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{{Short description|Village near Jammu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Manda
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_alt = India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Manda, [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[India]]
| region = India
| type = Settlement
| part_of = [[Indus Valley civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
Line 23 ⟶ 24:
| builder =
| material =
| built = 400BC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>
| built =
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref>
| abandoned =
| epochs = <!-2350-1750 actuallyBC displays(''Indus asValley "Periods" -->Civilisation'')
 
| cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>
 
78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1976-77
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]]
| condition = Abandoned
| ownership =
| management =
Line 39 ⟶ 44:
| notes =
}}
 
'''Manda''' is a village nearand an archaeological site in the [[Jammu (city)district]] of the [[Union territory|JammuUnion Territory]] inof [[IndiaJammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI]< {{Webarchive|url=https:/ref>/web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 20
12 }}</ref>
 
==Excavation==
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20&nbsp;m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3&nbsp;m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>[{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India] |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/>
 
==Historical significance==
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28&nbsp;km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisationcivilisation]],.<ref name="archaeology1"/> untilIt is considered the discoverynorthmost ofsite (excluding [[Shortugai]]) inof the[[Indus 1980s,Valley civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEXjAAAAMAAJH1c1UIEVH9gC&qpg=shortugai+northernmost&dqPA212 |title=shortugai+northernmost&hlEncyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc1bPPit_ZAhXJy1QKHcpaD28Q6AEINTADHigham |titlefirst=OriensCharles antiquus|date=19862014-05-14 |publisher=CentroInfobase perPublishing le antichità|isbn=9781438109961 e la|pages=212 storia dell'arte del Vicino Oriente.|language=en}}</ref> near northern [[Afghanistan]]’s lapis lazuli mines.<ref>{{Cite bookweb |url=httpshttp://bookswww.googlesindhulogy.comorg/books?idcdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=xYelDQAAQBAJ&pgHarappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=PT23&dqShinde |first=shortugai+northernmost&hlVasant |date=en&saFeb 1, 2016 |at=X&ved=0ahUKEwjql5-Wit_ZAhWoiVQKHWRWCHEQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=shortugai%20northernmost&f=falseOrigin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=AThe HistoryConcept, Provenance and Chronology of IndiaPainted Grey Ware |last=KulkeRoy |first=HermannT.N |last2year=Rothermund1984 |first2volume=Dietmar34 |datepages=2016-05-27127–137 |language=English|publisher=RoutledgeIstituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbnurl=9781317242123https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|languageauthor=enPokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|page=442-455}}</ref>
 
It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>
 
==Artefacts found==
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/>
 
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==See also==
* [[Indus Valley Civilizationcivilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[BhagatravSutkagan Dor]]
* [[Alamgirpur]]
* [[Daimabad]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false]
 
{{Jammu district}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Cities and townsVillages in Jammu district]]
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