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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox personphilosopher
| name = William A. Dembski
| image = Dembski head shot.jpg
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| birth_place = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| nationality =
| known_for = [[Intelligent design]],<br />[[specifiedSpecified complexity]]
| television =
| education = [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[M.S.|MS]], [[PhD]])<br>{{nowrap|[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Science|SMMS]], [[PhD]])}}<br>[[Princeton Theological Seminary]] ([[Master of Divinity|MDiv]])
| notable_works = ''[[The Design Inference]]'' (1998)
 
| awards =
| website = [http://billdembski.com/ BillDembski.com]
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'''William Albert Dembski''' (born July 18, 1960) is an American [[mathematician]], [[philosopher]] and [[theologian]]. He was a proponent of [[intelligent design]] (ID) [[pseudoscience]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boudry |first1=Maarten |author-link1=Maarten Boudry |last2=Blancke |first2=Stefaan |last3=Braeckman |first3=Johan |author-link3=Johan Braeckman |date=December 2010 |title=Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=473–482 |doi=10.1086/656904 |pmid=21243965|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482/file/6828579.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482/file/6828579.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |hdl=1854/LU-952482 |s2cid=27218269 |hdl-access=free }} Article available from [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482 Universiteit Gent]</ref> specifically the concept of [[specified complexity]], and was a senior fellow of the [[Discovery Institute]]'s [[Center for Science and Culture]] (CSC).<ref name="Dembski_SF">{{cite web |url=http://www.discovery.org/p/32 |title=William A. Dembski, Senior Fellow - CSC |website=[[Discovery Institute]] |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |access-date=January 10, 2014 |quote=A mathematician and philosopher, William A. Dembski is Senior Fellow with Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.}}</ref> On September 23, 2016, he officially retired from intelligent design, resigning all his "formal associations with the ID community, including [his] Discovery Institute fellowship of 20 years".<ref name="Official_Retirement">{{cite web |url=https://billdembski.com/personal/official-retirement-from-intelligent-design/ |title=Official Retirement from Intelligent Design |date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> A February 2021 interview in the CSC's blog ''[[Evolution News]]'' announced "his return to the intelligent design arena".<ref name="Evolution News 2021">{{cite web | title=William Dembski: Why I'm Returning to the Front Lines of Intelligent Design | website=Evolution News | date=16 February 2021 | url=https://evolutionnews.org/2021/02/william-dembski-why-im-returning-to-the-front-lines-of-intelligent-design/ | access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>
 
In 2012, he taught as the ''Phillip E. Johnson Research Professor of Science and Culture'' at the [[Southern Evangelical Seminary]] in [[Matthews, North Carolina]], near [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]].<ref name="SEC_Faculty">{{cite web |url=http://ses.edu/academics/faculty/william-dembski |title=William Dembski |website=[[Southern Evangelical Seminary]] |publisher=Southern Evangelical Seminary |location=Matthews, NC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703104257/http://ses.edu/academics/faculty/william-dembski |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>
 
Dembski has written books about intelligent design, including ''[[The Design Inference]]'' (1998), ''[[Intelligent Design (book)|Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science & Theology]]'' (1999), ''[[The Design Revolution]]'' (2004), ''The End of Christianity'' (2009), and ''Intelligent Design Uncensored'' (2010).
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==Biography==
Dembski was born in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], the only child of Catholic parents,. hisHis mother was an [[art dealer]] and his father was a college professor and lecturer. His fatherwho held a [[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]] in [[biology]] from the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]] and taught [[evolutionary biology]];. whileWhile growing up, Dembski was neither particularly religious nor did he question the [[Evolution|theory of evolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arn.org/docs/dembski/wd_idcomingclean.htm |title=Intelligent Design Coming Clean |last=Dembski |first=William A. |date=November 17, 2000 |website=[[Access Research Network]] |location=Colorado Springs, CO |access-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="InGod">{{cite news |last=Kern |first=Lauren |date=December 14, 2000 |title=In God's Country |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/2000-12-14/news/in-god-s-country/full/ |newspaper=[[Houston Press]] |location=Houston, TX |publisher=[[Voice Media Group]] |oclc=29800759 |access-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref> He

Dembski attended an all-male Catholic preparatory school in Chicago. DembskiHe finished high school a year early, excelling in math and finishing a [[calculus]] course in one summer. After high school, heDembski attended the [[University of Chicago]]. There, Dembskiwhere he experienced educational and personal difficulties, struggling with the advanced courses and finding the unfamiliar social milieu of college challenging. DembskiHe dropped out of school and worked at his mother's art business while reading works on creationism and the [[Bible]]. Finding the creationist works interesting in their challenge of evolution but their literal interpretations lacking, Dembski returned to school at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], studying [[statistics]].<ref name="InGod" />
 
It was in 1988 at a [[Academic conference|conference]] on [[randomness]] that Dembski began to believe that there was purpose, order, and design in the universe by the intervention of [[God]].<ref name="InGod" /> Remaining in academia, Dembski ultimately completed an undergraduate degree in [[psychology]] (1981,at the University of Illinois at Chicago) in 1981 and master's degrees in statistics, mathematics, and philosophy (1983, University of Illinois at Chicago; 1985, University of Chicago; 1993, University of Illinois at Chicago, respectively), two [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]s, one in mathematics and one in philosophy (1988, University of Chicago; 1996, University of Illinois at Chicago, respectively), and a [[Master of Divinity]] in [[theology]] at the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] (1996).<ref name="CV">{{cite web |url=http://designinference.com/dembski-on-intelligent-design/dembski-curriculum-vitae-resume/ |title=CV/Resumé of William A. Dembski |website=DesignInference.com |publisher=William Dembski |location=Pella, IA |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>
 
At the Princeton Theological Seminary, Dembski met his future wife, Jana.<ref>[[#Dembski 2009|Dembski 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&pg=PR18 p. xviii]</ref> Dissatisfied with what he called the "free-swinging academic style" of the school, Dembski also was involved in a group known as the Charles Hodge Society. Based on the works of the 19th century thinker [[Charles Hodge]], the group was devoted to strengthening the faith of students faced with what members believed to be the "theological disarray" of the times, and to providing an example of how to oppose "false and destructive ideas." It published a journal (a recreation of the ''[[The Princeton Theological Review|Princeton Theological Review]]'' (1903–1929)) and met with considerable opposition on the campus, facing two [[lawsuit]]s, threats of violence, accusations of racism and sexism; being denied funding; and hearing that membership "jeopardized their academic advancement."<ref name="Dembski_Richards2001">[[#Dembski & Richards 2001|Dembski & Richards 2001]], "Introduction: Reclaiming Theological Education," [http://www.ivpress.com/title/exc/1563-I.pdf pp. 11–27] (PDF)</ref>
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Dembski's remarks were criticized by other members of the Baylor faculty, who protested that they were both an unjustified attack on his critics at Baylor and a false assertion that the university endorsed Dembski's controversial views on intelligent design. Charles Weaver, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Baylor and one of the most vocal critics of the Polanyi Center, commented: "In academic arguments, we don't seek utter destruction and defeat of our opponents. We don't talk about Waterloos."<ref name="InGod" />
 
President Sloan asked Dembski to withdraw his press release, but Dembski refused, accusing the university of "intellectual [[McCarthyism]]" (borrowing a phrase that Sloan himself had used when they first tried to dissolve the center). He declared that the university's action had been taken "in the utmost of bad faith ... thereby providing the fig leaf of justification for my removal."<ref name="Dembski_PR-2000-10-19">{{cite web |url=http://www.antievolution.org/people/dembski_wa/metanews_20001020_wad.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628233524/http://www.antievolution.org/people/dembski_wa/metanews_20001020_wad.txt |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 28, 2002 |title=Statement by William Dembski on His Removal as Director of the Michael Polanyi Center at Baylor University |last=Dembski |first=William A. |date=October 19, 2000 |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Professor Michael Beaty, director of the Institute for Faith and Learning, said that Dembski's remarks violated the spirit of cooperation that the committee had advocated and stated that "Dr. Dembski's actions after the release of the report compromised his ability to serve as director."<ref name="Brumley_PR-2000-10-19">{{cite web |url=http://www.antievolution.org/people/dembski_wa/metanews_20001019_brumley.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628233618/http://www.antievolution.org/people/dembski_wa/metanews_20001019_brumley.txt |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 28, 2002 |title=Dembski relieved of duties as Polanyi Center Director |last=Brumley |first=Larry |date=October 19, 2000 |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Dembski was removed as the center's director, although he remained an associate research professor until May 2005. He was not asked to teach any courses in that time and instead worked from home, writing books and speaking around the country. "In a sense, Baylor did me a favor," he said. "I had a five-year sabbatical."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2005/10/the-pseudo-scie.html |title=The Pseudo-Science Amicus Brief in ''Kitzmiller'' |last=Sandefur |first=Timothy |date=October 4, 2005 |website=[[The Panda's Thumb (blog)|The Panda's Thumb]] |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |type=Blog |access-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref>
 
===Seminary teaching===
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In December 2001, Dembski launched the [[International Society for Complexity, Information and Design]] (ISCID), of which he is Executive Director. Dembski is also the editor-in-chief of ISCID's journal, ''Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design'' (PCID), which appears to have ceased publication with its November 2005 issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Branch |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Branch |date=November–December 2010 |title=The Latest 'Intelligent Design' Journal |url=http://ncse.com/book/export/html/6703 |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=10–13 |issn=2158-818X |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> He has several more books in preparation as well as producing an [[SWF|Adobe Flash]] animation mocking Judge [[John E. Jones III]], who presided in the landmark 2005 ''[[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]'' case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.overwhelmingevidence.com/id/JJ_school_of_law/jones.swf |title=Judge Jones and the ACLU |website=Overwhelming Evidence |publisher=William Dembski |location=Pella, IA |format=Small Web Format (SWF) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091155/http://www.overwhelmingevidence.com/id/JJ_school_of_law/jones.swf |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> He is also a member of [[American Scientific Affiliation]], the [[Evangelical Philosophical Society]], and the [[American Mathematical Society]], and is a senior fellow of the [[Prison Fellowship|Wilberforce Forum]].
 
Dembski frequently gives public talks, principally to religious, pro-ID groups, and creationists. [[Barbara Forrest]] and [[Paul R. Gross]] noted that Dembski has not been hesitant in associating with young Earth creationists, such as attending conferences with [[Carl Baugh]].<ref>[[#Forrest & Gross 2004|Forrest & Gross 2004]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=aP4RxWZceNkC&pg=PA293 p. 293]</ref> His lectures have been met with criticism: a presentation he made to the [[University of Oklahoma]] was funded by Trinity Baptist Church in [[Norman, Oklahoma]], as a "gospel investment" but university faculty instructors criticised Dembski's presentation as half-hearted, lackluster, containing numerous errors and distortions, lacking positive evidence for intelligent design, and for evading questions.<ref name="NCSE-DembskiLecture">{{cite journal |last=Dickson-LaPrade |first=Daniel |date=September–December 2007 |title=A Victory over 'Intelligent Design' in Oklahoma |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/27/5-6/victory-over-intelligent-design-oklahoma |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |volume=24 |issue=5–6 |pages=7–8 |issn=2158-818X |access-date=February 19, 2007}}</ref>
 
Dembski, along with fellow Discovery Institute associates Michael Behe and [[David Berlinski]], tutored [[Ann Coulter]] on science and evolution for her book ''[[Godless: The Church of Liberalism]]'' (2006).<ref>[[#Coulter 2007|Coulter 2007]], p. 319: "I couldn't have written about evolution without the generous tutoring of Michael Behe, David Berlinski, and William Dembski, all of whom are fabulous at translating complex ideas, unlike liberal arts types, who constantly force me to the dictionary to relearn the meaning of ''quotidian''."</ref> Approximately one-third of the book is devoted to [[polemic]]al attacks on evolution, which Coulter, as Dembski often does, terms "[[Darwinism]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/ann-coulter-the-wedge-for-the-masses/ |title=Ann Coulter: The Wedge for the Masses |last=Dembski |first=William |date=June 12, 2006 |website=Uncommon Descent |publisher=Uncommon Descent, Inc. |type=Blog |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>
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==== Specified complexity ====
{{Main|Specified complexity}}
Specified complexity is ana concept which Dembski has proposed and used in his works promoting intelligent design, an argument intended to give a formal definition of patterns that are both specified and complex. He claims it is a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent, a central concept of intelligent design, as opposed to natural selection in modern evolutionary theory. The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, [[complexity theory and organizations|complexity theory]], or biology.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baldwin |first=Rich |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/information/dembski.html |title=Information Theory and Creationism: William Dembski |date=July 14, 2005 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkreason.org/articles/newmath.cfm |title=Dembski 'displaces Darwinism' mathematically – or does he? |last=Perakh |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Perakh |date=March 18, 2005 |website=Talk Reason |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenhouse |first=Jason |date=Fall 2001 |title=How Anti-Evolutionists Abuse Mathematics |url=http://educ.jmu.edu/~rosenhjd/sewell.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://educ.jmu.edu/~rosenhjd/sewell.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Mathematical Intelligencer]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=3–8 |oclc=3526661 |access-date=January 10, 2014|doi=10.1007/bf03024593|s2cid=189888286 }}</ref> Specified complexity is one of the two main arguments used by intelligent design proponents, the other being irreducible complexity.
 
===Intelligent design and Christianity===
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===Faith healing===
Dembski once took his family to a meeting conducted by [[Todd Bentley]], a [[Faith healing|faith healer]], in hopes of receiving a "miraculous healing" for his son, who is autistic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kofman |first1=Jeffrey |author-link1=Jeffrey Kofman |last2=Yiu |first2=Karson |last3=Brennan |first3=Nicholas |date=July 9, 2008 |title=Thousands Flock to Revival in Search of Miracles |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/FaithMatters/story?id=5338963&page=1 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="faithhealing">{{cite news |last=Dembski |first=William A. |date=July 11, 2008 |title=FIRST-PERSON: Faith & healing – Where's the evidence? |url=http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=28460 |work=Baptist Press |location=Nashville, TN |publisher=Southern Baptist Convention |access-date=May 17, 2008}}</ref> In an article for the ''Baptist Press'' he recalled disappointment with the nature of the meeting and with the prevention of his son and other attendees from joining those in wheelchairs who were selected to receive prayer. He then concluded, "Minimal time was given to healing, though plenty was devoted to assaulting our senses with blaring insipid music and even to Bentley promoting and selling his own products (books and CDs)." He wrote that he did not regret the trip and called it an "education," which showed "how easily religion can be abused, in this case to exploit our family."<ref name="faithhealing" />
 
==Responses to critics==
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*{{cite journal |last=Dembski |first=William A. |year=1995 |title=What Every Theologian Should Know about Creation, Evolution and Design |url=http://www.discovery.org/a/122 |journal=[[The Princeton Theological Review]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=15–21 |issn=1945-4813 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |ref=Dembski 1995}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dembski |first1=William A. |last2=Marks II |first2=Robert J. |author-link2=Robert J. Marks II |date=September 2009 |title=Conservation of Information in Search: Measuring the Cost of Success |url=http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_ConservationOfInformationInSearch.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_ConservationOfInformationInSearch.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1051–1061 |doi=10.1109/TSMCA.2009.2025027 |s2cid=14421612 |issn=1083-4427 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |ref=Dembski & Marks 2009a}}
* {{cite conference |url=http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_BernoullisPrinciple.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_BernoullisPrinciple.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Bernoulli's Principle of Insufficient Reason and Conservation of Information in Computer Search |last1=Dembski |first1=William A. |last2=Marks II |first2=Robert J. |journal=Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE International Conference on |date=October 11–14, 2009 |conference=Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics |publisher=IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society |location=San Antonio, TX |pages=2647–2652 |isbn=978-1-4244-2794-9 |issn=1062-922X |doi=10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346119 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |ref=Dembski & Marks 2009b}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Elsberry | first1=Wesley | last2=Shallit | first2=Jeffrey | title=Information theory, evolutionary computation, and Dembski's "complex specified information" | journal=Synthese | volume=178 | issue=2 | date=16 April 2009 | issn=0039-7857 | doi=10.1007/s11229-009-9542-8 | pages=237–270 | citeseerx=10.1.1.318.2863 | s2cid=1846063 }}
* {{cite conference |url=http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_EvolutionarySynthesis.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_EvolutionarySynthesis.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Evolutionary Synthesis of Nand Logic: Dissecting a Digital Organism |last1=Ewert |first1=Winston |last2=Dembski |first2=William A. |last3=Marks II |first3=Robert J. |journal=Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE International Conference on |date=October 11–14, 2009 |conference=Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics |publisher=IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society |location=San Antonio, TX |pages=3047–3053 |isbn=978-1-4244-2794-9 |issn=1062-922X |doi=10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5345941 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |ref=Ewert, Dembski & Marks 2009}}
* {{cite conference |url=http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/2010-EfficientPerQueryInformationExtraction.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://marksmannet.com/RobertMarks/REPRINTS/2010-EfficientPerQueryInformationExtraction.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Efficient Per Query Information Extraction from a Hamming Oracle |last1=Ewert |first1=Winston |last2=Montañez |first2=George |last3=Dembski |first3=William A. |last4=Marks II |first4=Robert J. |journal=Proceedings, Southeastern Symposium on System Theory |date=March 7–9, 2010 |conference=2010 42nd Southeastern Symposium on System Theory |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |location=[[University of Texas at Tyler]] |pages=290–297 |isbn=978-1-4244-5690-1 |issn=0094-2898 |doi=10.1109/SSST.2010.5442816 |access-date=January 10, 2014 |ref=Ewert, Montañez, Dembski & Marks 2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Forrest |year=2001 |chapter=The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream |chapter-url=http://www.talkreason.org/articles/Wedge.cfm#I |title=Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives |editor-last=Pennock |editor-first=Robert T |editor-link=Robert T. Pennock |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-66124-9 |lccn=2001031276 |oclc=46729201 |ref=Forrest 2001}}
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