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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
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'''[[Morocco|Morocco's]] [[energy policy]]''' is set independently by two agencies of the government: the [http://www.onhym.com/en/ Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM)]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.onhym.com/en/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=
The country has some hydrocarbon reserves, mostly in natural gas reserves that have been exploited
==Oil and natural gas==
The United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA) reports that Morocco produces only "marginal amounts of oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum," and it has never exceeded 5,000 barrels per day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/MAR|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> While past production in the late 1990s and early 2000s was as high as 4,700 barrels per day, as of June 2020, the USEIA reported
Morocco produces small volumes of oil and natural gas from the Essaouira Basin and small amounts of natural gas from the [[Gharb Basin]]. Consequently, Morocco is the largest energy importer in northern Africa. Costs have been rising rapidly. High oil prices in 2005 increased import costs to approximately $2 billion for the year. In 2008, total costs related to energy imports reached $8 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa Economic Institute : Morocco: $11 Billion to Energy Sector|url=http://africaecon.org/index.php/africa_business_reports/read/51|access-date=2020-09-29|website=africaecon.org}}</ref> In 2003, the Moroccan government announced that foreign companies could import oil without paying import tariffs. This followed a 2000 decision in which Morocco modified its hydrocarbons law in order to offer a 10-year tax break to offshore oil production firms and to reduce the government's stake in future oil concessions to a maximum of 25 percent. The entire energy sector was due to be liberalized by 2007.
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The Moroccan Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM) has become optimistic about finding additional reserves – particularly offshore – following discoveries in neighboring Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab Maghreb Union Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal|url=http://www.fayzeh.com/Arab%20Maghreb%20Union.htm|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.fayzeh.com}}</ref> At the end of 2005, 19 foreign companies were operating in Morocco, with an estimated total investment of $56 million per year. In May 2004, China Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) received a license to drill near Agadir. In April 2004, Norway's Norsk Hydro signed a 12-month exploration contract for the Safi Offshore Northwest zone, while Denmark's Maersk signed an eight-year agreement for eight blocks near Tarfaya. In March 2004, Calgary-based Stratic Energy committed to a three-year exploration program in two onshore blocks in northwest Morocco. The two concessions cover approximately {{convert|1544|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Other foreign firms engaged in exploration include Petronas, Cooper Energy NL, Shell, Total, and Tullow Oil.
Morocco's exploration of offshore and onshore oil drilling in
Morocco is a transit center for Algerian gas exports to Spain and Portugal. These are transported across the Strait of Gibraltar via the 300–350 Bcf/year Maghreb-Europe Gas (MEG) pipeline. Natural gas from the MEG pipeline will be used to power Morocco's power project in Al Wahda.
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| doi = 10.3176/oil.2008.4.04
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|url=http://www.medemip.eu/Calc/FM/MED-EMIP/OtherDownloads/Docs_Related_to_the_Region/Oil%20Shale%20-%20Jourdan%20-%20April%202009/Day2/Moroccan_Oil_shale_Research_and_Development_ONHYM_recent_strategy.pdf
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|chapter-url = http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser_2010_report.pdf
|isbn = 978-0-946121-02-1
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Power shortages and a desire to control public spending have led the Moroccan government to make more use of the private sector to meet the country's power needs. The state's share of electricity generation likely will decline to 40 percent by 2020. However, ONE will continue to be solely responsible for distribution and transmission of electricity in Morocco.
In 2003, Morocco had an installed generating capacity of 4.8 [[gigawatt|GW]]. The country's two largest electricity power stations at Mohammedia and Jorf Lasfar are both coal fired. Most of the coal is imported from South Africa, although Morocco purchased Polish coal for the Jorf Lasfar power plant in April 2005. Morocco stopped coal production in 2000, when Jerada coal mine was closed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Morocco2014.pdf|title=Morocco 2014
The expansion at Jorf Lasfar is consistent with a wider campaign to increase generating capacity in Morocco. In 2005, as part of the Moroccan government's plan, a $500 million, 350–400-MW combined-cycle power plant began operation in Tahaddart. The plant is owned by ONE (48%), [[Endesa (Spain)|Endesa]] (32%) and [[Siemens]] (20%). In addition to the Tahaddart plant, ONE awarded Endesa the development rights of a two-unit, 800-MW gas-fired power station in the Sidi Kacem Province, with a completion date set for 2008 [still not completed in 2010]. ONE is also considering another pumped storage plant in the Azilal region south of Rabat.
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===Renewable energy===
{{Main|Renewable energy in Morocco}}
[[Renewable energy]] plays a key role in ONEE's $3.4 billion energy development plan, announced in January 2004. The goal was to provide 80 percent of rural areas with electricity by 2008, while increasing the share of [[renewable energy]] from 0.24 percent in 2003 to 10 percent in 2011. A new national plan for renewable energy was introduced in 2009 in an effort to reduce dependence on oil and gas imports.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=Legislative framework for renewable energy in Morocco|url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/03/10/legislative-framework-for-renewable-energy-in-morocco/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Renewable Energy World|language=en-US}}</ref> The framework of regulation in Morocco generally supports the use of renewable energy in the electricity sector, as law 13-09 ("renewable energy law") was announced in 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schinke|first1=Boris|last2=Klawitter|first2=Jens|date=25 April 2016|title=Background Paper: Country Fact Sheet Morocco Energy and Development at a glance 2016|url=https://germanwatch.org/en/download/15121.pdf|journal=Germanwatch Kaiserstr
==== Wind power ====
Morocco has set a goal to have 2-GW production capacity from wind power; it is part of the Moroccan Integrated Wind Energy Project that began in 2010.<ref name=":
As of 2016, Morocco has eight wind farms (Torres, Amogdoul, Lafarge, Akhfennir, Laayue, Tangier I, Cimar, and Haouma) with the total operational capacity of 487 MW; another six wind farms are anticipated to be installed by 2020 with a total capacity of 1,000 MW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Morocco-Renewable-Energy#|title=Morocco - Renewable Energy|date=21 September 2016|website=export.gov}}</ref>
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{{main article|Solar power in Morocco}}
In November 2009, Morocco announced a [[solar energy]] project worth $9 billion that officials said would account for 38 percent of the North African country's installed power generation by 2020.<ref name="reuters1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091107191146/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE5A202D20091103 Morocco unveils $9 bln solar power scheme
The biggest CSP project in Morocco is Noor Solar, situated in the city of Ouarzazate, on the edge of the Sahara desert. The project comprises 3 phases: [[Noor I]], Noor II and Noor III. This Noor project is supported by a [[BOOT]] (build, own, operate and transfer) basis of [[ACWA Power|ACWA Power Ouarzazate]], MASEN, Aries, and TSK. The first phase of the program - Noor I - was inaugurated in February 2016. Noor I employs 500,000 parabolic mirrors to eventually generate up to 160 MW of electricity, which makes it one of the largest solar power plants in the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://helioscsp.com/moroccos-noor-concentrated-solar-power-plant/|title=Morocco's Noor Concentrated Solar Power Plant|last=Narayan|first=Ranjana|date=17 April 2017|website=Helioscp}}</ref> The program has two following phases - Noor II and Noor III - which were scheduled to operate by 2018. Besides the CSP project, Morocco is also developing the Noor PV 1 program and Noor Midelt phase 1, which essentially use photovoltaics to further increase the electricity generation from solar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://helioscsp.com/morocco-shortlists-five-international-bids-for-noor-midelt-pv-concentrated-solar-power-project/|title=Morocco shortlists five international bids for Noor Midelt PV-Concentrated Solar Power project|website=Helioscp}}</ref> The whole complex of the Noor Plant was scheduled to come online in 2018. The complex is supposed to have 582 MW of capacity, that could be utilized to provide electricity for 1.1 million houses.<ref name=":1" /> From 2010 until 2015, electricity generated by solar and wind has increased almost four times.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2017|title=Morocco|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20524/Energy_profile_Morocco.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|
==== Hydropower ====
Morocco has additional renewable resources that could be developed, including the country's four perennial rivers and many dams with hydroelectric potential. Morocco’s installed hydropower capacity is 1,770 MW.<ref>{{Cite web
==== Biomass energy ====
Biomass is also one of the renewable sources that the country possesses in abundance, with 12,568 GWh/year and 13,055 GWh/year potential in solid bioenergy and combination of biogas and biofuels.<ref name=":03" /> However, the country has only utilized less than 1% of this potential, due to the high cost of investment and insufficient production process knowledge.<ref name=":03"
=== Nuclear energy ===
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==Regional integration==
Morocco is gradually integrating its electrical grid with those of its neighbors in Africa and Europe. Maghreb integration has been spearheaded by the Maghreb Electricity Committee, with physical integration initiatives that began in the 1990s. In May 2003, Moroccan representatives met with the energy ministers from other European and Mediterranean countries to discuss the feasibility of [[electricity market]] integration. In December 2005, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the European Union signed a funding agreement that will pay for costs related to studying the electricity market within the three countries and how they might integrate into the European electricity market.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Arab_Maghreb_Union/Morocco.html Google image map]</ref>
Tunisia, Algeria, and Moroccan networks are already connected to the European network managed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, which allowed these three countries to link their electricity systems to the E.U.’s single energy market and be at the heart of the dialogue within the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership.<ref>{{cite web|website=uneca.org |date=December 2013 |title=Regional Cooperation Policy for the development of Renewable Energy in North Africa |url=http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/regional_cooperation_policy_for_the_development_of_renewable_energy_in_north_africa.pdf }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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