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'''Chunwei''' ({{zh|c= 淳維}}; [[Old Chinese]]: [[Reconstructions of Old Chinese#Zhengzhang (1981–1995)|ZS]]: *''djun-ɢʷi''; [[Reconstructions of Old Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_Baxter–Sagart (2014)|B-S]]: *''[d]u[r]-ɢʷij'') is a name associated with the [[Xiongnu]], a tribal [[confederation]] of [[nomads|nomadic peoples]] who, according to ancient [[Chinese historiography|Chinese sources]], inhabited the eastern [[Eurasian Steppe]] from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
==Overview==
In [[Sima Qian]]'s [[Records of the Grand Historian]], the ''Xiongnu'' 匈奴 were mentioned as ''[[Shanrong]]'' 山戎, ''[[Xianyun]]'' 獫狁, and ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 "since before the time of Tang [i.e. [[Emperor Yao]] (堯)] and Yu [i.e. [[Emperor Shun]] (舜)]" (唐虞以上).<ref name="ReferenceA">Sima Qian et al., ''"Records of the Grand Historian"'', [https://ctext.org/shiji/xiong-nu-lie-zhuan "Ch. 110: Accounts of the Xiongnu"]</ref>
[[Sima Qian]] wrote that the 匈奴 Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), a descendant of Lord Xia (夏后氏), aka [[Yu the Great]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
In3rd century scholar [[SimaWei QianZhao (Three Kingdoms)|Wei Zhao]]'s also identified the name Chunwei with the name of the [[RecordsXiongnu]]: of“During the GrandHan Historian(206 BC-220 AD) they were called [[Xiongnu]] 匈奴, and the ''XiongnuHunyu'' 匈奴葷粥 wereis mentionedjust asanother name for the same people, and similarly, the ''[[ShanrongXunyu]] 獯粥 is just another transcription of Chunwei 淳維, their ancestor’s name”.<ref>Wei Zhao et al., ''"Book 山戎of Wu"'', p. 2849</ref><ref>Lin Gan 林幹, ''[[Xianyun]]"Xiongnu shiliao huibian 匈奴史料彙編"'', 獫狁 Vol. 1, andp. 1, Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju, 1988</ref><ref>Sima Zhen. ''HunyuSuoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "韋昭漢曰匈奴葷粥 其别名則淳維是其始祖蓋與獯粥是一也"since</ref> beforeIn the''Shiji timejijie'' of(史記集解) Tang"Collected [akaExplanations on Historical Records" [[EmperorLiu YaoSong dynasty|Liu Song]] historian Pei Yin (堯裴駰) quoted [[Jin Zhuo]]'s andstatement Yuthat [aka"In [[Emperor ShunYao|Yao]]'s (舜)]"time (唐虞以上).<refthey name="ReferenceA">Simawere Qiancalled et''Hunyu''; al.,in [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]'s time they were called '"Records'Xianyun''; ofin the[[Qin Granddynasty|Qin]]'s Historiantime they were called ''Xiongnu''."<ref>Pei Yin, ''Shiji jijie'', [https://ctext.org/shiji/xiong-nu-lie-zhuanwiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=966557#p6 "ChVol. 110] quote: Accounts of the Xiongnu"]晉灼曰堯時曰葷粥周曰獫狁秦曰匈奴"</ref> In ''Shiji Suoyin'' (史記索隱) "Seeking the Obscure in the [[Records of the Grand Historian|Records]]", [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] history [[Sima Zhen]] quoted from [[Fengsu Tongyi]] (風俗通義) "TheComprehensive Meaning of Popular Customs and Mores", by [[Ying Shao]] 應劭, that “In the time of [[Shang dynasty|Yin]], they were called ''Xunyu'' [獯粥], which was changed to ''Xiongnu'' [匈奴]”;<ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "應劭風俗通曰殷時曰獯粥改曰匈奴"</ref> however, this quote no longer exists in extant Fengsu Tongyi's received textstext.<ref>Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in ''Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present''. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 237</ref>
[[Sima Qian]] wrote that the 匈奴 Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), a descendant of Lord Xia (夏后氏), aka [[Yu the Great]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Chunwei is alleged to be a son of [[Jie of Xia]] ([[Xia Dynastydynasty]]'s last ruler). Sima Zhen stated that Yue Chan (樂產) wrote in now-lost ''Guadipu '' (括地譜) "Register of the Encompassing Lands" that: “Jie, (ruler of) the House of Xia lived an immoral life. [[Tang of Shang|Tang]] exiled him to Mingtiao, he died there three years later. His son Xunyu 獯粥 married his concubines and they wandered far away to the northern wilderness in search of pasture lands, and then in the Middle Kingdom they were mentioned as Xiongnu 匈奴.”<ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "又樂彥括地譜云夏桀無道湯放之鳴條三年而死其子獯粥妻桀之衆妾避居北野隨畜移徙中國謂之匈奴". Note: In ms. 產 ''Chăn'' is written as 彥 ''Yàn'', which is abbreviated to 产 and serves as 產's phonetic component.</ref> Sima Zhen also quoted Zhang Yan (張晏)'s statement that “Chunwei, during the [[Shang dynasty|Yin era]], fled to the northern borders.”<ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "張晏曰淳維以殷時奔北邉"</ref> ▼
3rd century scholar [[Wei Zhao (Three Kingdoms)|Wei Zhao]] also identified the name Chunwei with the name of the [[Xiongnu]]: “During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) they were called [[Xiongnu]] 匈奴, and the '''Hunyu''' 葷粥 is just another name for the same people, and similarly, the [[Xunyu]] 獯粥 is just another transcription of Chunwei 淳維, their ancestor’s name”.<ref>Wei Zhao et al., ''"Book of Wu"'', p. 2849</ref><ref>Lin Gan 林幹, ''"Xiongnu shiliao huibian 匈奴史料彙編"'', Vol. 1, p. 1, Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju, 1988</ref><ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "韋昭漢曰匈奴葷粥其别名則淳維是其始祖蓋與獯粥是一也"</ref>
However, GoldenGoldin (2011) points out chronological difficulties resulting from attempts to identify ''Chunwei'' 淳維 with ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ~ ''Xunyu'' 獯粥. {{efn|Goldin Iftransliterates both 葷粥 (in Yue Chan's ''Guadipu'') & 獯粥 (in Sima Zhen's ''Suoyin'') in [[pinyin]] as ''Xunyu'' and proposes that they were both pronounced *''xur-luk'' in [[Old Chinese]]. Other versions of the expressionsame name are 獯鬻 in [[Mencius (book)|Mencius]] and 薰育 in "Annals of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]" of Shiji.<ref>Goldin (2010). p. 237, n. 22</ref>}} If one would literally interpret "since before the time of Tang [ akai.e. Emperor Yao] and Yu [ akai.e. Emperor Shun]" (唐虞以上) (when the Hunyu supposedly had been in existence){{efn|Sima Qian 's states that the Yellow Emperor himself drove out the Hunyu 葷粥 in the North.<ref>''Shiji'' , were[https://ctext.org/shiji/wu-di-ben-ji#n4478 taken"Annals literallyof andthe Five Emperors"]</ref>}} in Sima Qian' s ' Chunwei'Shiji'' 葷粥and would beidentify identified''Chunwei'' 葷粥 with ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ~ ''Xunyu'' 獯粥, thatthose would result in Chunwei, allegedly a son of [[Jie of Xia|Jie]] of the [[Xia dynasty]], living ''before'' instead of many generations ''after'' Yao and Shun, both of whom had lived and ruled before the [[Xia dynasty ]]. Moreover, Goldin (2011) reconstructs the [[Old Chinese]] pronunciations of ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ~ ''Xunyu'' 獯 鬻粥 as *''xur-luk'', 獫狁 as ''hram′-lun′'', and 匈奴 as *''xoŋ-NA''; and comments all three names are "manifestly unrelated"; he further states that [[sound change]]s made the names more superficially similar than they really had been, and prompted later historians and commentators to conclude that those names must have referred to one same people in different epochs, even though people during the [[Warring States period]] would never have been thus misled.<ref>Goldin, Paul R. (2010) [https://www.academia.edu/24999420/Steppe_Nomads_as_a_Philosophical_Problem_in_Classical_China "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China"] in ''Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present''. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 225-226</ref> ▼▲Chunwei is alleged to be a son of [[Jie of Xia]] ([[Xia Dynasty]]'s last ruler). Sima Zhen stated that Yue Chan (樂產) wrote in now-lost Guadipu (括地譜) "Register of the Encompassing Lands" that: “Jie, (ruler of) the House of Xia lived an immoral life. [[Tang of Shang|Tang]] exiled him to Mingtiao, he died there three years later. His son Xunyu 獯粥 married his concubines and they wandered far away to the northern wilderness in search of pasture lands, and then in the Middle Kingdom they were mentioned as Xiongnu 匈奴.”<ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "又樂彥括地譜云夏桀無道湯放之鳴條三年而死其子獯粥妻桀之衆妾避居北野隨畜移徙中國謂之匈奴". Note: In ms. 產 ''Chăn'' is written as 彥 ''Yàn'', which is abbreviated to 产 and serves as 產's phonetic component.</ref> Sima Zhen also quoted Zhang Yan (張晏)'s statement that “Chunwei, during the [[Shang dynasty|Yin era]], fled to the northern borders.”<ref>Sima Zhen. ''Suoyin'', [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=762742 chapter 24], quote: "張晏曰淳維以殷時奔北邉"</ref>
==Notes==
▲However, Golden (2011) points out chronological difficulties resulting from attempts to identify ''Chunwei'' 淳維 with ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ~ ''Xunyu'' 獯粥. If the expression "since before the time of Tang [aka Emperor Yao] and Yu [aka Emperor Shun]" (唐虞以上) in Sima Qian's ''Shiji'' were taken literally and ''Chunwei'' 葷粥 would be identified with ''Hunyu'' 葷粥 ~ ''Xunyu'' 獯粥, that would result in Chunwei, allegedly a son of [[Jie of Xia|Jie]] of [[Xia dynasty]], living ''before'' instead of many generations ''after'' Yao and Shun, both of whom had lived and ruled before the [[Xia dynasty]]. Moreover, Goldin (2011) reconstructs the [[Old Chinese]] pronunciations of 獯鬻 as *''xur-luk'', 獫狁 as ''hram′-lun′'', and 匈奴 as *''xoŋ-NA''; and comments all three names are "manifestly unrelated"; he further states that [[sound change]]s made the names more superficially similar than they really had been, and prompted later commentators to conclude that those names must have referred to one same people in different epochs, even though people during the [[Warring States period]] would never have been thus misled.<ref>Goldin, Paul R. [https://www.academia.edu/24999420/Steppe_Nomads_as_a_Philosophical_Problem_in_Classical_China "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China"] in ''Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present''. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 225-226</ref>
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After the defeat of Xia by [[Shang Dynasty|Shang]], some Xia royalties founded the [[Qi (Henan)|Qĭ]] state until 445 BC,<ref>''Shiji'', [https://ctext.org/shiji/chen-qi-shi-jia "Biographies of the Hereditary Houses of Chen & Qi"] text: "杞東樓公者，夏后禹之後苗裔也。殷時或封或絕。周武王克殷紂，求禹之後，得東樓公，封之於杞，以奉夏后氏祀。" Translation: "As for Duke Dōnglóu of Qǐ, he was the descendant of Lord [[Yu the Great|Yǔ]] of Xià. In Yin time, [they] had been sometimes [[fengjian|enfeoffed]] sometimes dispossessed. [When] [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wǔ of Zhōu]] vanquished [[King Zhou of Shang|Zhòu of Yīn]], [he] looked for Yu's descendants and found Duke Dōnglóu, [whom] [King Wŭ] enfeoffed at Qǐ; so that [Duke Dōnglóu] could officiate Lord Xià clan's sacrifices."</ref> The Qi state was well recorded in the [[Oracle script]] as the one major supporter of the Xia Dynasty.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JUeFAAAAIAAJ&q=%E6%9D%9E%E5%9B%BD&dq=%E6%9D%9E%E5%9B%BD&lr=&pgis=1 Guo li Taiwan shi fan da xue guo wen yan jiu suo ji kan]</ref>
== References ==
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