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{{Short description|Family of ray-finned fishes}}
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{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Sunfish
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'''Centrarchidae''', better known as '''sunfishes''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[freshwater fish|freshwater]] [[ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[order (biology)|order]]
The centrarchid family comprises 38 identified [[species]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Nelson-Maney|first2=Nathan|last3=Parsons|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Cooper|first4=W. James|last5=Albertson|first5=R. Craig|date=2015-09-01|title=Body Shape Evolution in Sunfishes: Divergent Paths to Accelerated Rates of Speciation in the Centrarchidae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=283–295|doi=10.1007/s11692-015-9322-y|bibcode=2015EvBio..42..283S |s2cid=17580461|issn=0071-3260}}</ref> 34 of which are [[extant taxon|extant]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Near|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Kassler|first2=Todd W.|last3=Koppelman|first3=Jeffrey B.|last4=Dillman|first4=Casey B.|last5=Philipp|first5=David P.|last6=Orti|first6=G.|date=2003-07-01|title=Speciation in North American black basses, micropterus (actinopterygii: centrarchidae)|journal=Evolution|volume=57|issue=7|pages=1610–1621|doi=10.1554/02-295|pmid=12940365|s2cid=198155858|issn=0014-3820}}</ref> It includes many popular [[game fish]]es familiar to North American [[angling|angler]]s, such as the [[
== Description ==
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==Habitat==
[[File:Micropterus dolomieu2.jpg|thumb|right|[[smallmouth bass]] (''Micropterus dolomieu'')]]
Centrarchids prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, medium to low flow streams and rivers, and swamps.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Freshwater Fish Distribution|last=Berra|first=Tim|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-04442-2|location=Chicago and London|pages=390–400}}</ref> They also prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators. While few species in the family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the [[Sacramento perch]] can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures.<ref name=":2" /> Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the [[water column]] and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, [[bluegill]] (''Lepomis macrochirus'') mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while [[green sunfish]] (''Lepomis cyanellus'') prefer habitats near the shoreline and shallower areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Werner|first1=Earl E.|last2=Hall|first2=Donald J.|date=1977-07-01|title=Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=869–876|doi=10.2307/1936222|issn=1939-9170|jstor=1936222|bibcode=1977Ecol...58..869W }}</ref> Suction feeders within the family (i.e. ''Lepomis'') generally feed off the bottom of their habitat, while ram feeders (i.e. ''Micropterus'') generally feed in more open areas known as the [[limnetic zone]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carroll|first1=Andrew M.|last2=Wainwright|first2=Peter C.|last3=Huskey|first3=Stephen H.|last4=Collar|first4=David C.|last5=Turingan|first5=Ralph G.|date=2004-10-15|title=Morphology predicts suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=207|issue=22|pages=3873–3881|doi=10.1242/jeb.01227|issn=0022-0949|pmid=15472018|doi-access=free}}</ref> Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat.<ref name=":2" />
=== Thermal
In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last1=Lyons|first1=J.|last2=Stewart|first2=J. S.|last3=Mitro|first3=M.|date=2010-11-01|title=Predicted effects of climate warming on the distribution of 50 stream fishes in Wisconsin, U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=77|issue=8|pages=1867–1898|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02763.x|pmid=21078096|bibcode=2010JFBio..77.1867L |issn=1095-8649}}</ref> As in other [[ectotherm]]s, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Shuter|first1=B. J.|last2=Finstad|first2=A. G.|last3=Helland|first3=I. P.|last4=Zweimüller|first4=I.|last5=Hölker|first5=F.|date=2012-10-01|title=The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change|journal=Aquatic Sciences|language=en|volume=74|issue=4|pages=637–657|doi=10.1007/s00027-012-0274-3|bibcode=2012AqSci..74..637S |s2cid=18297554|issn=1015-1621}}</ref> All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered [[Freshwater fish|warmwater]] adapted species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carpenter|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Fisher|first2=Stuart G.|last3=Grimm|first3=Nancy B.|author-link3=Nancy Grimm|last4=Kitchell|first4=James F.|date=1992-11-01|title=Global Change and Freshwater Ecosystems|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–139|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001003|issn=0066-4162}}</ref> In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rypel|first=Andrew L.|date=2014-01-01|title=The Cold-Water Connection: Bergmann's Rule in North American Freshwater Fishes.|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=183|issue=1|pages=147–156|doi=10.1086/674094|pmid=24334744|s2cid=22642325|issn=0003-0147}}</ref> The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28 °C(82 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range.<ref name=":1" /> Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dembski|first1=S.|last2=Masson|first2=G.|last3=Monnier|first3=D.|last4=Wagner|first4=P.|last5=Pihan|first5=J. C.|date=2006-08-01|title=Consequences of elevated temperatures on life-history traits of an introduced fish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=69|issue=2|pages=331–346|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01087.x|bibcode=2006JFBio..69..331D |issn=1095-8649}}</ref> The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1 °C(33 °F) or as high as 41 °C(106 °F).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beitinger|first1=Thomas L.|last2=Bennett|first2=Wayne A.|last3=McCauley|first3=Robert W.|date=2000-07-01|title=Temperature Tolerances of North American Freshwater Fishes Exposed to Dynamic Changes in Temperature|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|language=en|volume=58|issue=3|pages=237–275|doi=10.1023/A:1007676325825|bibcode=2000EnvBF..58..237B |s2cid=35400804|issn=0378-1909}}</ref>
== Reproduction ==
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== Range ==
[[File:Centrarchidae Native Range.jpg|thumb|288x288px|Centrarchidae Native Range]]
The native range of Centrarchidae is confined within North America, covering most of the United States and stopping in southern Canada. The northern edge of the native range is heavily bound by temperature due to reduced foraging ability and growth in cold weather and subsequent starvation in winter months.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alofs|first1=Karen M.|last2=Jackson|first2=Donald A.|last3=Lester|first3=Nigel P.|date=2014-02-01|title=Ontario freshwater fishes demonstrate differing range-boundary shifts in a warming climate|journal=Diversity and Distributions|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=123–136|doi=10.1111/ddi.12130|bibcode=2014DivDi..20..123A |s2cid=85651008 |issn=1472-4642|doi-access=free}}</ref> As a result, centrarchid distributions and range in any place they are found will be restricted by cold temperatures.<ref name=":1" />
=== Range
The ability to adapt to cold temperatures at the edge of the sunfish range varies widely within the family. [[Largemouth bass]] (''Micropterus salmoides'') have no cold acclimation ability as seen through the strict maintenance of the northern boundary of the species range.<ref name=":5" /> Other species like [[smallmouth bass]] (''Micropterus dolomieu'') and [[green sunfish]] (''Lepomis cyanellus'') have exhibited signs of minor cold-water adaptation and have even experienced slight range expansions into colder habitats.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Tschantz|first1=Deidra R.|last2=Crockett|first2=Elizabeth L.|last3=Niewiarowski|first3=Peter H.|last4=Londraville|first4=Richard L.|date=2002-11-01|title=Cold Acclimation Strategy Is Highly Variable among the Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=75|issue=6|pages=544–556|doi=10.1086/344492|pmid=12601611|s2cid=36858254|issn=1522-2152}}</ref>
If air temperatures continue to rise in the next 50 to 100 years as predicted,
While centrarchids are native to only North America, they can be found worldwide due to introductions
▲=== Invasive Range ===
▲While centrarchids are native to only North America, they can be found worldwide due to introductions within multiple continents including Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia.<ref name=":2" /> At least 18 species of Centrarchidae are North American exports.<ref name=":1" /> Its multi-continental spread is mostly due to the high popularity of the family (especially from the genera ''Micropterus'') as freshwater game fish that are frequently stocked for [[recreational fishing]] all around Europe.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Across the globe, invasive and introduced centrarchids pose a great threat to native species in the areas they invade.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sterud|first=Erik|title=Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae) and associated parasites introduced to Norway|journal=Aquatic Invasions|volume=1|issue=4|pages=278–280|doi=10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.10|year=2006|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are multiple confirmed instances of largemouth bass ''(Micropterus salmoides)'' severely altering and reducing native fish populations in Italy, South Africa, Japan, and Madagascar and even causing the local extinction of any species of the family [[Pupfish|Cyprinodontidae]] within the waterbodies they have invaded in Mexico.<ref name=":1" />
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|2=''[[Lepomis miniatus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' recognises three subfamilies; the [[Lepominae]], which contains the genera ''Acantharchus'', ''Lepomis'', and ''Micropterus''; the [[Pygmy sunfish|Elassomatinae]], which consists solely of the highly distinct genus ''[[Elassoma]]'' (treated by [[Fishbase]] as a separate family, the Elassomatidae);<ref name = Fbe>{{FishBase family | family = Elassomatidae | month = December |year=2019}}</ref> and the [[Centrarchinae]], which contains all of the remaining genera.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q647004}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Centrarchidae| ]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker]]
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