Curtis P. Iaukea: Difference between revisions

{{about|for multi|the professional wrestler|King Curtis Iaukea|the American musician|King Curtis}}

|name = Curtis Piʻehu IʻaukeaIaukea

|image = CuritsCurtis P. Iaukea (PP-73-3-021).jpg

[[Colonel]] '''Curtis Piʻehu IʻaukeaIaukea'''{{sfn|Pukui|Elbert|Mookini|1974|page=55}}{{sfn|Rose|1978|pages=27, 45, 67}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 181, 188, 199, 206–207}}{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Rose|1992|page=29}}{{sfn|Holt|1993|page=81}} (December 13, 1855 – March 5, 1940) served as a court official, army officer and diplomat of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaii]]. He later became an influential official for the subsequent regimes of the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government]] and the [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic]] and the [[Territory of Hawaii]].

Iaukea was raised from an early age to serve the Hawaiian royal family. He first gained prominence during the reign of King [[Kalākaua]] when he served as an important court official and an army officer in the volunteer army of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He held numerous significant positions including [[Governors of Oahu|governor of Oahu]] and chamberlain to the Royal Household. He also served as Hawaii's ambassador to Europe and Asia, attending the coronation of Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia]] and the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. Iaukea received numerous Hawaiian honors and foreign decorations during his service to the kingdom. Following the [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrow of the monarchy]], he continued to work for the subsequent regimes of the Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii. He served as an officer on the military staff of President [[Sanford B. Dole]] and represented the Republic at the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]].

After Hawaii's annexation to the United States, he became a member of the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]] and served in many official positions in the newly created [[Territory of Hawaii]] including sheriff of [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], senator of the Third District, secretary of Hawaii, and acting [[governor of Hawaii]]. As one of the last surviving representatives of the Hawaiian royal court, he served as business manager and private secretary to the deposed Queen [[Liliuokalani|Liliʻuokalani]] until her death in 1917.

Curtis Piʻehu Iʻaukea was born December 13, 1855, in [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]], on the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]]. Descended from the Hawaiian ''[[aliʻi]]'' (noble) class, his parents were John W. Iaukea and Lahapa Nalanipo. His father served as the district magistrate of [[Hamakua]] and their family were well-known on the island of Hawaii.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> From his paternal line, he descended from Namiki, a priest of the [[Paʻao|Pa‘ao]] order, and Kahiwa Kānekapōlei, a daughter of [[Kānekapōlei]], the wife of [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]] and [[Kamehameha I]].{{sfn|McKinzie|1997|page=50}} On his mother's side, he descended from Kalanipo or Nalanipo, a descendant of the ʻI clan of [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]] and the Mahi clan of [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]]. His mother's family were also related to [[Kekuʻiapoiwa II]], the mother of King Kamehameha I.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=38}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=2}} His family were considered to be of the Hawaiian ''kaukau aliʻi'' rank, or lower ranking chiefs in service to the royal family.{{sfn|Hopkins|2012|page=96}}

Shortly after birth, he was adopted by his maternal uncle Kaihupaʻa to be raised in the Hawaiian custom of ''[[hānai]]'', an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike.{{sfn|Iaukea|1930|pages=17–20}}{{sfn|Kanahele|1999|pages=1–4}} His uncle had been educated by the American Protestant missionary [[Levi Chamberlain]] and had served his entire life as a personal assistant and servant to King [[Kamehameha III]] and later his successor Kamehameha IV. Iaukea was taken to the kingdom's capital at [[Honolulu]] to live with Kaihupaʻa and his wife Keliaipala. They lived near the grounds of the old [[ʻIolani Palace]], in the building of the former [[Royal School (Hawaii)|Royal School]]. Renamed Halepoepoe (meaning circular or round house), this building had been turned into a home for royal retainers and the ''kahu'' (caretakers) for the reigning King [[Kamehameha IV]]. Around the time he was five or six, Iaukea fell into a well and his uncle Kaihupaʻa broke his foot in the process of saving him, later dying from the injuries he sustained.{{sfn|Iaukea|1930|pages=17–20}}

As a ward of the Hawaiian government, he was sent to an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] boarding school. Around 1862 or 1863, Iaukea was enrolled in St. Alban's College, founded by Bishop [[Thomas Nettleship Staley]] and his assistants Archdeacon George Mason and Rev. Edmund Ibbotson, which was located in the [[Honolulu|Pauoa Valley]]. Here he first developed a friendship with [[William Pitt Leleiohoku II|William Pitt Leleiohoku]], the ''hānai'' son of Princess [[Keʻelikōlani]]. Their bond was later compared to the friendship of [[Damon and Pythias]].{{sfn|Taylor|1926|page=483}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=8–12}}

In 1863, the school was relocated and merged with the Luaʻehu School, in [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], [[Maui]], established by the Anglican Rev. William R. Scott and later administered by Archdeacon Mason who served as Iaukea's mentor. In 1870, he returned to Oahu when the school was again relocated back to its original site.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=12–20}} These institutions were the precursors of the present [[ʻIolani School]] in Honolulu.<ref>{{harvnb|Soong|1997|pages=159–160}}; {{harvnb|Restarick|1924|pages=116, 127–133, 193–200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History Timeline |year=2013 |work=ʻIolani School |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104407/http://www.iolani.org/about/history/timeline |archivedatearchive-date=February 6, 2017 |url=http://www.iolani.org/about/history/timeline |deadurlurl-status=yesdead |accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017 |df= }}</ref> Some of his other classmates included [[Samuel Nowlein]] and [[Robert Hoapili Baker]], both of whom were politicians in later life.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local And General News|newspaper=The Independent|location=Honolulu|date=April 6, 1900|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1900-04-06/ed-1/seq-3|access-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109084218/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1900-04-06/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|deadurl-urlstatus=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1871, before leaving Hawaii, Archdeacon Mason informed Iaukea that had Kamehameha IV still been living, he would have intended for him to continue his education in Europe, and eventually to groom him to become an ordained chaplain for the royal family. Iaukea was deeply touched by the high expectations of his deceased benefactor. After finishing his education, he served King [[Kamehameha V]] as a [[kāhili]] bearer and steward at the palace, awaiting an assignment from the king.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=18–20}}

In 1872, the king sent Iaukea and William K. Hutchison, the son of [[Ferdinand William Hutchison]], to Lahaina where they learned the art of sugar boiling in the growing sugar industry on Maui, and helped manage the West Maui Sugar Plantation, in which the king had a share. They were placed under the care of Governor [[Paul Nahaolelua]]. After the king's death in 1872, Iaukea briefly left his service to the royal court and moved to Hilo to live with his sister Maraea and her husband Charles Akono Nui Akau, a Chinese-Hawaiian manager of the Paukaʻa Sugar Plantation.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref name="Sister">{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=21–23}}; {{harvnb|Kai|1974|page=65}}</ref> The listless Iaukea enjoyed his new-found independence, but he also felt unfulfilled. He later wrote: "I was dangling at a loose end. And even though I was enjoying my independence, I was aware that I did not know just where I was going or what I ought to do. I was frustrated without realizing it."{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=25}}

[[File:CuritsCurtis P. Iaukea (PP-73-3-023).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=19th-century man in military uniform|Colonel Iaukea as a young officer, 1878]]

Following the short reign of [[Lunalilo]], King [[Kalākaua]] ascended to the throne of Hawaii in 1874. During a tour of the island of Hawaii, Iaukea caught the eye of the new king who commanded him to return to the royal court.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" />{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=24–25}} He became a personal aide to the king's younger brother, and former schoolmate, Prince William Pitt Leleiohoku. Both men were of a similar age and shared the same interest in sports and music. He became a member of the
[[Hui Kawaihau|Kawaihau Glee Club]], sponsored by the Prince and his friends, which competed with the singing clubs of the king, Princess [[Liliuokalani|Liliʻuokalani]] and Princess [[Likelike]].<ref>{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=27–32}}; {{harvnb|Iaukea|2012|page=63}}</ref> Liliʻuokalani noted her brother's group "consisted in a large degree of the very purest and sweetest male voices to be found amongst the native Hawaiians".{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|page=53}} In later life, Iaukea recalled, "Happy days those were; the days when 'Wine, Women and Song' were the rule of the day."{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=63}} The Prince died on April 7, 1877.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=32}}

On April 15, 1878, Iaukea was commissioned as captain of the Prince's Own Artillery Corps, Company A. This unit was a voluntary military regiment reorganized in 1874 and originally headed by King Kalākaua.<ref>{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=230}}; {{harvnb|Iaukea|2012|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|page=13}}; {{cite news|title=General Order No. 1|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=February 28, 1874|volume=|issue=|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204000841/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 4, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At this time, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaii consisted of five volunteer companies, including the Prince's Own, and the regular troops of the [[Royal Guards of Hawaii|King's Household Guard]]. Each unit was subject to being called for active service when necessary. On November 29, 1878, Iaukea was also appointed to King Kalākaua's personal military staff, with the rank of colonel.<ref name="military">{{cite web|title=Army Commissions office record|work=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH2ecd.dir/doc.pdf|accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209211227/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH2ecd.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite web|title=Adjutant General – Army Commissions office record|work=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3.dir/doc.pdf|accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084850/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=13, 350–352}} The reign of Kalakaua was characterized by his emphasis on military pomp.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=13, 350–352}}{{sfn|Newbury|2001|page=22}} On October 4, 1886, Iaukea was created adjutant general to the Forces of the Kingdom, succeeding upon the resignation of [[Charles T. Gulick]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Roll Call Of Our Gallant Army|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|location=Honolulu|date=June 9, 1887|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1887-06-09/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219091219/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1887-06-09/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 19, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=By Authority|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=October 6, 1886|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-06/ed-1/seq-3|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109053755/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-06/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=By Authority|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=October 8, 1886|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-08/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109053757/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-08/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=New Appointments|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=October 6, 1886|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-06/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109053755/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-06/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=New Appointments|newspaper=The Daily Herald|location=Honolulu|date=October 7, 1886|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-10-07/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124201047/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-10-07/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 24, 2018|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to the military act of 1886, as adjutant general, he was the second-in-command after [[John Owen Dominis]], who was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief with the king as supreme commander and [[generalissimo]].<ref name="military" />{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=13, 350–352}}{{sfn|Newbury|2001|page=22}}

At different times during the king's reign he held the important posts of tax collector for Koolaupoko, member of the [[Privy Council of the Hawaiian Kingdom of Hawaii|Privy Council of State]], commissioner to the Great International Fisheries Exhibition in London, member of the Board of Health, disbursing agent for the Royal Guard, collector general of Customs, commissioner of Crown Lands and land agent, and private secretary to the king, as well as other minor positions and appointments.<ref name="office">{{harvnb|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=230–232}}; {{harvnb|Iaukea|2012|pages=147–150}}; {{cite web|title=Iaukea, Curtis Piehu office record |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209010718/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0125/d63151c4.dir/doc.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=February 9, 2017 |url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0125/d63151c4.dir/doc.pdf |deadurlurl-status=nolive |accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017 |df= }}</ref> He served as [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] to the Royal Household from 1886 to 1888, succeeding to this post upon the resignation of [[Charles Hastings Judd]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chamberlain office record|work=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf|accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231948/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2017|deadurl-urlstatus=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> After Dominis' appointment as lieutenant general, Iaukea was appointed as his successor as the [[Governors of Oahu|governor of Oahu]]. He served in this position from October 4, 1886, to August 5, 1887, when Dominis was reappointed to the post.{{sfn|Newbury|2001|pages=16, 22}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Governor of Oahu|work=official archives|publisher=state of Hawaii|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721042609/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e7.dir/doc.pdf|archivedatearchive-date=July 21, 2011|url=https://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e7.dir/doc.pdf|deadurlurl-status=yesdead|accessdateaccess-date=September 1, 2009}}</ref>

From 1880 to 1883 he served as the secretary of the Foreign Office.<ref name="office" /> In this capacity, he worked as the chief clerk and secretary for Minister of Foreign Affairs [[William Lowthian Green]] and later Green's successor [[Walter M. Gibson|Walter Murray Gibson]]. After a period in the service of this new foreign minister, he was asked to resign by Gibson who appointed his friend Joseph S. Webb to the position instead. Iaukea returned to serve as a staff member of the king, fast becoming a favorite in the royal entourage. During Kalākaua's coronation ceremony in 1883, he played a large ceremonial role as the bearer of the Sword of State, while his wife served as one of the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Kapiʻolani.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=45–52}}

Following the coronation ceremony, the king informed Iaukea that he and his cabinet had commissioned him as the head of a diplomatic trip around the world. Iaukea was taken aback by the honor since he had no experience in diplomacy and was only twenty-eight at the time.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=45–52}} In this role, Iaukea would become the most traveled member of the Hawaiian administration after Kalākaua who had made a similar [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour|world tour in 1881]]. Commissioned as the kingdom's ambassador underwith the titlerank of "Envoyenvoy Extraordinary"extraordinary and "Ministerminister Plenipotentiary"plenipotentiary, he represented Hawaii at the coronation of [[Alexander III of Russia|Tsar Alexander III of Russia]] on May 27, 1883, and led a subsequent diplomatic tour of the courts of Europe and Japan.{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 188}} Traveling with his secretary, the part-Hawaiian Henry F. Poor, Iaukea made a favorable impression on the courts of Europe. In Russia, they had an audience with the new tsar and tsarina, met Russian Foreign Minister [[Nikolay Girs]], and socialized on an equal footing with the other foreign dignitaries. Iaukea later noted, "the sight of my country's flag floating over the entrance to the Hotel Duseaux besides those of the United States and Japan, gave me an added incentive to meet the responsibilities that lay ahead and discharge them with honor". The two Hawaiians traveled to the courts of Berlin, Vienna, Belgrade, London, Rome, and India and Japan via the [[Suez Canal]].{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}{{sfn|Quigg|1988|pages=178, 188}} In London, he visited the [[International Fisheries Exhibition]].<ref name="office" /> In Japan, he met with the [[Emperor Meiji]] and helped finalize an immigration plan between Japan and Hawaii previously negotiated by Kalākaua during his world tour.{{sfn|Schweizer|1991|page=112}}

In 1887, he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, with the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the [[Court of St James's]], and accompanied [[Queen KapiolaniKapiʻolani|Queen Kapiʻolani]] and Princess Liliʻuokalani to the celebration of [[Queen Victoria]]'s [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee]].<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref name="Hoover" /> The diplomatic party also included Governor John Owen Dominis, husband of the princess, Colonel [[James Harbottle Boyd]], secretary and attaché to Iaukea, and their attendants.{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|page=120}} On the journey across the United States, they visited Washington, DC and met with President [[Grover Cleveland]]. The Hawaiian party was graciously received during the Jubilee and given the same honor as every nation in attendance.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref name="Hoover">{{cite news|last=Hoover |first=Will |title=Curtis I'aukea |date=July 2, 2006 |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |location=Honolulu |publisher=Black Press |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq1iaukea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225044205/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq1iaukea |archivedatearchive-date=February 25, 2007 |accessdateaccess-date=March 16, 2010 |deadurl=yes |dfurl-status=dead }}</ref> Iaukea translated for Queen Kapiʻolani, who spoke only [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], during her official audience with Queen Victoria.{{sfn|Siler|2012|pages=133–134}}

Iaukea was decorated with the [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]] and the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Hawaii|Royal Order of the Crown of Hawaii]] in 1884, and biographies of him claim he also received all the Hawaiian orders during the reign of Kalākaua, i.e. the honors of the [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)|Royal Order of Kamehameha I]], the [[Royal Order of Kalākaua]], and the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Hawaii|Royal Order of the Star of Oceania]].<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Local And General|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=May 24, 1884|volume=|issue=|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1884-05-24/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207123526/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1884-05-24/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 7, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=By Authority|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|location=Honolulu|date=January 23, 1884|volume=|issue=|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-01-23/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053505/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-01-23/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=December 20, 2016|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He also received many foreign honors and decorations including Commander (Third Class) [[Order of the Crown of Thailand]], Commander of an unspecified order from the [[Ottoman Empire]], Grand Cross and Cordon of [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] of Russia, the Grand Cross and Ribbon of the [[Order of the Cross of Takovo]] of Serbia, the [[Legion of Honour]] of France, Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], Knight Commander of the [[Order of St. Olav]] of Sweden-Norway, Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] of Japan, the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium#Belgian Red Cross|Belgian Red Cross]], Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Liberator]] of Venezuela, the British [[Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal|Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee]], and [[Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal|Diamond Jubilee Medal]].{{sfn|Kalakaua|1971|pages=84, 100}}{{sfn|Taylor|1926|page=484}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=233}}

After Kalākaua's death and the accession of Queen Liliʻuokalani, Iaukea was reappointed colonel of the queen's personal military staff, and as agent of the [[Ceded lands|Crown Lands]].<ref name="office" /> The monarchy was [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrown]] on January 17, 1893, by the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]], with the support of United States Minister [[John L. Stevens]], and the landing of American forces from the [[USS Boston (1884)|USS ''Boston'']]. After a brief transition under the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government]], the oligarchical [[Republic of Hawaii]] was established on July{{nbsp}}4, 1894, with [[Sanford B. Dole]] as president.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=586–605, 649}}</ref>

[[File:Dole, Soper, Iaukea, and othersPratt (PP-28-7-010).jpg|thumb|alt=Three men in military uniforms standing around seated man|Major Iaukea (right) with other officers and President [[Sanford B. Dole]]]]

Following the overthrow, Iaukea was asked by the Provisional Government to remain in his post as agent of the Crown Lands.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|pages=35–36}} He took the oath of allegiance to the new regime on January 24, 1893.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local And General|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=January 25, 1893|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-25/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211100639/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-25/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to Iaukea, in later life, he decided to continue working for the two subsequent regimes after consulting with the deposed queen and gaining her approval. He also cited the economic necessity of working for the government since he and his wife had to sell their Honolulu residence around this time. From this point his friendship with Liliʻuokalani cooled with Iaukea noting that "my calls on [her] lacked the personal informality of happier days".{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|pages=35–36}}{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|pages=197–198}}

During this period, he worked as the sub-agent of Public Lands. He also served on the Board of Prison Inspectors in 1893, and was appointed special police constable of the Kona District of Oahu in 1894.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> On November 27, 1895, he was commissioned with the demoted rank of major and quartermaster on the General Staff of the Republic.<ref name="military" /><ref name="Major">{{cite news|title=Local And General News|newspaper=The Independent|location=Honolulu|date=November 29, 1895|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1895-11-29/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155229/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1895-11-29/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=New Officers|newspaper=The Hawaiian Star|location=Honolulu|date=November 27, 1895|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1895-11-27/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155844/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1895-11-27/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Having developed a close friendship with the British Crown, Iaukea returned to the United Kingdom to celebrate the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] in 1897.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> Representing the Republic, he served at the demoted rank of secretary and military attaché to Special Envoy [[Samuel Mills Damon]].<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref name="Hoover" /><ref name="Diamond">{{cite news|title=Promote Him|newspaper=The Independent|location=Honolulu|date=April 27, 1897|volume=|issue=|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1897-04-27/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155658/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1897-04-27/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=Off For London|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=May 3, 1897|volume=|issue=|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1897-05-03/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155147/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1897-05-03/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=Off For London|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|location=Honolulu|date=May 4, 1897|volume=|issue=|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1897-05-04/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182609/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1897-05-04/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=December 16, 2013|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=Hawaiians Do Not Agree|newspaper=The Independent|location=Honolulu|date=July 29, 1897|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1897-07-29/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160013/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047097/1897-07-29/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In January 1898, he accompanied President Dole and his wife to Washington, DC, also in the role of secretary and military attaché.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref>{{cite news|title=The Nation's Guest|newspaper=The Evening Star|location=Washington, DC|date=January 27, 1898|volume=|issue=|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1898-01-27/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211100808/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1898-01-27/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}; {{cite news|title=A Noted Hawaiian – President Dole's Private Secretary Is Big and Talented|newspaper=The Stark County Democrat|location=Canton, OH|date=February 17, 1898|volume=|issue=|page=3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028490/1898-02-17/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211100952/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028490/1898-02-17/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 11, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

When the United States annexed Hawaii and established the [[Territory of Hawaii]], Iaukea became involved in local politics as a member of the [[Democratic Party of Hawaii]]. In the general election of 1904, he unsuccessfully challenged Prince [[Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole]], a [[Hawaii Republican Party of Hawaii|Republican]], for the position of congressional delegate from Hawaii on the Democratic ticket.{{sfn|Proto|2009|page=186}} In the 1906 election, he was elected as the second [[Honolulu Police Department|sheriff]] of the [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|County of Honolulu]], succeeding Arthur M. Brown. He served in this position from 1907 to 1909.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Oahu's Voters Overthrow The Brown-Vida Machine|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=November 7, 1906|volume=|issue=|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1906-11-07/ed-1/seq-1/}}</ref>{{sfn|Hori|1981|page=121}}{{sfn|Greer|1973|pages=3–17}} He was a trustee of the [[The Queen's Medical Center|Queen's Medical Center]] from 1905 to 1909.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" />{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=232}}

He served as a Democratic member of the Territorial Senate from 1913 to 1915, representing the Third District of Oahu.{{sfn|Hawaii|Lydecker|1918|pages=280–281}} Under the Democratic Governor [[Charles J. McCarthy]], Iaukea was appointed by President [[Woodrow Wilson]] as the Secretary of Hawaii from May 3, 1917, to October 12, 1921, and acting governor of the Territory from December 30, 1919, to March 30, 1920.<ref name="office" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary, Territory of Hawaii office record |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231958/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH0167.dir/doc.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=February 9, 2017 |url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH0167.dir/doc.pdf |deadurlurl-status=nolive |accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017 |df= }}; {{cite web |title=Governor, Territory of Hawaii office record |work=state archives digital collections |publisher=state of Hawaii |url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d1.dir/doc.pdf |accessdateaccess-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209232142/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d1.dir/doc.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2017 |dead-url-status=nolive |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

After the death of [[Joseph O. Carter|Joseph Oliver Carter]], Iaukea became the private secretary and business agent of Liliʻuokalani. From 1909 to 1917, he served in this role and became a trustee of The Queen Liliʻuokalani Trust, a charitable trust established by the queen to manage her landholdings and estate after her death.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" /> Iaukea and his wife Charlotte were at Liliʻuokalani's side when she died in 1917. He was the one who raised her royal standard (flag) over Washington Place to signal her death, and was in charge of planning [[Death and state funeral of LiliuokalaniLiliʻuokalani|Liliʻuokalani's state funeral]].<ref>{{cite news|editor-last=Thrum|editor-first=Thomas G.|title=Death, Lying-in-State and Obsequies of Queen Liliuokalani|magazine=Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__AeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA102|year=1918|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|pages=102–109|refaccess-date=February 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424022626/https://books.google.com/books?id=__AeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA102|archive-date=April 24, 2017|url-status=harvlive}}</ref> He served as an honorary pallbearer during the funeral procession while his son Frederick Hank Iaukea served as an active pallbearer carrying the [[catafalque]] bearing the casket of the queen to her final resting place for entombment with her family members in the Kalākaua Crypt of the [[Royal Mausoleum of(Mauna HawaiiʻAla)|Royal Mausoleum of Mauna ʻAla]].<ref name="PallBearers">{{cite news|title=Honorary And Active Pall-Bearers; Many Near Great Casket|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|date=November 19, 1917|volume=|issue=|page=7|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1917-11-19/ed-1/seq-7/|accessdateaccess-date=February 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100111/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1917-11-19/ed-1/seq-7/|archive-date=February 5, 2017|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a former chamberlain, and one of the last surviving representatives of the former dynasty, he had planned the royal funerals of Princess [[Kaʻiulani]] in 1899, Prince [[David Kawānanakoa]] in 1908, and Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole in 1922.{{sfn|Taylor|1926|page=483}}{{sfn|Taylor|1922|page=305}} He was chairman of the Hawaiian Homes Commission from 1933 to 1935, member of the Archives Commission from 1937 and custodian of the throne room of Iolani Palace from 1937.<ref name="SiddallNellistDay" />

Iaukea died in Honolulu, on March 5, 1940, at the age of 84.<ref name="Hoover" /> He was buried at the [[Oahu Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite sign|title=Grave Marker of Curtis Piehu Iaukea|type=|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|institution=[[Oahu Cemetery]]}}</ref> As the last surviving court member of the defunct monarchy, Iaukea was regarded as an important authority on the past during his lifetime but also as a positive example of those who adapted to the changing politics of the islands.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=29}} His great-great-granddaughter Sydney Lehua Iaukea noted:

Iaukea married Charlotte Kahaloipua Hanks (1856–1936) on April 7, 1877.{{#tag:ref|Historian [[John Dominis Holt IV]] recorded her name as Nancy.{{sfn|Holt|1993|page=81}}|group=note}} They had met through the acquaintanceship of Charlotte's aunt Uwini Auld and Queen Emma.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=239}} The only daughter of American businessman Frederick Leslie Hanks and Chinese-Hawaiian Akini, Charlotte was of mixed-Caucasian, Native Hawaiian and Chinese descent. Her father was allegedly a relative of [[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]], the mother of President [[Abraham Lincoln]], and had settled in Hawaii after his second visit in 1853.{{sfn|Iaukea|Watson|1988|page=239}} A descendant of the Kahaloipua line of chiefs, her genealogy was considered of a higher rank than her husband.{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=38}} Her maternal grandfather was the early Chinese businessman Tyhune (i.e. Wong Tai-hoon), who owned the Tyhune Store in downtown Honolulu from the 1830s to the 1850s and invested in sugar, shipping, merchandise, and liquor sales. She inherited lands in Waikiki and Honolulu from her maternal grandmother Wahinekapu, a Hawaiian chiefess and the daughter or sister of Kahanaumaikai, who had been a recipient of land in the [[Great Māhele]].{{sfn|Char|1974|pages=12, 25–29}}<ref>{{cite websfn|title=KAKAHANAUMAIKAI, L LCA 5873Barrere|work=Kanaka Genealogy web site1994|urlpages=https://kanakagenealogy.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/kakahanaumaikai-i-lca-5873.pdf|accessdate=June 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205182614/https://kanakagenealogy.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/kakahanaumaikai-i-lca-5873.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all124–126}}</ref> Charlotte served as a lady-in-waiting for Queen Kapiʻolani, and was a close friend of Liliʻuokalani. During the monarchy, she received the honor of Knight Companion of the [[Royal Order of Kapiolani]].{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=19}}{{sfn|Taylor|1922|page=322}}

The couple had two children: a son named Frederick Hanks Nalaniahi Iaukea (1881–1944) and a daughter named Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea (1885–1973), who married Edward B. Watson, and a son named Frederick Hanks Nalaniahi Iaukea (1881–1944).<ref name="SiddallNellistDay">{{harvnb|Siddall|1917|pages=146–149}}; {{harvnb|Siddall|1921|pages=215–216}}; {{harvnb|Day|1984|page=5}}; {{cite book|editor-last=Nellist|editor-first=George F.|chapter=Curtis Piehu Iaukea, Financial Trustee|title=The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders|year=1925|publisher=Honolulu Star Bulletin|location=Honolulu|url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/iaukea414bs.txt|access-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302095411/http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/iaukea414bs.txt|archive-date=March 2, 2013|dead-url-status=nolive|df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{sfn|Iaukea|2012|page=173}}

*{{cite journal|last=Char|first=Wai-Jane|title=Three Chinese Stores in Honolulu|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=8|year=1974|hdl=10524/360|oclc=60626541|pages=11–38|ref=harv}}

*{{cite book|last=Day|first=Arthur Grove|authorlinkauthor-link=A. Grove Day|title=History Makers of Hawaii: a Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkp0AAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Mutual Publishing of Honolulu|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-935180-09-1|oclc=11087565|refaccess-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220419/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkp0AAAAMAAJ|archive-date=December 15, 2019|url-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite bookjournal|author=Hawaii|editor-last=LydeckerGreer|editor-first=RobertRichard ColfaxA.|volumetitle=Collarbone and the Social Evil|titlejournal=RosterThe LegislaturesHawaiian ofJournal Hawaii,of 1841–1918History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian GazetteHistorical CompanySociety|volume=7|year=19181973|urlhdl=https:10524//archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich366|oclc=6073741860626541|refpages={{harvid|Hawaii|Lydecker|1918}}3–17}}

*{{cite book|last=Holt|first=John Dominis|title=Recollections: Memoirs of John Dominis Holt, 1919–1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnDxAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Ku Paʻa|location=Honolulu|oclcisbn=308862919780681027831|refoclc=harv30886291}}

*{{cite journalthesis|last=Hopkins|first=Jaime Mew ChinUluwehi|title=Hānau Ma Ka Lolo, For the Benefit of Her Race: a Portrait of Emma Kaʻilikapuolono Metcalf Beckley Nakuina|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|date=August 2012|hdl=10125/100964|pagesurl=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100964/1/Hopkins_Jaime_r.pdf|refaccess-date=harvFebruary 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091512/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100964/1/Hopkins_Jaime_r.pdf|archive-date=January 1, 2017|type=Thesis|url-status=live}}

*{{cite journal|last=Hori|first=Joan|title=Japanese Prostitution in Hawaii During the Immigration Period|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=15|year=1981|hdl=10524/111|oclc=60626541|pages=113–124|ref=harv}}

*{{cite book|last1=Iaukea|first1=Curtis Piehu|last2=Watson|first2=Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea|editor-last=Schweizer|editor-first=Niklaus R.|title=By Royal Command: The Official Life and Personal Reminiscences of Colonel Curtis Piehu Iaukea at the Court of Hawaii's Rulers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_xAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Hui Hanai|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-9616738-6-4|oclc=16006083|refaccess-date=harvOctober 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216103630/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_xAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=February 16, 2017|url-status=live}}

*{{cite journal|lastlast1=Iaukea|first1=Curtis P.|title=Reminiscences of the Court of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma|journal=Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society|number=19|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|year=1930|hdl=10524/961|oclc=|pages=17–27|refurl=harvhttps://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/961/1/OP17.pdf|access-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918162220/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/961/1/OP17.pdf|archive-date=September 18, 2009|url-status=live}}

*{{cite journalbook|last=KaiIaukea|first=PeggySydney Lehua|title=ChineseThe SettlersQueen inand theI: VillageA Story of HiloDispossessions Beforeand 1852|journal=TheReconnections Hawaiian Journal ofin HistoryHawaiʻi|locationurl=|year=Honolulu2012|publisher=HawaiianUniversity Historicalof SocietyCalifornia Press|volumelocation=8Berkeley|yearisbn=1974|hdl=10524/221978-0-520-95030-6|oclc=60626541|pages=39–75763161035|refurl-access=harv}}

*{{cite journal|author=Kalakaua|editor-last=GreerKai|editor-first=Richard A.Peggy|title=TheChinese RoyalSettlers Tourist—Kalakaua'sin Lettersthe HomeVillage fromof TokioHilo toBefore London1852|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=58|year=19711974|hdl=10524/186221|oclc=60626541|pages=75–109|ref=harv39–75}}

*{{cite book|last=Kanahele|first=George S.|authorlinkauthor-link=George Kanahele|title=Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C|year=1999|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-2240-8|oclc=40890919|refaccess-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508092130/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C|archive-date=May 8, 2016|url-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite journal|last=Karpiel|first=Frank|title=Notes & Queries – The Hale Naua Society|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=33|year=1999|hdl=10524/509|oclc=60626541|pages=203–212|ref=harv}}

*{{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|authorlinkauthor-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|volume=3|year=1967|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-433-1|oclc=500374815|refaccess-date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120003313/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite book|author=Liliuokalani|authorlinkauthor-link=Liliuokalani|title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani|url=https://booksarchive.google.comorg/details/books?id=QrTCvcy0sE4Chawaiisstorybyh00goog|location=Boston|publisher=Lee and Shepard|year=1898|isbn=978-0-548-22265-2|oclc=2387226|ref=harv}}

*{{cite book|last=Proto|first=NeilEdith ThomasKawelohea|last=McKinzie|title=The Rights of MyHawaiian PeopleGenealogies: Liliuokalani'sExtracted Enduringfrom BattleHawaiian withLanguage the United States, 1893–1917Newspapers|url=https://wwwbooks.questiagoogle.com/library/120076043/books?id=QB92bdJ8igwC&pg=PA50|year=20091997|publisher=AlgoraUniversity Publishingof Hawaii Press|locationpage=New York50|isbn=978-0-87586-720-59780939154371|oclc=319248358|ref=harv769212483}}

*{{cite book|last=RoseRestarick|first=RogerHenry G.Bond|title=SymbolsHawaii, 1778–1920, from the Viewpoint of Sovereigntya Bishop: FeatherBeing the GirdlesStory of TahitiEnglish and HawaiʻiAmerican Churchmen in Hawaii with Historical Sidelights|url=https://bookscatalog.googlehathitrust.comorg/books?id=uw9zAAAAMAAJRecord/001414289|year=19781924|publisher=DepartmentParadise of Anthropology, Bernicethe P. Bishop MuseumPacific|location=Honolulu|oclc=4618167151337282|refaccess-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145522/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001414289|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite book|last=SiddallRose|first=JohnRoger WilliamG.|title=MenSymbols of HawaiiSovereignty: Feather Girdles of Tahiti and Hawaiʻi|volumeurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uw9zAAAAMAAJ|year=19171978|publisher=Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum|location=Honolulu|publisheroclc=''Honolulu Star461816715|access-Bulletin''date=February 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/detailsweb/menofhawaiibeing01sidd20160427181749/https://books.google.com/books?id=uw9zAAAAMAAJ|oclcarchive-date=16326675April 27, 2016|refurl-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite bookjournal|last=SiddallSchweizer|first=JohnNiklaus WilliamR.|title=MenKing ofKalakaua: An International HawaiiPerspective|volumejournal=2|year=1921The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=''HonoluluHawaiian Star-Bulletin''Historical Society|urlvolume=https://archive.org/details25|year=1991|hdl=10524/menofhawaiibiogr00sidd539|oclc=1632667560626541|refpages=harv103–120}}

*{{cite book|last=TaylorSiler|first=AlbertJulia PierceFlynn|authorlinkauthor-link=AlbertJulia PierceFlynn TaylorSiler|title=UnderLost Hawaiian SkiesKingdom: AHawaii's NarrativeLast ofQueen, the Romance,Sugar AdventureKings and HistoryAmerica's ofFirst theImperial Hawaiian IslandsAdventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2CmsAMr75wCBA-TSRWOnIcC|year=19222012|publisher=AdvertiserAtlantic PublishingMonthly Company, LtdPress|location=HonoluluNew York|isbn=978-0-8021-9488-6|oclc=479709881683650|refaccess-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423192226/https://books.google.com/books?id=BA-TSRWOnIcC|archive-date=April 23, 2017|url-status=harvlive}}

*{{cite bookjournal|last=TaylorSoong|first=AlbertIrma PierceTam|authorlinktitle=AlbertSun Yat-sen's PierceChristian TaylorSchooling in Hawaiʻi|titlejournal=UnderThe Hawaiian Skies: A NarrativeJournal of the Romance, Adventure and History of the |location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Islands, a Complete Historical AccountSociety|urlvolume=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj6743.0001.001?view=toc31|year=19261997|publisherhdl=Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd|location=Honolulu10524/527|oclc=154752360626541|refpages=harv151–178}}

*{{cite journal|last=Iaukea|first=Curtis P.|title=Japanese in Hawaii|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000065058|journal=The Mid-Pacific Magazine|volume=48|issue=|year=1935|publisher=T. H., A. H. Ford; [[Pan-Pacific Union]], Pan-Pacific Research Institution|pages=87–88|oclc=145158315}}

[[Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom of Hawaii Privy Council]]

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[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom of Hawaii military officers]]

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