|p=126-147}}
 
=== Legacy ===
[[File:Hercegovački sandžak.png|right|thumb|265px|[[Sanjak of Herzegovina]], created after Ottoman gradual conquest (from 1465 to 1482) of the Duchy of Saint Sava.{{sfn|Špoljarić|2019|p=158|ps=: "Duchy of St Sava"}}]]
 
Title of the Duke (Herceg) of Saint Sava would later give the name to the historical region of [[Herzegovina]] (''Hercegovinahercegovina'' / ''herceštvo'' = ''Land of the Herceg''), as the Ottomans used the term "''Hersek Sancağı''" (Sanjak of the Herzeg) for the newly formed [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=111|ps=: "The name of Herzegovina, taken from the title of Stefan Vukčić Kosača (herzeg), only became common during the Turkish era"}}
 
In spite of the fall (1482), traditions related to the Duchy of Saint Sava continued to play significant role in regional [[geopolitics]], particularly in later Venetian and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg]] plans to reconquer the territory from the Ottomans, thus resulting in frequent mentions of the former Duchy in 16th-18th century sources,{{sfn|Atanasovski|1979|p=154-231}}{{efn|In February 1688, Holy Roman Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] was urged by cardinal [[Pietro Marcellino Corradini]] to grant imperial protection to twelve prominent Bosnian Muslim families since they "would be followed [by others] in Serbia, in the Duchy of St. Sava [Hercegovina] and other lands adjacent to this Republic, as well as in other dependencies of the kingdom of Hungary".{{sfn|Zlatar|1992b|p=160|ps=: "Duchy of St. Sava"}} That December, Leopold issued a protective patent "for all inhabitants of the Dukedom of St. Sava or Herzegovina".{{sfn|Stanojević|2004|p=21}}}} as well in early [[cartography]].{{sfn|Ćirković|1987|p=140}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1991|p=13}} Both exiled dukes, Vladislav and Vlatko, and their descendants who lived in Hungary and Venice, kept the title "Duke of Saint Sava" and used it until the extinction of the Kosača family in the 17th century.{{sfn|Behmen|2009|p=209}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2014|p=153}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=111–125}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2018|p=211, 222, 456}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Хисторија Босне|trans-title=History of Bosnia|year=1940|location=Београд|publisher=Српска краљевска академија|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQWAQwAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćošković|first=Pejo|author-link=Pejo Ćošković|title=Crkva bosanska u XV. stoljeću|trans-title=The Bosnian Church in the 15th century|year=2005|location=Sarajevo|publisher=Institut za istoriju|url=https://www.cidom.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Pejo-%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%87-Crkva-bosanska-u-XV-stolje%C4%87u_opt.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dinić|first=Mihailo|author-link=Mihailo Dinić|title=Земље Херцега Светога Саве|trans-title=The Lands of the Duke of Saint Sava|journal=Глас Српске краљевске академије|year=1940|volume=182|pages=151—259151–259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elhJ49uJyfoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=DjukanovicDjukanović|first=Bojka|year=2023|title=Historical Dictionary of Montenegro|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-53813-915-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmmEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Dőry|editor-first=Franciscus|title=Decreta Regni Hungariae: Gesetze und Verordnungen Ungarns: 1301-1457|date=1976|location=Budapest|publisher=Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai|isbn=978-963-05-0524-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQy4AAAAIAAJ}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Lovett F.|title=Yugoslavia|year=1971|location=New York|publisher=Hastings House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpNpAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Arthur J.|author-link=Arthur J. Evans|title=Through Bosnia and the Herzegóvina on Foot During the Insurrection|year=1876|edition=1st|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green and CO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV1puRwQvR8C}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century|year=2007|orig-year=1975|location=London|publisher=Saqi Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rb4oAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fresne|first=Charles du|author-link=Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange|title=Illyricum vetus & novum, siue, Historia regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Bosniae, Serviae, atque Bulgariae|year=1746|publisher=Typis Hæredum Royerianorum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeZWAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Isailović|first=Neven|chapter=Дипломатичке особености владарских и великашких исправа уочи и након пада средњовековне босанске државе|trans-chapter=Diplomatic characteristics of the documents of rulers and nobles before and after the fall of the medieval Bosnian state|title=Пад Босанског краљевства 1463. године|trans-title=The fall of the Bosnian kingdom in 1463|year=2015|location=Београд|publisher=Историјски институт|pages=29–86|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LuHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Isailović|first=Neven|title=Partnerstvo u pokušaju - temeljne značajke odnosa Alfonsa V. i Stjepana Vukčića Kosače|trans-title=An Attempted Partnership - The Fundamental Features of the Relationship between Alfonso V and Stjepan Vukčić Kosača|journal=Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest|year=2020|volume=52|number=3|pages=37—68|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802001144/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/370758}}
* {{Cite journal|last=IvićIsailović|first=AleksaNeven|title=КадPartnerstvo јеu иpokušaju од- когаtemeljne јеznačajke Стјепанodnosa ВукчићAlfonsa добиоV. титулуi „ХерцегStjepana одVukčića св. Саве”?Kosače|trans-title=WhenAn andAttempted fromPartnership whom- didThe StjepanFundamental VukčićFeatures receiveof the titleRelationship "Dukebetween ofAlfonso St.V Sava"?and Stjepan Vukčić Kosača|journal=ЛетописRadovi Zavoda Za МатицеHrvatsku српскеPovijest|year=19052020|volume=23052|number=23|pages=80-9437–68|doi=10.17234/RadoviZHP.52.30 |url=https://bookshrcak.googlesrce.comhr/books?idfile/370758|archive-url=k30VAQAAIAAJhttps://web.archive.org/web/20210802001144/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/370758 |archive-date=2 August 2021 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ivić|first=Aleksa|title=Кад је и од кога је Стјепан Вукчић добио титулу "Херцег од св. Саве"?|trans-title=When and from whom did Stjepan Vukčić receive the title "Duke of St. Sava"?|journal=Летопис Матице српске|year=1905|volume=230|number=2|pages=80–94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k30VAQAAIAAJ}}
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{{refend}}
 
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