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{{Short description|Scheme in rhetorical speech}}
{{more footnotes |date=October 2013}}
'''Enallage''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ˈ|n|æ|l|ə|dʒ|iː}}; {{lang-langx|el|ἐναλλαγή}}, ''enallagḗ'', "interchange") is aone type of [[Scheme (rhetoric)|scheme]] of rhetorical [[figure of speech|figures of speech]] which is used to refer to the use of [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Lexeme|form]], or [[person]] for a grammatically incorrect counterpart.<ref name="en1">Silva Rhetoricae (2006). [http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/wheeler/lit_terms_E.html Enallage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211082357/http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/wheeler/lit_terms_E.html |date=2006-02-11 }}</ref><ref name="Dupriez1991">{{cite book|author=Bernard Marie Dupriez|title=A Dictionary of Literary Devices: Gradus, A-Z|url=httphttps://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?id=uff2N62Jx9wC&pgdetails/dictionaryoflite0000dupr|url-access=PA154registration|year=1991|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6803-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0000dupr/page/154 154]}}</ref>
 
==Form==
One use of enallage is to give a sentence improper form quite deliberately. [[Shakespeare]] wrote, “‘Is"‘Is there not '''wars'''? Is there not employment?’”’" ([[Henry IV, Part 2|2nd Henry IV]], I, ii) In these cases, he uses enallage to achieve [[parallelism (grammar)|parallel structure]]. [[Lord Byron|Byron]] stated, “The"The idols are broke in the temple of [[Baal]].”" Here he used the [[past tense]] form of ''break'' instead of the [[past participle]], ''broken,'' which should have been used. In the opening lines of the ''Aeneid'', Virgil speaks of the “walls of lofty Rome.” Daniel Mendelsohn, in ''The New Yorker'', cites this as an example of enallage: "The poet knew what he was doing—'lofty walls' is about architecture, but 'lofty Rome' is about empire,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/15/is-the-aeneid-a-celebration-of-empire-or-a-critique|title=Is the Aeneid a Celebration of Empire—or a Critique?|last=Mendelsohn|first=Daniel|date=October 15, 2018|website=The New Yorker}}</ref> though arguably this figure could be considered ''[[hypallage]],'' the transposition of the natural relations of two elements in a proposition.
 
Another noted example is when professional prize fight manager Joe Jacobs cried, ''We '''was''' robbed!'', after his fighter lost a decision in 1932. Through this utterance Arthur Quinn wrote thatclaimed Jacobs "achieved "for himself linguistic immortality." through this utterance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quinn |first=Arthur |title=Figures of Speech: 60 Ways to turn a phrase |edition=1st |publisher=Peregrine Smith |location=Salt Lake City |date=1982 |page=5}}</ref>
 
Apple's advertising slogan [[Think Different]] can be viewed as a deliberately incorrect grammatical construction.
A colorful Lake Charles, Louisiana politician, Johnny Myers, once was heard to say in a political speech, "'''I ain't got''' no dogs in that fight!" Of course, this is incorrect grammar, but it was the use by Johnny Myers of a good home-spun rhetorical device—known as enallage, coupled with his "dogfighting" metaphor—that is described as his having made his point emphatically and effectively—that he was not involved in a particular political dispute.
 
==Person==
[[Limhi]], a king in the [[Book of Mormon]], gave an example of enallage by switching persons during one of his discourses. Limhi began his discourse by addressing his people using the second person pronouns ''ye'' and ''you'': "O ''ye'', my people, lift up ''your'' heads and be comforted" (Mosiah 7:18). However, later in his discourse Limhi shifted to the third person when addressing his people: "But behold, ''they'' would not hearken unto his words; but there arose contentions among ''them'', even so much that ''they'' did shed blood among ''themselves''" (Mosiah 7:25). One possible reason why Limhi performed this second-person to third-person pronoun shifting was to create distance between his people and their actions, allowing them to become objective observers of their own behavior.
{{examples needed}}
 
At the conclusion of his discourse Limhi switched back to the second person: "And now, behold, the promise of the Lord is fulfilled, and ''ye'' are smitten and afflicted. But if ''ye'' will turn to the Lord with full purpose of heart, and put ''your'' trust in him, and serve him with all diligence of mind, if ''ye'' do this, he will, according to his own will and pleasure, deliver ''you'' out of bondage" (Mosiah 7:32–33). Switching back to the second-person allowed Limhi to personalize the message of deliverance to his people, allowing them to understand that even though they had committed grave errors, they could still repent and be delivered out of bondage.
==Voice==
Switching a sentence from the [[active voice]] to the [[passive voice]] is another method of enallage.<ref name="en1"/> “I hit Jim” is much more direct and blunt than “Jim was hit by me” and it also implies much more responsibility.
 
== See also ==
Given the definition above, this may not seem to be an example of enallage. The term ''grammar'' often is used by non-linguists with a very broad meaning. As Jeremy Butterfield puts it, "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that people object to."<ref>Jeremy Butterfield, (2008) ''Damp Squid: The English Language Laid Bare'', Oxford University Press, Oxford. 978-0-19-923906. p. 142.</ref> Linguists use it in a much more specific sense, however. Speakers of a language have in their heads a set of rules,<ref>Traditionally, the mental information used to produce and process linguistic utterances is referred to as "rules." However, other frameworks employ different terminology, with theoretical implications. [[Optimality theory]], for example, talks in terms of "constraints", while [[Construction grammar]], [[Cognitive grammar]], and other "usage-based" theories make reference to patterns, constructions, and "schemata"</ref> for using that language. This is a grammar.
 
* [[Antiptosis]]
* [[Be Best]]
 
==References==
{{refbeginRefbegin}}
* ''Holy Bible: Concordance.'' World Publishing Company: Cleveland.
* Cuddon, J.A., ed. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory.'' 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
* {{cite book | last = Smyth | first = Herbert Weir | year = 1920 | title = Greek Grammar | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge MA | isbn = 0-674-36250-0 | page = 678}}
* Spendlove, Loren Blake. [http://www.mormoninterpreter.com/limhis-discourse-proximity-and-distance-in-teaching/]. ''Limhi’s Discourse: Proximity and Distance in Teaching''. Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 8 (2014): 1–6.
{{refend}}
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[[Category:RhetoricalFigures techniquesof speech]]
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