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[[File:Chicago and Northwestern railroad locomotive shop fsac.1a34676u.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Chicago and Northwestern railroad locomotive shop in the 20th century]]
In [[sociology]], an '''industrial society''' is a society driven by the use of [[technology]] and [[machinery]] to enable [[mass production]], supporting a [[population growth|large population]] with a high capacity for [[division of labour]]. Such a structure developed in the [[Western world]] in the period of time following the [[Industrial Revolution]], and replaced the [[agrarian society|agrarian societies]] of the [[Modern history#Pre-modern|pre-modern]], [[pre-industrial society|pre-industrial]] age. Industrial societies are generally [[mass society|mass societies]], and may be succeeded by an [[information society]]. They are often contrasted with [[traditional society|traditional societies]].<ref name=slang>S. Langlois, Traditions: Social, In: Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editor(s)-in-Chief, ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', Pergamon, Oxford, 2001, pages 15829-15833, {{ISBN|978-0-08-043076-8}}, {{doi|10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02028-3}}. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MRM-4MT09VJ-4PM/2/1eb81ee3e63af98afa7a48ecacfb64a6 Online]</ref>
[[industrialization|Industrial]] societies use external energy sources, such as [[fossil fuels]], to increase the rate and scale of production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/98/04717398/0471739898.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society |access-date=2007-12-18}}</ref> The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as [[combine harvesters]] and fossil fuel-based [[fertilizers]], are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these [[factories]] where [[mechanization]] is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and [[mechanization]] is further refined, often to the level of [[automation]], many workers shift to expanding [[service industries]].
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Prior to the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Europe and North America, followed by further [[industrialization]] throughout the world in the 20th century, most economies were largely agrarian. Basics were often made within the household and most other manufacturing was carried out in smaller [[workshop]]s by [[artisan]]s with limited specialization or machinery.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution|title= Industrial Revolution - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com|website= HISTORY.com|access-date= 2018-07-04 | quote = Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, [...] [m]ost manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.}}</ref>
In Europe during the late Middle Ages, artisans in many towns formed [[guild]]s to self-regulate their trades and collectively pursue their business interests. Economic historian [[Sheilagh Ogilvie]] has suggested the guilds further restrained the quality and productivity of manufacturing.<ref>{{cite journal |first= Sheilagh |last= Ogilvie |title= Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry |journal= Economic History Review |volume= 57 |issue= 2 |pages= 286–333 |date= May 2004 |doi= 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x | quote = The empirical findings cast doubt on views that guilds existed because they were efficient institutional solutions to market failures relating to product quality, training, and innovation.|hdl= 10419/76314 |s2cid= 154328341 |url= https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp820.pdf}}</ref> There is some evidence, however, that even in ancient times, large economies such as the [[Roman empire]] or Chinese [[Han dynasty]] had developed [[factories]] for more centralized production in certain industries.<ref>{{Citation
With the Industrial Revolution, the manufacturing sector became a major part of European and North American economies, both in terms of labor and production, contributing possibly a third of all economic activity. Along with rapid advances in technology, such as [[steam power]] and mass [[steel]] production, the new manufacturing drastically reconfigured previously [[Mercantilism|mercantile]] and [[Feudalism|feudal]] economies. Even today, industrial manufacturing is significant to many developed and semi-developed economies.
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Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in [[carriage]] manufacturing when the [[automobile]] was mass-produced.
A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a [[post-industrial society]]. This has come with a major shift in labor and production away from manufacturing and towards the [[service sector]], a process dubbed ''[[tertiarization]]''.<ref>
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== Industrial labour ==
[[File:Worker 9.JPG|thumb|An industrial [[worker]] amidst heavy steel components (KINEX BEARINGS, [[Bytča]], [[Slovakia]], c. 1995–2000)]]▼
{{further|industrial sociology|industrial and organizational psychology|industrial district|industrial park}}
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▲[[File:Worker 9.JPG|thumb|An industrial
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and other working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ([[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]] members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This [[labour movement|movement]] first rose among industrial workers.
== Effects on slavery ==
Ancient Mediterranean cultures relied on [[slavery]] throughout their economy. While [[serfdom]] largely supplanted the practice in Europe during the Middle Ages, several European powers reintroduced slavery extensively in the [[early modern period]], particularly for the harshest labor in their [[colonialism|colonies]]. The Industrial revolution played a central role in the later [[abolition of slavery]], partly because domestic manufacturing's new economic dominance undercut interests in the [[History of slavery|slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite journal
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“Industrial society” took on a more specific meaning after World War II in the context of the [[Cold War]], the internationalization of sociology through organizations like [[UNESCO]], and the spread of American [[industrial relations]] to Europe. The cementation of the [[Soviet Union]]’s position as a world power inspired reflection on whether the sociological association of highly-developed industrial economies with [[capitalism]] required updating. The transformation of capitalist societies in Europe and the United States to state-managed, regulated welfare capitalism, often with significant sectors of [[State ownership|nationalized industry]], also contributed to the impression that they might be evolving beyond capitalism, or toward some sort of “convergence” common to all “types” of industrial societies, whether capitalist or communist.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brick|first=Howard|title=Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2006|location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref> State management, [[automation]], [[bureaucracy]], institutionalized [[collective bargaining]], and the rise of the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] were taken as common markers of industrial society.
The “industrial society” paradigm of the 1950s and 1960s was strongly marked by the unprecedented economic growth in Europe and the United States after World War II, and drew heavily on the work of economists like [[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]], [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], [[Walt Whitman Rostow|W.W. Rostow]], and [[Jean Fourastié]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chirat|first=Alexandre|date=2019|title=La société industrielle d'Aron et Galbraith : des regards croisés pour une vision convergente ?|journal=Cahiers d'économie politique|volume=76
The French sociologist [[Raymond Aron]], who gave the most developed definition to the concept of “industrial society” in the 1950s, used the term as a comparative method to identify common features of the Western capitalist and Soviet-style communist societies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aron|first=Raymond|title=Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle|publisher=Gallimard|year=1961|location=Paris}}</ref> Other sociologists, including [[Daniel Bell]], [[Reinhard Bendix]], [[Ralf Dahrendorf]], [[Georges Friedmann]], [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], and [[Alain Touraine]], used similar ideas in their own work, though with sometimes very different definitions and emphases. The principal notions of industrial-society theory were also commonly expressed in the ideas of [[Reformism|reformists]] in European [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] parties who advocated a turn away from [[Marxism]] and an end to [[revolutionary]] politics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sassoon|first=Donald|title=A Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Free Press|year=1996|location=New York|pages=chapter ten}}</ref>
Because of its association with non-Marxist modernization theory and American [[Anti-communism|anticommunist]] organizations like the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scot-Smith|first=Giles|date=2002|title=The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the End of Ideology and the 1955 Milan Conference: 'Defining the Parameters of Discourse'|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=37
== Selected bibliography of industrial society theory ==
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