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{{redirect|Mutis}}
{{short description|Spanish mathematician and botanist (1732-1808)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
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|image = José Celestino Mutis.jpg
|image_size =251px
|caption = Mutis by R. Cristobal, 1930
|birth_date = 6 April 1732
|birth_place = [[Cádiz]], [[Andalusia]]
|death_date = {{d-da|11 September 1808|6 April 1732}}
|death_place = [[Bogotá]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
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}}
'''José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio''' (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] priest, [[botanist]] and [[mathematician]]. He was a significant figure in the [[Spanish American Enlightenment]], whom [[Alexander von Humboldt]] met with on his expedition to Spanish America.<ref>John Jay TePaske, "José Celestino Mutis" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, pp. 150-51. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> He is one of the most important authors of the [[Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century]], together with [[Juan Andrés]] or Antonio Eximeno.
==Life==
He was born in [[Cádiz]] and baptized with the name ''José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio''. He began his medical studies at the [[University of Cádiz|College of Surgery]] in Cádiz, where he also studied physics, chemistry and botany. He graduated in medicine from the [[University of Seville]] on 2 May 1755.<ref name=bibdigital>{{
On 5 July 1757 he received his doctorate in medicine. From 1757 to 1760 he was interim professor of anatomy in [[Madrid]]. During those same years he continued to study botany at the Migas Calientes Botanical Gardens (now the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid]]), and also astronomy and
After three years he decided to leave for America, as the private physician of the new viceroy of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]], [[Pedro Messía de la Cerda, 2nd Marquis of Vega de Armijo|Pedro Messía de la Cerda]]. He sailed on 7 September 1760, arriving at [[Bogotá|Santa Fe de Bogotá]] on 24 February 1761. During the long transatlantic passage he began writing his ''Diario de Observaciones'', which he continued until 1791.<ref>{{
From his arrival in the Viceroyalty, Mutis concentrated on his botanical studies, beginning work on an [[herbal]] and investigating for [[cinchona]], which was considered a panacea for the treatment of all kinds of diseases. He wrote ''El Arcano de la Quina''.<ref>{{
==Botanical expedition==
{{Main|Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada}}
Beginning in 1763, Mutis proposed to the king that he sponsor an expedition to study the flora and fauna of the region. He had to wait 20 years for the authorization, but in 1783 the king authorized his expedition (one of three royal botanical expeditions to the New World at about that time). In the interim, Mutis concentrated on commercial and mineralogical projects, not neglecting medicine. He also studied the social and economic conditions of the viceroyalty, and continued to expand his collection of flora and fauna. On 19 December 1772 he was ordained a priest. He was in regular correspondence with scientists in Spain and elsewhere in Europe, particularly [[Carl Linnaeus]].{{
Mutis led the Royal Botanical Expedition, established in 1783, for 25 years. It explored some 8,000 km<sup>2</sup> in a range of climates, using the [[Río Magdalena]] for access to the interior. He developed a meticulous methodology that included the harvesting of the samples in the field together with detailed descriptions, including data on the surroundings of each species and its utility. Hundreds of plants were discovered and described. More than 8,000 plates, plus maps, correspondence, notes and manuscripts were sent to Spain. His museum consisted of 24,000 dried plants, 5,000 drawings of plants by his pupils, and a collection of woods, shells, resins, minerals, and skins. These treasures arrived safely at Madrid in 105 boxes, and the plants, manuscripts, and drawings were sent to the botanical gardens, where they were relegated to a tool-house.
[[File:Ilustraciones_José_Celestino_Mutis.jpg|thumb|Illustrations from Mutis's work]]
The Royal Botanical Expedition headquarters moved in two different occasions. Initially it was based on the municipality of [[La Mesa, Cundinamarca|La Mesa]] (now in the Department of Cundinamarca), then in November 1783 it was moved to [[Mariquita, Tolima|Mariquita]] (Department of Tolima). Finally in 1791 it was moved to Santa Fe de Bogota.{{
Much of the work was wasted because the results remained unedited and unanalyzed. Also, the collation between the notes and the plates was lost during the transfer to Spain. His work on the species and varieties of ''Chinchona'' had lasting influence.{{
He determined the longitude of Bogotá by the observation of an eclipse of a satellite of Jupiter and was a major influence on the construction of the [[:es:Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Colombia|National Astronomical Observatory]].{{
In March 1762, at the inauguration of the chair of mathematics at the [[Del Rosario University|Colegio del Rosario]], he expounded the principles of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]] and of the [[Scientific method|experimental method of science]], leading to a confrontation with the Church. In 1774 he had to defend the teaching of the principles of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], as well as natural philosophy and modern, Newtonian physics and mathematics, before the [[Inquisition]].{{
In 1784, he was elected a foreign member of the RSAOS [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].{{
[[Alexander von Humboldt]] visited Mutis in 1801, during his [[Alexander von Humboldt#Spanish American expedition, 1799–1804|expedition to America]]. Humboldt stayed with Mutis for two months, and greatly admired his botanical collection.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Daum | first=Andreas W.|author-link=Andreas Daum | year=2024 | title=Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography | location=Trans. Robert Savage. Princeton, N.J. | publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=54, 71‒72 | isbn=978-0-691-24736-6 }}</ref>
Mutis died in Bogotá on 2 September 1808, at age 76, a victim of [[apoplexy]]. Because much of his botanical work was lost or unpublished, he is known to history not as a great scientist, but as a great promoter of science and knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jose Celestino Mutis|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10659b.htm|
==Fields==
* [[Botany]]: He studied the flora of his surroundings, and produced a marvelous collection of plates of Colombian plants that are now located in the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid|Royal Botanical Garden]] in Madrid.
* [[Linguistics]]: He studied the indigenous languages of the area. By order of King [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], he developed a series of elementary vocabularies of various languages (about 100 words in each language). King Charles was responding to a request from Czarina [[Catherine the Great]] to provide vocabularies of all the languages spoken in his realms, in order to develop a monumental dictionary of all the languages of the world. The dictionary was in fact published, but the compilers published it in alphabetical order, making it nearly impossible to consult.
* Other sciences, including important contributions to industrial processes, such as silver mining and the distillation of rum.
==Works==
* ''Diario de observaciones de José Celestino Mutis, 1760-1790'', 2 vols. 2nd edition. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983.
* ''Escritos botánicos''. María Paz Martín Fierro, ed. Editoriales Andaluzas Unidas 1985.
* ''Escritos científicos de José Celestino Mutis''. Guillermo Hernández de Alba. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica 1983.
* ''Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada''. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica 1954.
* ''Viaje a Santa Fe''. Marcelo Frías Núñez, ed. Madrid: Historia 16
{{botanist|Mutis}}
==Legacy==
[[File:Calle José Celestino Mutis en Cádiz.jpg|thumb|right|Street named after Celestino Mutis, in [[Cadiz]], [[Spain]]]]
[[File:José Celestino Mutis banknote.jpg|200px|thumb|left|José Celestino Mutis on a 1996 2000 [[Spanish peseta|Pesetas]] [[Specimen banknote|specimen]] banknote]]
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:Jose_Celestino_Mutis_Colombian_Bank_Note.JPG|thumb|left|{{deletable image-caption|1=Thursday, 11 October 2007}}]] -->
His likeness is well known to [[Spaniards]], because his image was used on the
[[Bogotá Botanical Garden|José Celestino Mutis Botanical Gardens]], a park and center of scientific investigation, is named in his honor in Bogotá. It includes climate-controlled exhibits of the flora in all climate zones of Colombia. There is also an exhibit of 5,000 Colombian [[orchid]]s, one of Colombia's most extensive.
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In 1783 he hired [[Vicente Albán]] to commit paintings associated with the flora of Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?Museo=MAM&txtSimpleSearch=Alb%25E1n,%2520Vicente&simpleSearch=0&hipertextSearch=1&search=simple&MuseumsSearch=MAM%257C&MuseumsRolSearch=11&|title=Red Digital de Colecciones de Museos de España - Museos|website=ceres.mcu.es|language=es|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>
His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the [[National Museum of Natural History, France]] was curated by [[Alicia Lourteig]].<ref name="Sastre2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sastre |first1=C |title=Alicia Lourteig (1913-2003) |journal=Adansonia |series=Series 3 |date=2003 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=149–150}}</ref>
==Other expeditions==
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==See also==
* [[Spanish Universalist School of the 18th century]]
* [[List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics]]
* [[Spanish American Enlightenment]]
==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Bleichmar, Daniela. ''Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions & Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012.
* Puente Veloso, S. "José Celestino Mutis: physician, humanist," ''Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina'' 1986, vol. 103, no. 3, 411-36.
* San Pío Aladrén, Maria Pilar de, ed. ''Mutis y la Real Expedición del Nuevo Reyno de Granada''. 2 vols. Madrid 1992.
* {{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Edward O. |last2=Durán |first2=José M. Gómez |title=Kingdom of Ants José Celestino Mutis and the Dawn of Natural History in the New World |date=2010 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801899737}}<
{{div col end|2}}
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==External links==
{{commons category|José Celestino Mutis}}
* [http://www.rjb.csic.es/icones/mutis Drawings of the Royal Botanical Expedition online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173449/http://www.observatorio.unal.edu.co/ National Astronomical Observatory]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10659b.htm His biography] at ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150224154937/http://www.larramendi.es/i18n/consulta_aut/registro.cmd?id=3207 José Celestino Mutis. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi]
* {{
* {{in lang|es
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mutis, Jose Celestino}}
[[Category:18th-century Colombian botanists]]
[[Category:18th-century Spanish botanists]]
[[Category:Catholic clergy scientists]]
[[Category:Viceroyalty of New Granada
[[Category:1732 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
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[[Category:Linguists from Spain]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Del Rosario University
[[Category:University of Seville alumni]]
[[Category:History of Colombia]]▼
[[Category:People from Cádiz]]
[[Category:18th-century Spanish
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[[Category:18th-century Spanish poets]]
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