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{{
{{about|the historic region in [[Lower Saxony]]|the medieval county|County of East Frisia|the peninsular region encompassing all traditionally Frisian areas in Lower Saxony|East Frisia (peninsula)|the World War I battleship|SMS Ostfriesland}}
{{expand German|topic=geo|date=April 2024|fa=yes}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name
|native_name = Ostfriesland
|native_name_lang
|image_flag
|image_shield
|shield_size = 85px
|motto = ''[[Eala Frya Fresena|Eala frya Fresena]]'' <br> "Stand up, free Frisians"
|image_map = Ostfriesland hervorgehoben.svg
|map_caption
|coordinates = {{coord|53|28|12|N|7|29|24|E|region:DE-NI_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki|display=inline,title|format=dms}}▼
|population_demonym = [[East Frisians|East Frisian]]
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Germany]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of Germany|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Lower Saxony]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Germany|Districts]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Aurich (district)|Aurich]] <br> [[Emden]] <br> [[Leer (district)|Leer]] <br> [[Wittmund (district)|Wittmund]]
|population_as_of = 31 December 2020
|population_total = 468919
|population_density_km2 = auto
|area_total_km2 = 3142
|timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset1 = +01:00
|timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset1_DST = +02:00
}}
'''East Frisia''' or '''East Friesland''' ({{langx|de|Ostfriesland}}; {{Langx|frs|Oostfräisland}}; {{langx|stq|Aastfräislound}}) is a historic region in modern [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]]. The modern province is primarily located on the western half of the [[East Frisia (peninsula)|East Frisian peninsula]], to the east of [[West Frisia]] and to the west of [[Friesland (district)|Landkreis Friesland]] but is known to have extended much further inland (As far south as modern Cologne, Germany) before modern representations of the territory.
Administratively,
There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the [[East Frisian Islands]] (
==History==
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With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of a feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well-known salute "[[Eala Frya Fresena]]" (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non-existence of any feudality.
Frisian representatives of the many districts of the seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the
In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated ''[[Geest]]'' areas or by erecting in the marsh-areas "[[Artificial dwelling hill|Warften]]", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the [[North Sea]] floods.
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In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along the North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts.
During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family-clans to establish a new rule. As [[East Frisian chieftains|chieftains]] (in [[Low German]]: "hovedlinge"; in [[German language|standard German]]: "Fürsten") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of [[Europe]]. Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of
[[File:Boat on Ems in Leer.jpg|left|thumb| West bank of the Ems River in Leer.]]The Frisians controlled the mouth of the [[Ems (river)|Ems]] river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the [[County of Oldenburg]] made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to the swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even [[Henry the Lion]] failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving.
The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as the famous [[Klaus Störtebeker]] and [[
The range of power and influence differed between the chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the [[Tom Broks]] from the [[Brokmerland]] (nowadays: [[Brookmerland]]) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, [[Focko Ukena]] from [[Leer, Lower Saxony|Leer]], defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the [[Cirksena]]s from [[Greetsiel]] defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen.
After 1465 one of the last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a [[County of East Frisia|count]] by [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick III]] and accepted the sovereignty of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of [[Saxony]] should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. [[Edzard I of East Frisia|Count Edzard of East Frisia]] refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517 the emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as [[Count of East Frisia|counts of East Frisia]].
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East Frisia played an important role in the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] period. [[Menno Simons]], founder of the [[Mennonite]] church, found refuge there.
In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became a satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously
In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland) was annexed by the Napoleonic [[Kingdom of Holland]] and later became part of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems-Occidental. The French [[Napoleon I of France|Emperor Napoléon I]] undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master.
After the [[Napoleonic Wars]] East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and
===Maps===
<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:Ostfriesland um 1300.png|East Frisia at the time of [[East Frisian chieftains]] in 1300
File:Jever_Ostfriesland_1500.png|County of East Frisia in 1500
File:HRR 1789 EN detail.png|Principality of East Frisia
File:
File:Ostfriesland
</gallery>
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[[East Frisian Low Saxon]] (or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not Low Saxon) is a variant of [[Low German]] with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in the varied history of East Frisia. It is similar to the [[Gronings]] dialect spoken in the adjacent Netherlands province of Groningen.
In modern Germany, East Frisians in general are the traditional butt of [[ethnic joke]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html|title=EU2007.de – Facts and Figures|author=Auswärtiges Amt|date=28 December 2006|work=eu2007.de|access-date=4 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703214011/http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html|archive-date=3 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> similar to Polish jokes in the United States. This is mainly the case in the North.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
===Tea===
[[File:tee mit sahne.jpg|thumb|A cup of East Frisian tea with cream]]
In an otherwise [[coffee]] drinking country, East Frisia is noted for its consumption of [[tea]] and its [[tea culture]]. Per capita, the East Frisian people drink more tea than any other people group, about 300 litres per person every year.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tee als Wirtschaftsfaktor 2017 |url=https://www.teeverband.de/fileadmin/user_upload/WFT_2017_DE.pdf |publisher=Deutscher Teeverband e.V. |page=5 |language=de
Strong [[black tea]] is served whenever there are visitors to an East Frisian home or other gathering, as well as with breakfast, in mid-afternoon and mid-evening. The tea is sweetened with ''kluntjes'', a rock candy sugar that melts slowly, allowing multiple cups to be sweetened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html |title=Facts and Figures: Teatime in East Frisia |work=EU2007.de |publisher=[[Foreign Office (Germany)|Federal Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany]] |access-date=2009-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703214011/http://www.eu2007.de/en/Germany/Bundeslaender/Niedersachsen/facts.html |archive-date=2007-07-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Heavy cream is also used to flavour the tea. The tea is generally served in traditional small cups, with little cookies during the week and cake during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat. Some of the most common traditional cakes and pastries to accompany tea are [[apple strudel]], [[black forest cake]], and other cakes flavored with chocolate and
Brown [[rum]], mixed with ''kluntjes'' and left for several months, is also added to black tea in the winter. The tea is alleged to cure headaches, stomach problems, and stress, among many other ailments.
The tea is not only a kind of beverage for the population, but also part of its cultural tradition. Over the years the region developed a unique tea ceremony that can be strictly observed in older households. As a part of these rules, the oldest woman in the round has to serve the other guests with tea, starting with the second oldest and then going down in age regardless of gender. The "kluntje" must be placed inside the teacup before the tea is poured right on top of it. After that some heavy cream is added carefully just as a top layer so it can make "clouds" (wulkjes) that swim on the tea itself. It's then forbidden to stir the tea, so the layers stay mild, strong and then sweet from top to bottom.<ref>{{cite
===Religion===
East Frisia is predominantly Protestant. In [[Rheiderland]], [[Krummhörn]] and around [[Emden]], the [[Reformed Church]] ([[Calvinism]]) is the dominant church, while in Leer, Norden and Aurich the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]s are the dominant church. However, the main church of the Reformed Christians is in Leer. There are 266,000 Lutherans and about 80,000 Reformed<ref>
==Economy==
East Frisia is a rural area. However, there are some industrial sites such as the [[Volkswagen]] car factory in Emden and the [[Enercon]] (windturbine) company in [[Aurich]]. [[Leer, Lower Saxony|Leer]] is, after [[Hamburg]], the second most important location for [[shipping]] companies in Germany. Although just on the other side of the border to [[Emsland]], the [[Meyer Werft]] is an important employer for East Frisians as well. Main industrial sites are the harbours of [[Emden]] and [[Leer, Lower Saxony|Leer]], and [[Wilhelmshaven]] east of East Frisia.
Around 1900, many people left East Frisia due to lack of jobs and emigrated to the United States or elsewhere. Today the region is again suffering from the loss of young educated people, who go away to find better employment in, for example, southern Germany. Many communities face a rising number of aged people, creating structural problems in the future. There are few academic jobs in the area, and those are focused on engineering. The closest universities are the [[University of Oldenburg]] and [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]. A [[Fachhochschule]] is located in Emden. The former nautical academy in Leer merged with Fachhochschule Emden in 2009.
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== People ==
{{See|List of East Frisian people}}The people of East Frisia have close cultural ties to those of [[West Frisia]], in the [[Netherlands]], and of [[North Frisia]], on the [[Jutland peninsula]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Germany
*[[Outline of Germany]]
*[[County of East Frisia]]
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*[[Frisian Islands]]
*[[Frisians]]
*[[Saterland]]
{{clear}}
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