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{{Short description|Hawaiian and American politician (1855–1940)}}
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[[Colonel]] '''Curtis Piʻehu Iaukea'''{{sfn|Pukui|Elbert|Mookini|1974|page=55}}{{sfn|Rose|1978|pages=27, 45, 67}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 181, 188, 199, 206–207}}{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Rose|1992|page=29}}{{sfn|Holt|1993|page=81}} (December 13, 1855 – March 5, 1940) served as a court official, army officer and diplomat of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaii]]. He later became an influential official for the subsequent regimes of the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government]] and the [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic]] and the [[Territory of Hawaii]].
Iaukea was raised from an early age to serve the Hawaiian royal family. He first gained prominence during the reign of King [[Kalākaua]] when he served as an important court official and an army officer in the volunteer army of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He held numerous significant positions including [[Governors of Oahu|governor of Oahu]] and chamberlain to the Royal Household. He also served as Hawaii's ambassador to Europe and Asia, attending the coronation of Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia]] and the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. Iaukea received numerous Hawaiian honors and foreign decorations during his service to the kingdom. Following the [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
After Hawaii's annexation to the United States, he became a member of the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]] and served in many official positions in the newly created [[Territory of Hawaii]] including sheriff of [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], senator of the Third District, secretary of Hawaii, and acting [[governor of Hawaii]]. As one of the last surviving representatives of the Hawaiian royal court, he served as business manager and private secretary to the deposed Queen [[
== Early life and family ==
Curtis Piʻehu Iʻaukea was born December 13, 1855, in [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]], on the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]]. Descended from the Hawaiian ''[[aliʻi]]'' (noble) class, his parents were John W. Iaukea and Lahapa Nalanipo. His father served as the district magistrate of [[Hamakua]] and their family were well-known on the island of Hawaii.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> From his paternal line, he descended from Namiki, a priest of the [[Paʻao|Pa‘ao]] order, and Kahiwa Kānekapōlei, a daughter of [[Kamehameha I]].{{sfn|McKinzie|1997|page=50}} On his mother's side, he descended from Kalanipo or Nalanipo, a descendant of the ʻI clan of [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]] and the Mahi clan of [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]]. His mother's family were also related to [[Kekuʻiapoiwa II]], the mother of King Kamehameha I.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=38}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=2}} His family were considered to be of the Hawaiian ''kaukau aliʻi'' rank, or lower ranking chiefs in service to the royal family.{{sfn|Hopkins|2012|page=96}}
He and his sister Maraea were born in the family's home in Waimea, which stood across the Waikōloa Stream from the residence of early American Protestant missionary [[Lorenzo Lyons]] who was a close friend of the family.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=2}} Iaukea was given the first name Curtis after Lyons' son Curtis Jere Lyons. When he was later presented to King [[Kamehameha IV]] as a young child, the king gave him the additional name Piʻehu in respect of his shyness and lighter skin complexion. At court, he was known and referred to by his Hawaiian name Piʻehu.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=2–3}}{{#tag:ref|In his memoir, Iaukea recalled how he received his name Piʻehu
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{{quote|How I received my Hawaiian name, Piʻehu, was told to me by my aunt, Keliʻiʻaipala. It came about quite unexpectedly on the day my uncle took me to see the King. At the door of the King's chambers, I pulled on my uncle's hand and tried to hold back. I was a little afraid of the King because he wore a beard, and never having seen anyone wearing one before, I tried to hide behind the door. The King, seeing me, said in Hawaiian to my uncle, "Pi maoli kou keiki" ("your child is truly shy".) After my uncle had succeeded in moving nearer to the King, with me still trying to hide behind his legs, the King commented about my complexion being lighter than that of most Hawaiians, saying that I was 'ehu. Apparently, having been impressed with both my shyness and my complexion, the King added, "Haina kou keiki Piʻehu!" ("Name your child, Piʻehu!").{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=2–3}}}}|group=note}}
Shortly after birth, he was adopted by his maternal uncle Kaihupaʻa to be raised in the Hawaiian custom of ''[[hānai]]'', an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike.{{sfn|Iaukea|1930|pages=17–20}}{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|pages=1–4}} His uncle had been educated by the American Protestant missionary [[Levi Chamberlain]] and had served his entire life as a personal assistant and servant to King [[Kamehameha III]] and later his successor Kamehameha IV. Iaukea was taken to the kingdom's capital at [[Honolulu]] to live with Kaihupaʻa and his wife Keliaipala. They lived near the grounds of the old [[ʻIolani Palace]], in the building of the former [[Royal School (Hawaii)|Royal School]]. Renamed Halepoepoe (meaning circular or round house), this building had been turned into a home for royal retainers and the ''kahu'' (caretakers) for the reigning King [[Kamehameha IV]]. Around the time he was five or six, Iaukea fell into a well and his uncle Kaihupaʻa broke his foot in the process of saving him, later dying from the injuries he sustained.{{sfn|Iaukea|1930|pages=17–20}}
== Childhood and education ==
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[[File:St. Alban's College, Honolulu.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of school from the 19th century|St. Alban's College, Honolulu, 1866]]
As a ward of the Hawaiian government, he was sent to an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] boarding school. Around 1862 or 1863, Iaukea was enrolled in St. Alban's College, founded by Bishop [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]] and his assistants Archdeacon George Mason and Rev. Edmund Ibbotson, which was located in the [[Honolulu|Pauoa Valley]]. Here he first developed a friendship with [[
In 1863, the school was relocated and merged with the Luaʻehu School, in [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], [[Maui]], established by the Anglican Rev. William R. Scott and later administered by Archdeacon Mason who served as Iaukea's mentor. In 1870, he returned to Oahu when the school was again relocated back to its original site.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=12–20}} These institutions were the precursors of the present [[ʻIolani School]] in Honolulu.<ref>{{harvnb|Soong|1997|pages=159–160}}; {{harvnb|Restarick|1924|pages=116, 127–133, 193–200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History Timeline |year=2013 |work=ʻIolani School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104407/http://www.iolani.org/about/history/timeline | == Service to the monarchy ==
In 1871, before leaving Hawaii, Archdeacon Mason informed Iaukea that had Kamehameha IV still been living, he would have intended for him to continue his education in Europe, and eventually to groom him to become an ordained chaplain for the royal family. Iaukea was deeply touched by the high expectations of his deceased benefactor. After finishing his education, he served King [[Kamehameha V]] as a [[kāhili]] bearer and steward at the palace, awaiting an assignment from the king.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=18–20}}
In 1872, the king sent Iaukea and William K. Hutchison, the son of [[Ferdinand William Hutchison]], to Lahaina where they learned the art of sugar boiling in the growing sugar industry on Maui, and helped manage the West Maui Sugar Plantation, in which the king had a share. They were placed under the care of Governor [[Paul Nahaolelua]]. After the king's death in 1872, Iaukea briefly left his service to the royal court and moved to Hilo to live with his sister Maraea and her husband Charles Akono Nui Akau, a Chinese-Hawaiian manager of the Paukaʻa Sugar Plantation.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref name="Sister">{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=21–23}}; {{harvnb|Kai|1974|page=65}}</ref> The listless Iaukea enjoyed his new-found independence, but he also felt unfulfilled. He later wrote: "I was dangling at a loose end. And even though I was enjoying my independence, I was aware that I did not know just where I was going or what I ought to do. I was frustrated without realizing it."{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=25}} === Reign of Kalākaua ===
[[File:Curtis P. Iaukea (PP-73-3-023).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=19th-century man in military uniform|Colonel Iaukea as a young officer, 1878]]
Following the short reign of [[Lunalilo]], King [[Kalākaua]] ascended to the throne of Hawaii in 1874. During a tour of the island of Hawaii, Iaukea caught the eye of the new king who commanded him to return to the royal court.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" />{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=24–25}} He became a personal aide to the king's younger brother, and former schoolmate, Prince William Pitt Leleiohoku. Both men were of a similar age and shared the same interest in sports and music. He became a member of the
[[Hui Kawaihau|Kawaihau Glee Club]], sponsored by the Prince and his friends, which competed with the singing clubs of the king, Princess [[
On April 15, 1878, Iaukea was commissioned as captain of the [[Prince’s Own Artillery Corps]], Company A. This unit was a voluntary military regiment reorganized in 1874 and originally headed by King Kalākaua.<ref>{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=230}}; {{harvnb|Iaukea|2012|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|page=13}}; {{cite news|title=General Order No. 1|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=February 28, 1874|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204000841/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 4, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At this time, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaii consisted of five volunteer companies, including the Prince's Own, and the regular troops of the [[Royal Guards of Hawaii|King's Household Guard]]. Each unit was subject to being called for active service when necessary.
At different times during the king's reign he held the important posts of tax collector for Koolaupoko, member of the [[Privy Council of the Hawaiian Kingdom
From 1880 to 1883 he served as the secretary of the Foreign Office.<ref name="office" /> In this capacity, he worked as the chief clerk and secretary for Minister of Foreign Affairs [[William Lowthian Green]] and later Green's successor [[Walter M. Gibson|Walter Murray Gibson]]. After a period in the service of this new foreign minister, he was asked to resign by Gibson who appointed his friend Joseph S. Webb to the position instead. Iaukea returned to serve as a staff member of the king, fast becoming a favorite in the royal entourage. During Kalākaua's coronation ceremony in 1883, he played a large ceremonial role as the bearer of the Sword of State, while his wife served as one of the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Kapiʻolani.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=45–52}}
Following the coronation ceremony, the king informed Iaukea that he and his cabinet had commissioned him as the head of a diplomatic trip around the world. Iaukea was taken aback by the honor since he had no experience in diplomacy and was only twenty-eight at the time.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=45–52}} In this role, Iaukea would become the most traveled member of the Hawaiian administration after Kalākaua who had made a similar [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour|world tour in 1881]]. Commissioned as the kingdom's ambassador with the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, he represented Hawaii at the coronation of [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III of Russia]] on May 27, 1883, and led a subsequent diplomatic tour of the courts of Europe and Japan.{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 188}} Traveling with his secretary, the part-Hawaiian Henry F. Poor, Iaukea made a favorable impression on the courts of Europe. In Russia, they had an audience with the new tsar and tsarina, met Russian Foreign Minister [[Nikolay Girs]], and socialized on an equal footing with the other foreign dignitaries. Iaukea later noted, "the sight of my country's flag floating over the entrance to the Hotel Duseaux besides those of the United States and Japan, gave me an added incentive to meet the responsibilities that lay ahead and discharge them with honor". The two Hawaiians traveled to the courts of Berlin, Vienna, Belgrade, London, Rome, and India and Japan via the [[Suez Canal]].{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 188}} In London, he visited the [[International Fisheries Exhibition]].<ref name="office" /> In Japan, he met with the [[Emperor Meiji]] and helped finalize an immigration plan between Japan and Hawaii previously negotiated by Kalākaua during his world tour.{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}
In 1887, he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, with the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the [[Court of St James's]], and accompanied [[
Iaukea was decorated with the [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]] and the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Hawaii|Royal Order of the Crown of Hawaii]] in 1884, and biographies of him claim he also received all the Hawaiian orders during the reign of Kalākaua, i.e. the honors of the [[
== Following the overthrow ==
After Kalākaua's death and the accession of Queen Liliʻuokalani, Iaukea was reappointed colonel of the queen's personal military staff, and as agent of the [[Ceded lands|Crown Lands]].<ref name="office" /> The monarchy was [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
[[File:Dole, Soper, Iaukea, and
Following the overthrow, Iaukea was asked by the Provisional Government to remain in his post as agent of the Crown Lands.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|pages=35–36}} He took the oath of allegiance to the new regime on January 24, 1893.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local And General|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=January 25, 1893|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-25/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211100639/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-25/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to Iaukea, in later life, he decided to continue working for the two subsequent regimes after consulting with the deposed queen and gaining her approval. He also cited the economic necessity of working for the government since he and his wife had to sell their Honolulu residence around this time. From this point his friendship with Liliʻuokalani cooled with Iaukea noting that "my calls on [her] lacked the personal informality of happier days".{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|pages=35–36}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=197–198}}
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== After annexation ==
When the United States annexed Hawaii and established the [[Territory of Hawaii]], Iaukea became involved in local politics as a member of the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]]. In the general election of 1904, he unsuccessfully challenged Prince [[Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole]], a [[Hawaii Republican Party
He served as a Democratic member of the Territorial Senate from 1913 to 1915, representing the Third District of Oahu.{{sfn|Hawaii|Lydecker|1918|pages=280–281}} Under the Democratic Governor [[Charles J. McCarthy]], Iaukea was appointed by President [[Woodrow Wilson]] as the Secretary of Hawaii from May 3, 1917, to October 12, 1921, and acting governor of the Territory from December 30, 1919, to March 30, 1920.<ref name="office" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary, Territory of Hawaii office record |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231958/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH0167.dir/doc.pdf |
After the death of [[Joseph O. Carter|Joseph Oliver Carter]], Iaukea became the private secretary and business agent of Liliʻuokalani. From 1909 to 1917, he served in this role and became a trustee of The Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust, a charitable trust established by the queen to manage her landholdings and estate after her death.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> Iaukea and his wife Charlotte were at Liliʻuokalani's side when she died in 1917. He was the one who raised her royal standard (flag) over Washington Place to signal her death, and was in charge of planning [[Death and state funeral of
Iaukea died in Honolulu, on March 5, 1940, at the age of 84.<ref name="Hoover" /> He was buried at the [[Oahu Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite sign|title=Grave Marker of Curtis Piehu Iaukea
<blockquote>Curtis P. Iaukea not only embodied these changes but was directly implicated in this process as a permanent figure in the government of both the Hawaiian Kingdom and the Territory of Hawai‘i. Toward the end of his life, he was celebrated as one Hawaiian who made the leap to American citizenry successfully ...<br />
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== Personal life ==
[[File:Charlotte K. Hanks (PP-73-3-022).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Profile of a 19th-century woman|Charlotte Kahaloipua Hanks Iaukea]]
Iaukea married Charlotte Kahaloipua Hanks (1856–1936) on April 7, 1877.{{#tag:ref|Historian [[John Dominis Holt IV]] recorded her name as Nancy.{{sfn|Holt|1993|page=81}}|group=note}} They had met through the acquaintanceship of Charlotte's aunt Uwini Auld and Queen Emma.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=239}} The only daughter of American businessman Frederick Leslie Hanks and Chinese-Hawaiian Akini, Charlotte was of mixed-Caucasian, Native Hawaiian and Chinese descent. Her father was allegedly a relative of [[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]], the mother of President [[Abraham Lincoln]], and had settled in Hawaii after his second visit in 1853.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=239}} A descendant of the Kahaloipua line of chiefs, her genealogy was considered of a higher rank than her husband.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=38}} Her maternal grandfather was the early Chinese businessman Tyhune (i.e. Wong Tai-hoon), who owned the Tyhune Store in downtown Honolulu from the 1830s to the 1850s and invested in sugar, shipping, merchandise, and liquor sales. She inherited lands in Waikiki and Honolulu from her maternal grandmother Wahinekapu, a Hawaiian chiefess and the daughter or sister of Kahanaumaikai, who had been a recipient of land in the [[Great Māhele]].{{sfn|Char|1974|pages=12, 25–29}}{{sfn|Barrere|1994|pages=124–126}} Charlotte served as a lady-in-waiting for Queen Kapiʻolani, and was a close friend of Liliʻuokalani. During the monarchy, she received the honor of Knight Companion of the [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]].{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=19}}{{sfn|Taylor|1922|page=322}}
The couple had two children: a son named Frederick Hanks Nalaniahi Iaukea (1881–1944) and a daughter named Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea (1885–1973), who married Edward B. Watson
Before his death, Iaukea had hired writer and researcher Jeanne Hobbs to write his memoir entrusting her with many of his personal papers. However, he later sued her for not finishing the memoir and demanded the return of these papers, but died before getting them back. Reclaiming these documents from Hobbs after her death in 1953, his daughter Lorna wrote and published the book ''By Royal Command: The Official Life and Personal Reminiscences of Colonel Curtis Piehu Iaukea at the Court of Hawaii's Rulers'' using the personal writings of her father. In 2012, his great-great-granddaughter Sydney Lehua Iaukea wrote '' The Queen and I: A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi'', a book about Iaukea and the role he played in the estate of Queen Liliʻuokalani. Other notable descendants of Iaukea and Charlotte include writer Lesley Kehaunani Iaukea, and professional wrestlers [[King Curtis Iaukea]] and [[Rocky Iaukea]].{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|pages=xi–xii, 8, 10–13, 28, 93}}
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== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Barrere
*{{cite journal|last=Char|first=Wai-Jane|title=Three Chinese Stores in Honolulu|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=8|year=1974|hdl=10524/360|oclc=60626541|pages=11–38
*{{cite book|last=Day|first=Arthur Grove|
*{{cite journal|last=Greer|first=Richard A.|title=Collarbone and the Social Evil|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=7|year=1973|hdl=10524/366|oclc=60626541|pages=3–17
*{{cite book|author=Hawaii|editor-last=Lydecker|editor-first=Robert Colfax
*{{cite book|last=Holt|first=John Dominis|title=Recollections: Memoirs of John Dominis Holt, 1919–1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnDxAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Ku Paʻa|location=Honolulu|
*{{cite
*{{cite journal|last=Hori|first=Joan|title=Japanese Prostitution in Hawaii During the Immigration Period|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=15|year=1981|hdl=10524/111|oclc=60626541|pages=113–124
*{{cite book|last1=Iaukea|first1=Curtis Piehu|last2=Watson|first2=Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea|editor-last=Schweizer|editor-first=Niklaus R.|title=By Royal Command: The Official Life and Personal Reminiscences of Colonel Curtis Piehu Iaukea at the Court of Hawaii's Rulers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_xAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Hui Hanai|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-9616738-6-4|oclc=16006083
*{{cite journal|
*{{cite book|last=Iaukea|first=Sydney Lehua|title=The Queen and I: A Story of Dispossessions and Reconnections in Hawaiʻi|url=
*{{cite journal|last=Kai|first=Peggy|title=Chinese Settlers in the Village of Hilo Before 1852|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=8|year=1974|hdl=10524/221|oclc=60626541|pages=39–75
*{{cite journal|author=Kalakaua|editor-last=Greer|editor-first=Richard A.|title=The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=5|year=1971|hdl=10524/186|oclc=60626541|pages=75–109
*{{cite book|last=Kanahele|first=George S.|
*{{cite journal|last=Karpiel|first=Frank|title=Notes & Queries – The Hale Naua Society|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=33|year=1999|hdl=10524/509|oclc=60626541|pages=203–212
*{{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|
*{{cite book|author=Liliuokalani|
*{{cite book|first=Edith Kawelohea|last=McKinzie|title=Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QB92bdJ8igwC&pg=PA50|year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=50|isbn=9780939154371|oclc=769212483
*{{cite journal|last=Newbury|first=Colin|title=Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1840–1893|journal=Pacific Studies
*{{cite book|last=Proto|first=Neil Thomas|title=The Rights of My People: Liliuokalani's Enduring Battle with the United States, 1893–1917|url=
*{{cite book|last1=Pukui|first1=Mary Kawena|
*{{cite journal|last=Quigg|first=Agnes|title=Kalakaua's Hawaiian Studies Abroad Program|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=22|year=1988|hdl=10524/103|oclc=60626541|pages=170–208
*{{cite book|last=Restarick|first=Henry Bond|title=Hawaii, 1778–1920, from the Viewpoint of a Bishop: Being the Story of English and American Churchmen in Hawaii with Historical Sidelights|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001414289|year=1924|publisher=Paradise of the Pacific|location=Honolulu|oclc=1337282
*{{cite book|last=Rose|first=Roger G.|title=Reconciling the Past: Two Basketry Kāʻai and the Legendary Līloa and Lonoikamakahiki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrZAAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-930897-76-5|oclc=28374106
*{{cite book|last=Rose|first=Roger G.|title=Symbols of Sovereignty: Feather Girdles of Tahiti and Hawaiʻi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw9zAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum|location=Honolulu|oclc=461816715
*{{cite journal|last=Schweizer|first=Niklaus R.|title=King Kalakaua: An International Perspective|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=25|year=1991|hdl=10524/539|oclc=60626541|pages=103–120
*{{cite book|last=Siddall|first=John William|title=Men of Hawaii|volume=1|year=1917|location=Honolulu|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=https://archive.org/details/menofhawaiibeing01sidd|oclc=16326675
*{{cite book|last=Siddall|first=John William|title=Men of Hawaii|volume=2|year=1921|location=Honolulu|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=https://archive.org/details/menofhawaiibiogr00sidd|oclc=16326675
*{{cite book|last=Siler|first=Julia Flynn|
*{{cite journal|last=Soong|first=Irma Tam|title=Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawaiʻi|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=31|year=1997|hdl=10524/527|oclc=60626541|pages=151–178
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Albert Pierce|
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Albert Pierce|
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|last=Dukas|first=Neil Bernard|title=A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi|year=2004|publisher=Mutual Publishing Company|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-1-56647-636-2|oclc=56195693}}
*{{cite journal|last=Iaukea|first=Curtis P.|title=Japanese in Hawaii|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000065058|journal=The Mid-Pacific Magazine|volume=48
*{{cite book|last=Schweizer|first=Niklaus Rudolf|title=His Hawaiian Excellency: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Annexation of Hawai'i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I96n64BNpH0C|edition=3rd|year=2004|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8204-6871-6|oclc=55682174}}
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[[Category:1940 deaths]]
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[[Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom
[[Category:Governors of Oahu]]
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[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Hawaii Democrats]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom
[[Category:Ambassadors of
[[Category:ʻIolani School alumni]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom
[[Category:Republic of Hawaii military officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Kalākaua]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Kapiolani]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of the
[[Category:Adjutants General of the Hawaiian Kingdom
[[Category:Hawaii sheriffs]]
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