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{{Short description|Sociopolitical term for Maritime Southeast Asia}}
{{for-multi|the future capital city of Indonesia|Nusantara (city)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Indonesian Archipelago and Students.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A gilded map in the Hall of Independence, [[National Monument (Indonesia)|Indonesian National Monument]], Jakarta. Also included are [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], and [[Labuan]] (states and a federal territory of Malaysia), [[Brunei]], and [[East Timor]] (sovereign countries)
'''''Nusantara''''' is the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] name of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] (or parts of it). It is an [[Old Javanese]] term that literally means "outer islands".<ref>{{cite book |last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/601 601] |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/601 }}</ref> In [[Indonesia]], it is generally taken to mean the [[Indonesian Archipelago]].<ref>{{Citation| last1 = Echols | first1 = John M. | last2 = Shadily | first2 = Hassan | title = Kamus Indonesia Inggris (An Indonesian-English Dictionary) | place = Jakarta | publisher = Gramedia | year = 1989|edition=1st| isbn = 979-403-756-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Nusantara|title=Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> Outside of Indonesia, the term has been adopted to refer to the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ms.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/malay-english/nusantara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135947/https://ms.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/malay-english/nusantara|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2018|title=Nusantara {{!}} Malay to English Translation - Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Malay Living Dictionary|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref>
The word Nusantara is taken from an oath by [[Gajah Mada]] in 1336, as written in the Old Javanese ''[[Pararaton
The concept of Nusantara as a unified region was not invented by Gajah Mada in 1336. The term Nusantara was first used by [[Kertanegara of Singhasari]] in Mula Malurung inscription dated 1255.
}}</ref> Kertanegara envisioned the union of Southeast Asian maritime kingdoms and polities under Singhasari as a bulwark against the rise of the expansionist [[Mongols|Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]] of China.<ref name="Utomo 2009 pp. 1–14">{{cite journal | last=Utomo | first=Bambang Budi | title=Majapahit dalam Lintas Pelayaran dan Perdagangan Nusantara | journal=Berkala Arkeologi | publisher=Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta | volume=29 | issue=2 | date=2009-11-30 | issn=2548-7132 | doi=10.30883/jba.v29i2.375 | pages=1–14| doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
In a wider sense, Nusantara in modern language usage includes [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]]-related cultural and linguistic lands, namely, [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[East Timor]] and [[Taiwan]], while excluding [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=Evers>{{cite journal |last=Evers |first=Hans-Dieter |year=2016 |title=Nusantara: History of a Concept |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1353/ras.2016.0004|s2cid=163375995 }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohd. Zariat Abdul Rani|date=2005|title=Antara Islam dan Hinduisme di Alam Melayu: Beberapa catatan pengkaji barat|url=http://www.sarionline.ukm.my/index.html|journal=SARI: Jurnal Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu|publisher=Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia|volume=23|pages=67–82|issn=0127-2721|quote=Seperkara lagi yang perlu dijelaskan ialah perbezaan istilah yang digunakan mereka bagi merujuk daerah yang mereka perkatakan. N. J. Krom (seterusnya Krom), misalnya, menggunakan istilah 'Nusantara', manakala Bernard H. M. Vlekke (seterusnya Vlekke) dan J.C. Van Leur (Van Leur) menamakan daerah kajian mereka sebagai "Indonesia". Meskipun terdapat perbezaan dari segi istilah, namun setelah diteliti adalah didapati cakupan perbincangan mereka rata-rata merujuk kepada daerah yang sama, iaitu daerah yang disebut oleh [[Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas|Al-Attas]] dalam syarahan pengukuhan beliau yang bertajuk Islam dalam ''Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu'' (1972) sebagai "Kepulauan Melayu-Indonesia".}}</ref><ref name="BH">{{cite news|newspaper=Berita Harian|title=Istilah Nusantara diguna tanpa semangat penyatuan Melayu|author1=Hafizah Iszahanid|date=11 October 2018|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/sastera/2018/10/484593/istilah-nusantara-diguna-tanpa-semangat-penyatuan-melayu|quote=Konsep Nusantara dalam pemahaman warga Indonesia sangat berbeza dengan apa yang difahami rakyat Malaysia, bahkan hampir kesemua negara lain di Asia Tenggara termasuk Singapura...ketika kebanyakan penduduk Asia Tenggara merujuk Nusantara kepada wilayah Kepulauan Melayu atau negara di Asia Tenggara, penduduk Indonesia sebaliknya berpendapat Nusantara adalah Indonesia semata-mata.}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2024}}
==Etymology==
The term ''Nusantara'' derives from a combined two words of [[Austronesian language|Austronesian]] and [[Sanskrit]] origin, the word ''nūsa'' (''see also [[wikt:nusa|nusa]]'') meaning "island" in [[Old Javanese]], is ultimately derived from the [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] word ''*nusa'' with the same meaning,<ref>The word [https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/nusa "
==Ancient concepts==
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''Nusantara'' is an [[Old Javanese]] word which appears in the ''[[Pararaton]]'' manuscript. In Javanese, ''Nusantara'' is derived {{etymology||nūsa|island}} and ''antara'', 'between'. It means "outer islands" or "other islands" (in the sense of "islands beyond Java in between the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]s"), referring to the islands outside of [[Java]] under [[hegemony]] of the [[Majapahit Empire]]. The term is commonly erroneously translated as "[[archipelago]]" in modern times.<ref name="Gaynor">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bentley |editor1-first=Jerry H. |editor2-last=Bridenthal |editor2-first=Renate |editor3-last=Wigen |editor3-first=Kären |last1=Gaynor |first1=Jennifer L. |title=Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures, and Transoceanic Exchanges |url=https://archive.org/details/seascapesmaritim00bent |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |chapter=Maritime Ideologies and Ethnic Anomalies |isbn=9780824830274 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/seascapesmaritim00bent/page/n69 59]–65}}</ref> Based on the Majapahit concept of state, the monarch had power over three areas:
# '''''Negara Agung''''', or the Grand State — the core realm of the kingdom where [[Majapahit]] formed before becoming an empire. This included the capital city and the surrounding areas where the king effectively exercised his government: the area in and around royal capital of [[Trowulan]], port of Canggu and sections of [[Brantas River]] valley near the capital, as well as the mountainous areas south and
# '''''Mancanegara''''', the areas surrounding ''Negara Agung'' — this traditionally referred to the Majapahit provinces of East and Central Java ruled by the ''Bhres'' (dukes), the king's close relatives. This included the rest of [[Java]] as well as [[Madura]] and [[Bali]]. These areas were directly influenced by Majapahit court culture and obliged to pay annual tributes; their rulers might have been directly related to, allied with, and/or intermarried with the Majapahit royal family. Majapahit officials and officers were stationed in these places to regulate their foreign trade activities and collect taxes, but beyond this ''mancanegara'' provinces enjoyed substantial autonomy in internal affairs. In later periods, overseas provinces which had adopted Javanese culture or possessed significant trading importance were also considered ''mancanegara''. The ruler of these provinces was either a willing vassal of the Majapahit king or a regent appointed by the king to rule the region. These realms included [[Melayu Kingdom|Dharmasraya]], [[Pagaruyung Kingdom|Pagaruyung]], [[Lampung]] and [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]].
# '''''Nusantara''''', areas which did not reflect Javanese culture, but were included as colonies which had to pay annual tribute. This included the vassal kingdoms and colonies in the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]],{{citation needed|reason=Landak claimed to be founded by Javanese, similarly Negara Dipa, whose dynasty claimed patrilineal descent of Majapahit, ie Rajasa|date=April 2024}} the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Sulawesi]],{{citation needed|reason=Luwu claimed marriage with Majapahit royal family, ''na iya manurung nge ri majampai''|date=April 2024}} [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[New Guinea]], and the [[Sulu
The word Nusantara was not only used by the Javanese and did not disappear after the fall of Majapahit. This word can be found in [[Malay Annals]], a classic Malay literature written as early as 1612, but it remained known even in the 1808 manuscript:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ismail|first=Abdul Rahman Haji|date=1998|title=Malay Annals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJRuAAAAMAAJ|journal=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=|isbn=9789679948134|page=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=A. Samad|year=1979|title=Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu)|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia|page=43}}</ref>
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==Nusantara concept in the 20th century==
[[File:Indonesian archipelagic baselines.jpg|thumb|300px|Modern
In 1920, [[Ernest Douwes Dekker|Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker]] (1879–1950), also known as Setiabudi, proposed ''Nusantara'' as a name for the independent country of Indonesia which did not contain any words etymologically related to the [[Names of India|name of India]] or the [[Indies]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Vlekke | first = Bernard H.M. | title = Nusantara: A History of the East Indian Archipelago | place = Netherlands | publisher = Ayer Co Pub | year = 1943|edition=1st
|pages=303–470|isbn = 978-0-405-09776-8}}</ref> This is the first instance of the term ''Nusantara'' appearing after it had been written into [[Pararaton]] manuscript.
The definition of Nusantara introduced by Setiabudi is different from the 14th
==Modern usage==
===Indonesia===
[[Nusantara (
===Outside Indonesia===
In [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]]
In a more scholarly manner without national borders, Nusantara in a modern language usage "refers to the sphere of influence of the Austronesian-related cultural and linguistic islands that comprise [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the southernmost part of [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]], [[Brunei]], [[East Timor]] and perhaps even [[Taiwan]], but it does not involve the areas of [[Papua New Guinea]]."<ref name=Evers/>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}
==Foreign Nusantara studies==
The [[Nusantara Society]] in [[Moscow]] conducts studies on the Nusantara region's history, culture, languages and politics.
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{{Indonesia topics}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Regions of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Indonesian names]]
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