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Line 1: {{Short description\|Binding decree of Russian heads of state}} [[Image:УКАЗ Президента РФ от 26.07.2008 N 1122.png\|thumb\|Example of a modern ''ukaz'': an ambassadorial appointment.]]▼ [[File:Decree of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, 15.10.1964 - Alexey Kosygin.jpggarf.jpg\|thumb\|Example of a Soviet-era ''ukaz'': the appointment of the Presidium of the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union\|Council of Ministers of the USSR]], 1964.]] AIn ~~'''ukase'''~~[[Imperial Russia]], or a '''~~ukaz~~ukase''' ({{IPAc-en\|~~juː~~j\|uː\|ˈ\|k\|eɪ\|z\|,_\|-\|ˈ\|k\|eɪ\|s}};<ref>{{Cite LPD\|3}}</ref>{{sfn\|OED staff\|1989}}) or '''ukaz''' ({{~~lang-~~langx\|ru\|указ}}'' {{IPA-\|ru\|ʊˈkas\|}}~~, formally "imposition"~~)~~, in [[Imperial Russia]],~~ was a proclamation of the [[tsar]], government,{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}} or a religious ~~leader~~leadership (e.g., [[~~patriarch~~Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus']] or the [[Most Holy Synod]]) that had the force of law. "[[Edict]]" and "[[decree]]" are adequate translations using the terminology and concepts of [[Roman law]]. From the Russian term, the word ''ukase'' has entered the English language with the meaning of "any proclamation or decree; an order or regulation of a final or arbitrary nature".{{sfn\|OED staff\|1989}} ==History== Prior to the 1917 [[Russian Revolution of 1917\|October Revolution]], the term applied in Russia to an edict or ordinance, legislative or administrative, having the force of law. A ukase proceeded either from the emperor or from the senate, which had the power of issuing such ordinances for the purpose of carrying out existing decrees. All such decrees were promulgated by the senate. A difference was drawn between the ukase signed by the emperor’s hand and his verbal ukase, or order, made upon a report submitted to him.<ref ~~name="~~>{{EB1911"\|inline=1\|wstitle=Ukaz\|volume=27\|page=564}}</ref> After the Revolution, a government proclamation of wide meaning was called a "[[Soviet Decree\|decree]]" (Russian: декрет, dekret); more specific proclamations were called ''ukaz''. Both terms are usually translated as "decree".{{citation needed\|date=July 2012}} ▲[[Image:УКАЗ Президента РФ от 26.07.2008 N 1122.png\|thumb\|Example of a modern ''ukaz'': anthe ambassadorial appointment of [[Sergey Kislyak]] to the United States in 2008.]] ~~== Executive Order of the President of Russia ==~~ ~~{{main~~According to the [[Constitution of Russia\|Russian Federation's 1993 constitution]], a [[Decree of the President of Russia}}]] is referred to as ''ukaz''. According to the [[Constitution of Russia\|Russian Federation's 1993 constitution]], an ''ukaz'' is a [[Decree of the President of Russia\|Presidential decree]]. The English term "Executive Order" is also used by official website as equivalent of Russian ''ukaz''.<ref>See [http://kremlin.ru/acts/17275 in Russian], [http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4833 in English]</ref> As [[normative legal act]], such ''ukazes'' have a status of [[by-law]] in hierarchy of legal acts (along with [[Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation]], instructions and directions of other officials). Presidential decree may not alter the regulations of existing legal sources - [[:Category:Treaties of Russia\|Russia's international agreements]], [[Constitution of Russia]], [[Federal Constitutional Law]]s, [[Federal Law]]s and [[laws of Russian regions]] - and may be superseded by any of these laws. For example, thanks to the Article 15 of the Constitution of Russia, [[European Convention on Human Rights]] as international document has higher status, than any Russian law or presidential executive order.<ref>[http://eng.constitution.kremlin.ru/#article-15-4 "Universally recognized principles and norms of international law as well as international agreements of the Russian Federation should be an integral part of its legal system. If an international agreement of the Russian Federation establishes rules, which differ from those stipulated by law, ''then the rules of the international agreement shall be applied''."]</ref> == See also == [[Rule by decree#Russian Constitutional Crisis (1993)]] [[Ukase of 1821]] [[Decree of the President of Russia]] [[Ukase Bulgaro]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ~~{{reflist\|refs=~~ ~~<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911\|inline=1 wstitle=Ukaz \|volume=27}}</ref>~~ }} ==References== *{{cite web~~\|ref=harv~~ \|author=OED staff \|year=1989 \|title=ukase, n. \|edition=Second \|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/208588}} Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1921. ==External links== {{wiktionary-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Government of Russia]] [[Category:~~Russian~~Law ~~law~~of Russia]] [[Category:Decrees]]