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{{Short description|
{{Redirect|Tongariro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Tongariro
| photo = Tongariro National Park 2 (261409200).jpg
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 1978
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp |vn=241080 |name=Tongariro |access-date=2010-03-07}}</ref>
| prominence =
| location = New Zealand
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| map_size =
| label_position = right
| coordinates
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=gvp/>
| topo =
| type = [[Complex volcano]]
| age = 275,000
| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Taupō Volcanic Zone]]
| last_eruption = 21 November 2012 13:50 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/7979461/Mt-Tongariro-erupts-again |title=Mt Tongariro Erupts Again |date=21 November 2012 |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152238/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/7979461/Mt-Tongariro-erupts-again |url-status=live }}</ref>
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]]
| embedded ={{#tag:mapframe|[{{Wikipedia:Map data/Northern North Island Volcanics}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Mount Tongariro}}]
|frameless=1
| align =center
| text =Map centered on Mount Tongariro to show approximate selected surface volcanic features and [[andesite|andesitic]] deposits shaded {{legend-inline|#fb7977|red}}. Vents and cones or craters active in the last 15,000 years are shaded {{legend-inline|#fdbc3b|orange-yellow}} with craters in {{legend-inline|#ffff00|yellow outline}}. Lakes in vents are outlined in {{legend-inline|#0000ff|blue}}. To the south volcanic deposits are continuous with those from [[Mount Ruapehu]]. Mixed and sedimentary deposits are not shown. The andesitic deposits of the [[Kakaramea-Tihia Massif]], and [[Pihanga]] are to the north beyond [[Lake Rotoaira]]. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is {{legend-inline|#cc6600|[[basalt]]}} (shades of brown/orange), {{legend-inline|#aa4400|[[Monogenetic volcanic field|monogenetic]] basalts}}, {{legend-inline|#efaf00|undifferentiated basalts}}, {{legend-inline|#ff6600|arc basalts}}, {{legend-inline|#ff4400|arc ring basalts}}, {{legend-inline|#bb00bb|[[dacite]]}}, {{legend-inline|#ff2200|basaltic andesite}}, {{legend-inline|#ff00ff|[[rhyolite]]}}, ([[ignimbrite]] is lighter shades of violet), and {{legend-inline|#aaaaaa|plutonic or intusive}} (gray). White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now).
| width =250
| height =250
| latitude =-39.1297
| longitude =175.6358
| icon =no
| zoom =10
}}
}}
'''Mount Tongariro''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|r|ɪr|oʊ}}; {{IPA-mi|tɔŋaɾiɾɔ|lang}}) is a [[complex volcano|compound volcano]] in the [[Taupō Volcanic Zone]] of the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. It is located {{
==Geology==
Mount Tongariro is part of the Tongariro volcanic centre, which consists of four massifs made of [[andesite]]: Tongariro, [[
and [[Mount Ruapehu|Ruapehu]]
Tongariro consists of at least 12 cones. [[Mount Ngauruhoe|
[[File:Emerald Lakes from the summit of Red Crater.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Emerald Lakes from the summit of Red Crater]]
Activity has also been recorded at other vents in recent history. Te Māri Craters erupted in 2012, for the first time since 1897. Red Crater last erupted [[Volcanic ash|ash]] in 1926 and contains active [[fumarole]]s. There are many explosion craters on the massif; water has filled some of these to form
The high altitude and severe alpine climate between March and October
==History==
Mount Tongariro is in the [[Tongariro National Park]], New Zealand's first national park and one of the earliest in the world. It was set aside (literally "made sacred") in 1887 by [[Te Heuheu Tukino IV]] (Horonuku), paramount chief of the [[Māori people|Māori]] [[Ngati Tuwharetoa]] [[iwi]] and made a national park in order to preserve its natural beauty. The park also includes the peaks of
The [[Tongariro Alpine Crossing]] hiking route passes between Tongariro and
Mount Tongariro and its surroundings are also one of the several locations which [[Peter Jackson]] chose to shoot [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]].
===Eruptive history===
The oldest recorded volcanism in the area was at 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at [[Hauhungatahi]],
# Te Rato Episode, with Half Cone and North Crater active at similar times producing at least a tephra volume of {{cvt|0.67|km3 }} ([[Dense-rock equivalent|DRE]] {{cvt|0.43|km3}}).<ref name="Heinrich2020"/> This episode was from a deep magma reservoir at between {{cvt|28|and|35|km}} depth.<ref name="Arpa2017">{{cite journal|title =Variable magma reservoir depths for Tongariro Volcanic Complex eruptive deposits from 10,000 years to present|last1 =Arpa|first1 =M.C.|last2 =Zellmer|first2 =G.F.|last3 =Christenson|first3 =B.|last4 =Lube|first4 =G.|last5 =Shellnutt|first5 =G.|year =2017|journal =Bulletin of Volcanology|volume =79|at =56|doi =10.1007/s00445-017-1137-5|doi-access =free|bibcode =2017BVol...79...56A}}</ref>
# Oturere Episode, with three layers with initially Half Cone and Tama Lakes vents active at similar times, to a total volume of {{cvt|0.48|km3}}; however, the final most recent layer was from the Tama Lakes area alone.<ref name="Heinrich2020"/>
# Ohinepango - Waihohonu twin episodes, again from Half Cone and Tama lakes vents with the former predominant to a tolal volume of {{cvt|1.11|km3 }}<ref name="Heinrich2020"/>
# Wharepu Episode, from only Tama Lake vents. This episode too was from a deep magma reservoir at between {{cvt|28|and|35|km}} depth,<ref name="Arpa2017"/> and produced a tephra volume of at least {{cvt|0.63|km3}}.<ref name="Heinrich2020"/>
# Poutu Episodes, an initial Blue Lake vent eruption was followed by a proto-Ngauruhoe vent eruption to the south of the present Ngauruhoe crater with a total of five layers of tephra deposited to a total tephra volume of {{cvt|1.42| km3}}.<ref name="Heinrich2020"/>
====2012 Te Māri eruptions====
[[File:Tongariro vir 2012219.jpg|thumb|300px|[[NASA]] satellite image of the August 2012 eruption, from [[Suomi NPP]]]]
The eruption occurred in a new vent below the Upper Te Māri crater, and sent blocks as large as {{
An ash cloud {{
▲ }}</ref> A layer of ash {{convert|10|-|15|mm||1}} thick settled on farmland {{convert|5|to|10|km|abbr=on}} east of Mount Tongariro. Particle sizes were between {{convert|2|and|3|mm||2}}. The airspace within a {{convert|12|km|adj=on}} radius of the mountain was closed after the eruption, but later reopened to [[visual flight rules|visual]] flights only. [[Air New Zealand]] cancelled some flights in and out of [[Rotorua]], [[Taupō]], [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], Napier, [[Wanganui]] and [[Palmerston North]] due to the risk of volcanic ash clogging the engines on their aircraft serving those airports.<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web |url= http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/eruption-activity-subsided-now-civil-defence-5009957 |title= Eruption activity subsided for now - civil defence |publisher= [[Television New Zealand]] |access-date= 7 August 2012 |date=7 August 2012}}</ref>
No injuries were reported, and the only significant property damage was to the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation's]] Ketetahi Hut, which is located {{
Mount Tongariro erupted again at 1:20 pm on 21 November, ejecting an ash cloud 4000 metres into the air.<ref>{{cite news |
==See also==
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==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=GeoNet2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/alert-bulletins/archives/2012/jul-31-2012-10-00-am-tongariro-volcano.html |title=Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/03 |date=21 July 2012 |publisher=[[GeoNet (New Zealand)|GeoNet]] |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806033049/http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/alert-bulletins/archives/2012/jul-31-2012-10-00-am-tongariro-volcano.html |archive-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=NZHerald2012>{{cite
}}
==Further reading==
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==External links==
{{Commons and category|Mount Tongariro}}
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{{Tongariro National Park}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tongariro, Mount}}
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Waikato|Mount Tongariro]]
[[Category:Ruapehu District]]
[[Category:Taupō Volcanic Zone]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Tongariro National Park]]
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