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{{short description|City in Bavaria, Germany}}
{{for
{{redirect-distinguish-for|Nürnberg|Nürburg|other uses|Nürnberg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox German
| German_name = <small>{{native name|de|Nürnberg}}<br />{{native name|vmf|Nämberch}}</small>
| type = City
| image_photo = {{multiple image
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| Gemeindeschlüssel = 09564000
| divisions = 10 districts
| website = {{URL|https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal_e/|nuernberg.de}}
| mayor = Marcus König<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ |title=Liste der Oberbürgermeister in den kreisfreien Städten |publisher=[[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]] |access-date=2021-07-19 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630025145/https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_term = 2020–26
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| party = CSU
}}
'''Nuremberg''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|ʊər|ə|m|b|ɜr|ɡ}} {{respell|NURE|əm|burg}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Nürnberg}} {{IPA
Nuremberg sits on the [[Pegnitz (river)|Pegnitz]], which carries the name [[Regnitz]] from its confluence with the [[Rednitz]] in [[Fürth]] onwards ({{pPegnitz}}), and on the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal]], that connects the [[North Sea]] to the [[Black Sea]]. Lying in the Bavarian [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Middle Franconia]], it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of [[Franconia]]. The city is surrounded on three sides by the Reichswald ([[:de:Nürnberger Reichswald|de]]), a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland (''garlic land'') ([[:de:Knoblauchsland|de]]), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape.
The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of [[Fürth]], [[Erlangen]] and [[Schwabach]], which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants,<ref>[https://hey.bayern/region/nuernberg Region Nürnberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704125051/https://hey.bayern/region/nuernberg |date=4 July 2022 }} on hey.bayern</ref> while the larger [[Nuremberg Metropolitan Region]] has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the [[East Franconian]] dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; {{lang-de|link=no|Fränkisch}}).
Nuremberg and [[Fürth]] were once connected by the [[Bavarian Ludwig Railway]], the [[List of the first German railways to 1870|first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany]] (1835). Today, the U1 of the [[Nuremberg Subway]]
Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg]] ({{lang|de|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg}}), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a [[university hospital]] in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), {{lang|de|[[Technische Hochschule Nürnberg|Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg]]}} and the newly founded [[University of Technology Nuremberg]] ([[:de:Technische Universität Nürnberg|de]]). The Nuremberg exhibition centre ({{lang|de|Messe Nürnberg}}) is one of the biggest [[convention center]] companies in Germany and operates worldwide.
[[Nuremberg Castle]], its medieval old town<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bigboytravel.com/europe/topmedievalcities/ | title=Top 25 Medieval Cities in Europe: Best Preserved Towns to Visit | access-date=20 June 2024 | archive-date=20 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620235520/https://www.bigboytravel.com/europe/topmedievalcities/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[City walls of Nuremberg|the city's walls]], with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. {{lang|de|[[Staatstheater Nürnberg]]}} is one of the five Bavarian state theatres,{{efn|Bavarian state theatres in Munich: [[Bavarian State Opera]], Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel, and [[Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz]]; in Nuremberg: [[Staatstheater Nürnberg]]; in Augsburg: [[Staatstheater Augsburg]]}} showing [[operas]], [[operettas]], [[musicals]], and [[ballets]] (main venue: Nuremberg [[Opera House]]), [[play (theatre)|plays]] (main venue: {{lang|de|[[theatre|Schauspielhaus]] Nürnberg}}), as well as [[concerts]] (main venue: {{lang|de|[[Meistersingerhalle]]}}). Its orchestra, the [[Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg]], is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the [[Bavarian State Opera]]'s [[Bavarian State Orchestra]] in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of [[Albrecht Dürer]] and [[Johann Pachelbel]]. [[1. FC Nürnberg]] is the most famous football club of the city and one of the [[List of German football champions#Performances|most successful football clubs in Germany]]. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].
==History==
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[[File:Nuernberg Burg Panorama PtGUI.jpg|left|thumb|The Imperial Castle]]
The city and particularly [[Nuremberg Castle]] would become one of the most frequent sites of the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] (after [[Regensburg]] and [[Frankfurt]]), the [[Diet of Nuremberg|Diets of Nuremberg]] from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial [[capital city|capital]]' of the Empire.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted the {{lang|de|Großen Freiheitsbrief}} ('Great
In 1298, the [[Jews of Germany|Jews]] of the town were accused of [[host desecration]] and 698 of them were killed in one of the many [[Rintfleisch massacres]]. Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Image Gallery of the Coins of Nürnberg |url=http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nurnberg.htm |website=www.medievalcoinage.com |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308233952/http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nurnberg.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which were divided by the [[Pegnitz (river)|Pegnitz]]. The Jews of the German lands suffered [[Black Death Jewish persecutions|many massacres]] during the [[Black Death|plague]] pandemic of the mid-14th century.
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In 1349 the members of the [[guild]]s unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a {{lang|de| Handwerkeraufstand}} ('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a [[Free Imperial City|free city]] (until the early-19th century).<ref name="HLB:Nürnberg Entwicklung"/><ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the [[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|princes of the Empire]].<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick IV]] (from 1417, [[Margrave of Brandenburg]]) and the duke of [[Bavaria-Ingolstadt]], the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders.
Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> The [[Hussite Wars]] (1419–1434), the [[Black Death#Second plague pandemic|second Black Death pandemic]] in 1437, and the [[First Margrave War]] (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> Siding with [[Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria|Albert IV]], Duke of [[Bavaria-Munich]], in the [[War of the Succession of Landshut]] of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of {{convert|25|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}, making it one of the largest imperial
During the Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sobecki |first1=Sebastian |title=Nuremberg |journal=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace |date=2016 |pages=566–581 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-873535-9 |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===Early modern age===
[[File:De Merian Frankoniae 090.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Nuremberg, 1648]]
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the [[German Renaissance]]. In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the [[Protestant Reformation]], and in 1532 the [[Nuremberg Religious Peace]] was signed
[[File:Old town hall.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Wolffscher Bau'' of the old city hall]]
The state of affairs in the early 16th century{{
After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] and the [[Seven Years' War]] and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> The Bavarian elector, [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]], appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the [[Landshut War of Succession]], to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but [[Frederick William II of Prussia|Frederick William II]] refused, fearing to offend Austria, [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and France.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the [[Amortization (accounting)|amortisation]] of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/>
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After the fall of [[Napoleon]], the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the [[Teutonic Order]], often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/><!--Catholic Encyclopedia: possibly biased for this kind of info? also, possibly outdated (1913) - WP:RSAGE-->
In 1817, the city was incorporated into the district of [[Rezatkreis]] (named for the river [[Fränkische Rezat|Franconian Rezat]]), which was renamed to [[Middle Franconia]] ({{lang-de|[[:de:Mittelfranken|Mittelfranken]]}}) on 1 January 1838.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> The first German railway, the [[Bavarian Ludwigsbahn]], from Nuremberg to nearby [[Fürth]], was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into [[Zollverein]] (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened the way to greater prosperity.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the [[Austro-Prussian War]] it was given to [[Prussia]] as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions.<ref name="Cath:Nuremberg"/> The ''Fränkischer Kurier'' was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg.
===Nazi-Era===
[[File:Reichsparteitag 1935 Großer Appell 28-1121M original.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Nuremberg rally]], 1935]]
Nuremberg held great significance during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] era. Because of the city's relevance to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and its position in the centre of Germany, the [[Nazi Party]] chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions: the [[Nuremberg Rally|Nuremberg rallies]]. The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the [[Nazi Party Rally Grounds]], some of which were not finished, were designed by [[Albert Speer]] and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]] in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge [[Nazi propaganda]] events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by [[Leni Riefenstahl]], and made into a propaganda film called ''Triumph des Willens'' (''[[Triumph of the Will]]''). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]'' to convene at Nuremberg to pass the [[Nuremberg Laws]] which revoked German [[citizenship]] for all Jews and other non-Aryans.
The Nazi ''[[Burgomaster|Oberbürgermeister]]'' of the city, [[Willy Liebel]], embarked upon a program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the [[Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg]]. He felt that this "foreign" building with its [[Moorish revival]] architecture could not be reconciled with the image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Joshua |last2=Ostergren |first2=Robert |title=Spectacle, architecture and place at the Nuremberg Party Rallies: projecting a Nazi vision of past, present and future |journal=Cultural Geographies |date=April 2006 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=169–170 |doi=10.1191/1474474006eu355oa |bibcode=2006CuGeo..13..157H |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%252F1474474006eu355oa.pdf |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504143957/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00572185/file/PEER_stage2_10.1191%2F1474474006eu355oa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Many examples of [[Nazi architecture]] can still be seen in the city.
{{multiple image▼
| total_width = 300▼
| image1 = 1945.02.12. Plan der Zerstörungen Nürnbergs.jpg▼
| caption1 = Map of city centre with air raid destruction▼
| image2 = Nuremberg in Ruins 1945 HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG▼
| caption2 = Bombed-out Nuremberg, 1945▼
}}▼
The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi [[propaganda|propagandist]] [[Julius Streicher]], the Nazi Party ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of [[Franconia]], a vicious [[antisemite]] and the publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]''. During the anti-Jewish [[pogrom]] known as ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of ''Kristallnacht'', 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1.800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various [[extermination camps]] where they were killed.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette Nuremberg, Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408230340/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nuremberg#google_vignette |date=8 April 2024 }} in the [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ Jewish Virtual Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195128/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ |date=21 February 2011 }}</ref> At the end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many [[Stolperstein]]e installed in the streets of the city;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en |publisher=Geschichte Für Alle e.V.- Institut für Regionalgeschichte |title=Stumbling Stones in Nuremberg |date=2021 |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402083938/https://www.stolpersteine-nuernberg.de/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref> these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime.
During the [[Second World War]], Nuremberg was the headquarters of ''[[Wehrkreis]]'' (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was located here, and extensively used [[slavery|slave labour]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Keeffe |first=Christine O |url=http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |title=Concentration Camps List |publisher=Tartanplace.com |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072014/http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>▼
▲During the [[Second World War]], Nuremberg was the headquarters of ''[[Wehrkreis]]'' (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was located here, and extensively used [[slavery|slave labour]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Keeffe |first=Christine O |url=http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |title=Concentration Camps List |publisher=Tartanplace.com |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919072014/http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
▲{{multiple image
▲| total_width = 300
▲| image1 = 1945.02.12. Plan der Zerstörungen Nürnbergs.jpg
▲| caption1 = Map of city centre with air raid destruction
▲| image2 = Nuremberg in Ruins 1945 HD-SN-99-02986.JPEG
▲| caption2 = Bombed-out Nuremberg, 1945
▲}}
On [[Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II|2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed]] by the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids.
Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was captured in [[Battle of Nuremberg (1945)|a fierce battle]] lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]], [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd Infantry Division]] and [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th Infantry Division]], which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135</ref> Despite this intense degree of destruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of
===Nuremberg trials===
{{main|Nuremberg trials}}
[[File:Defendants in the dock at nuremberg trials.jpg|thumb|Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials]]
Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in [[
* The city had been the location of the Nazi Party's Nuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews of their citizenship were passed there. There was symbolic value in making it the place of Nazi demise.
* The [[Palace of Justice, Nuremberg|Palace of Justice]] was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely intact despite [[Strategic bombing during World War II|extensive Allied bombing of Germany]]). The already large courtroom was reasonably easily expanded by the removal of the wall at the end opposite the bench, thereby incorporating the adjoining room. A large prison was also part of the complex.
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==Geography==
[[File:Nuremberg Map.png|upright=0.9|thumb|Map of Nuremberg]]
[[File:Bavaria N.svg|thumb|Location of Nuremberg (in red) in Middle Franconia (light red) in Bavaria (dark grey)]]
Several old villages now belong to the city, for example [[Grossgründlach]], [[Kraftshof]], [[Thon (Nuremberg)|Thon]], and [[Neunhof]] in the north-west; [[Ziegelstein]] in the northeast, [[Altenfurt]] and [[Fischbach
=== Climate ===
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|1980|484405
|1990|493692
|2001|491307|2011|486314|2022|522554|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}
Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 50.1% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html |title=Stadt Nürnberg: Daten und Fakten |publisher=nuernberg.de |access-date=2023-09-06 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723133920/https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal/daten_und_fakten.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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=== Attractions ===
[[File:Nürnberg (A. B. Spritzer).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View from [[Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof|Nuremberg Central Station]] towards [[St. Lorenz, Nuremberg|Lorenzkirche]] and into Königstraße (King Street) which is spanned by Christkindlesmarkt symbols]]
Beyond its main attractions of the [[Nuremberg Castle|Imperial Castle]], [[St. Lorenz, Nuremberg|St. Lorenz Church]], and [[Nuremberg trials|Nazi Trial grounds]], there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories,<ref name="Tourismus Nürnberg-2019">{{Cite web |url=https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/ |title=Home |date=2019-03-21 |website=Tourismus Nürnberg |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502093439/https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/germany-frankfurt-nuernberg |title=Germany: Frankfurt and Nürnberg – Video – Rick Steves' Europe |website=www.ricksteves.com |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221545/https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/germany-frankfurt-nuernberg |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several types of tours offered in the city, including historic tours, those that are [[Nazi Party|Nazi]]-focused, underground and night tours, [[walking tour]]s, sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as [[bowling]], [[Bouldering|rock wall climbing]], [[escape room]]s, [[Kart racing|cart racing]], and [[Miniature golf|mini golf]], theaters and cinemas, pools and [[thermal spa]]s. There are also six nearby [[amusement park]]s.<ref name="Tourismus Nürnberg-2019" /> The city's tourism board sells the Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of [[public transport]]ation and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period.<ref name="Tourismus Nürnberg-2019" />
=== Culinary tourism ===
Notable foods available in the city include [[lebkuchen]], [[gingerbread]], local [[beer]], [[Schäufele]], and [[Nürnberger Rostbratwurst|Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen]], or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional [[Franconian cuisine|Franconian]] restaurants and [[beer garden]]s. It also has [[Veganism|vegan]], [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and [[Organic food|organic]] restaurants. Nuremberg boasts a two [[Michelin Guide#Stars|Michelin Star]]-rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein.<ref name="Tourismus Nürnberg-2019" />
=== Pedestrian zones ===
Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrian-only zone]] covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monheim |first1=Rolf |title=Town and transport planning and the development of retail trade in metropolitan areas of West Germany |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |date=January 1992 |volume=22 |issue=2–4 |pages=121–136 |doi=10.1016/0169-2046(92)90017-t|bibcode=1992LUrbP..22..121M }}</ref> including year-round [[Christmas]] stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase [[Christmas ornament]]s, gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy [[Christmas village]]s. The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof, is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from [[glass]], [[wood]], [[leather]], [[pottery]], and [[precious metal]]s. The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.christkindlesmarkt.de/en/your-visit/shopping-souvenirs/craftmen-s-courtyard-in-nuremberg-a-friendly-welcome-awaits-you-1.3145792 |title=Craftmen's Courtyard in Nuremberg – a friendly welcome awaits you! |website=www.christkindlesmarkt.de |language=de |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420223044/https://www.christkindlesmarkt.de/en/your-visit/shopping-souvenirs/craftmen-s-courtyard-in-nuremberg-a-friendly-welcome-awaits-you-1.3145792 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being [[Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg|Christkindlesmarkt]], Germany's largest [[Christmas market]] and the gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and [[nutcracker]]s while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional ''[[Mulled wine|Glühwein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/pledge-spe/european-christmas-pledge-special |title=European Christmas TV Special {{!}} Rick Steves' Europe |website=www.ricksteves.com |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221544/https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/pledge-spe/european-christmas-pledge-special |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Hospitality ===
In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-02 |title=Record results for tourism in 2017: Overnight stays in Nuremberg exceed all expectations |url=https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Congress- und Tourismus-Zentrale Nürnberg |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323081731/https://tourismus.nuernberg.de/en/pressroom/press-material/press-releases/record-results-for-tourism-in-2017-overnight-stays-in-nuremberg-exceed-all-expectations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Culture==
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===Higher education===
Nuremberg hosts the joint university [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg]], two Fachhochschulen ([[Technische Hochschule Nürnberg]] and ''Evangelische Hochschule Nürnberg''), a pure art academy (
==Main sights==
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*The church of the former ''[[Katharinenkirche, Nuremberg|Katharinenkloster]]'' is preserved as a ruin, the [[Nuremberg Charterhouse|charterhouse]] (''Kartause'') is integrated into the building of the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] and the choir of the former ''Franziskanerkirche'' is part of a modern building.
*Other churches located inside the city walls are: [[St. Lorenz (Nürnberg)|St. Laurence's]], [[Saint Clare of Assisi|Saint Clare's]], [[St. Martha, Nuremberg|Saint Martha's]], [[St. Jakob, Nuremberg|Saint James the Greater's]], [[St. Egidien, Nuremberg|Saint Giles's]], and [[St. Elizabeth, Nuremberg|Saint Elisabeth's]].
*The [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] is Germany's largest museum of cultural history, among its exhibits are works of famous painters such as [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Rembrandt]], and [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]].
*The Neues Museum Nürnberg is a museum for modern and contemporary art.
*The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque ''Doppelkapelle'' (Chapel with two floors) are part of Nuremberg Castle.
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Nuremberg panorama.jpg | Nuremberg from Spittlertor
Nuremberg View Old Town.jpg | [[St. Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg|St. Sebaldus Church]] and [[Nuremberg Castle]] in winter
Nürnberg (9532545824) (3).jpg | ''Heilig-Geist-Spital''<br />(Hospice of the Holy Spirit)
Nuernberg Pilatushaus 001.JPG | ''Pilatushaus'' and Nuremberg Castle
Nuremberg Aerial Tullnau Moegeldorf.JPG | Nuremberg Business Area
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Nuremberg is represented in the [[Bundestag]] by two [[List of Bundestag constituencies|constituencies]]; [[Nuremberg North]] and [[Nuremberg South]]. Since 2002, both constituencies have been held by the CSU.
At the local level, Nuremberg has historically been left-leaning in the conservative state of Bavaria – since the end of World War II, the city has mainly elected [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] mayors with the exception of [[Ludwig Scholz]] (elected 1996, served until 2002) and Marcus König (elected 2020). From 1957 to 1987, the position of Chief Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) was continuously held by Andreas Urschlechter (SPD) for 30 years.
===Mayor===
[[File:2020 Nuremberg mayoral election (2nd round).svg|thumb|350px|Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election]]
The current mayor of Nuremberg is Marcus König of the [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] (CSU)
{{election table}}
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===Basketball===
The
===Ice Hockey===
The
==International relations==
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==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Nuremberg}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Europe|Geography}}
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{{Wikisource|Portal:Nuremberg}}
{{Commons category|Nuremberg}}
*{{Wikivoyage
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nuremberg |volume=19 }}
*[https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal_e/ English website of the city]
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