Chamaecyparis obtusa: Difference between revisions

{{shortShort description|SpeciesTree, ofa plantspecies (cypressof tree)cypress}}

| image_caption = TreeA 700-year-old hinoki tree at Daichi-ji temple in [[Osaka-fuGifu Prefecture]], [[Japan]]

| status = LR/ntNT| status_system = IUCN3.1

'''''Chamaecyparis obtusa''''' ('''Japanese cypress''', '''hinoki cypress'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023044910/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2014-10-23 |access-date=2014-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or '''hinoki'''; {{lang-langx|ja|檜}} or {{lang|ja|桧}}, {{transl|ja|hinoki}}) is a species of [[cypress]] native to central [[Japan]] in [[East Asia]],<ref name=farjon>{{cite book|author = Farjon, A.|year = 2005|title = Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys|publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens|location = Kew|isbn = 1-84246-068-4}}</ref><ref name=rushforthc>{{cite book|author = Rushforth, K.|year = 1987|title = Conifers|publisher = Helm|isbn = 0-7470-2801-X}}</ref> and widely cultivated in the [[temperate climate|temperate]] northern hemisphere for its high -quality timber and ornamental qualities, with many [[cultivar]]s commercially available.

It is grown for its very high -quality timber in Japan, where it is used as a material for building [[palace]]s, [[temple]]s, shrines, traditional ''[[noh]]'' theatres, baths, [[table tennis]] blades and [[Masu (Japanese)|masu]]. The wood is lemon-scented, light pinkish-brown, with a rich, straight grain, and is highly rot-resistant. For example, [[Horyuji]] Temple and [[Osaka Castle]] are built from hinoki wood. The hinoki grown in [[Kiso River|Kiso]], used for building [[Ise Shrine]], are called 御神木 ''go-shin-boku'', or "divine trees".

It is also a popular [[ornamental tree]] in parks and gardens, both in Japan and elsewhere in [[temperate]] climates, including [[western Europe]] and parts of North America. A large number of [[cultivar]]s have been selected for garden planting, including dwarf forms, forms with yellow leaves, and forms with congested foliage. It is also often grown as [[bonsai]].{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The [[lignan]]s [[chamaecypanone A|chamaecypanones A]] and [[chamaecypanone B|B]], [[obtulignolide]], and [[isootobanone]] can be found in the heartwood of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' var. ''formosana''.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Three novel and one new lignan, chamaecypanones A, B, obtulignolide and isootobanone from the heartwood of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' var. ''formosana''|author1 = Kuo, Y.-H.|author2 = Chen, C.-H.|author3 = Chiang Y.-M.|journal = [[Tetrahedron Letters]]|volume = 42|issue = 38|year = 2001|pages = 6731–6735|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)01272-2}}</ref> The biflavones [[sciadopitysin]], [[ginkgetin]], [[isoginkgetin]], [[podocarpusflavone B]], [[7,7''-O-Dimethylamentoflavone|7,7<nowiki>''</nowiki>-''O''-dimethylamentoflavone]], [[bilobetin]], [[podocarpusflavone A]], [[7-O-Mmethylamentoflavone|7-''O''-methylamentoflavone]], [[amentoflavone]], [[hinokinin]] and [[hinokiflavone]] have been confirmed in the leaves of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Biflavones from ''Chamaecyparis obtusa''|author1 = Krauze-Baranowska, M.|author2 = Pobłocka, L.|author3 = El-Hela, A. A.|journal = [[Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C]]|year = 2005|volume = 60|issue = 9–10|pages = 679–685|pmid = 16320608|url = http://www.znaturforsch.com/ac/v60c/s60c0679.pdf|doi = 10.1515/znc-2005-9-1004|s2cid = 819375}}</ref> [[Chamaecydin]] was first discovered in the seeds of ''C. obtusa''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Wen-Chiung |last2=Fang |first2=Jim-Min |last3=Cheng |first3=Yu-Shia |date=1993-10-01 |title=Hexacarbocyclic triterpenes from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/102683/1/43.pdf |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=779–782 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(93)85358-X |bibcode=1993PChem..34..779S |issn=0031-9422}}</ref> The [[essential oil]] of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' contains a wide range of chemical compounds, including but not limited to the following: [[sabinene]], elemol, [[myrcene]], [[limonene]], [[terpinen-4-ol]], eudesmols, α-terpinyl acetate, [[α-terpinolene]], α-[[terpineol]], [[3-Carene|3-carene]], [[α-pinene]], γ-[[terpinene]], [[camphene]], [[bornyl acetate]], 1-methyladamantane, cuminol, eucarvone, [[Cyclopentenone|2-cyclopenten-1-one]], 3,4-dimethyl-, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene, calamenene, τ-muurolol, [[borneol]], [[Alpha-cadinol|α-cadinol]], [[Hinokitiol|β-thujaplicin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raha |first1=Suchismita |last2=Kim |first2=Seong |last3=Lee |first3=Ho |last4=Lee |first4=Sang |last5=Heo |first5=Jeong |last6=Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma |first6=Venu |last7=Ha |first7=Sang |last8=Kim |first8=Eun |last9=Mun |first9=Sung |last10=Kim |first10=Gon |title=Essential oil from Korean Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf ameliorates respiratory activity in Sprague‑Dawley rats and exhibits protection from NF-κB-induced inflammation in WI38 fibroblast cells |journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine |date=31 October 2018 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.2018.3966|pmid=30387810 |pmc=6257863 |s2cid=53391206 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Geun-Shik |last2=Hong |first2=Eui-Ju |last3=Gwak |first3=Ki-Seob |last4=Park |first4=Mi-Jin |last5=Choi |first5=Kyung-Chul |last6=Choi |first6=In-Gyu |last7=Jang |first7=Je-Won |last8=Jeung |first8=Eui-Bae |title=The essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa promote hair growth through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene |journal=Fitoterapia |date=January 2010 |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.016|pmid=19576968 }}</ref> Some of these compounds are fragrances or intermediates used in the fragrance industry. Thus, the ''C. obtusa'' essential oil is used in perfumery and personal care products, such as soaps, shampoos, cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1name=Lee |first1=Geun-Shik |last2=Hong |first2=Eui-Ju |last3=Gwak |first3=Ki-Seob |last4=Park |first4=Mi-Jin |last5=Choi |first5=Kyung-Chul |last6=Choi |first6=In-Gyu |last7=Jang |first7=Je-Won |last8=Jeung |first8=Eui-Bae |title=The essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa promote hair growth through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene |journal=Fitoterapia |date=January 2010 |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |doi=10.1016"auto"/j.fitote.2009.06.016|pmid=19576968 }}</ref> Hinoki wood is used as a traditional Japanese stick incense for its light, earthy aroma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hinoki Japanese Cypress Essential Oil |url=https://www.stillpointaromatics.com/hinok-cypressi-chamaecyparis-obtusa-japan-essential-oil |website=Stillpoint Aromatics |language=en}}</ref>

Hinoki pollen can cause [[pollinosis]], a specific type of [[allergic rhinitis]]. ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'', along with ''[[Cryptomeria japonica]]'' (sugi, Japanese cypresscedar), is the leading source of allergic pollen in Japan and a major cause of [[hay fever in Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ishibashi |first1=Akira |last2=Sakai |first2=Kenshi |title=Dispersal of allergenic pollen from Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa: characteristic annual fluctuation patterns caused by intermittent phase synchronisations |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11479 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47870-6|pmid=31391490 |pmc=6685964 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911479I |s2cid=199474476 }}</ref>

[[Category:PlantsNear usedthreatened inflora bonsaiof Asia]]