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| Gini_ref =<ref name="Scot Gov GINI">{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.scot/poverty/index.html |title=Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2020-23 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 March 2024 |website=Scottish Government |publisher= |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228093125/https://data.gov.scot/poverty/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI = 0.
| HDI_ref =<ref name ="HDI">{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/GBR/?
| HDI_rank =
| utc_offset = +0
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[[File:German parachute mine.jpg|thumb|right|A defused 1,000 kg Luftmine (German [[parachute mine]]) in Glasgow, 18 March 1941, during the [[Clydebank Blitz]]]]
Scotland played a major role in the [[History of the United Kingdom during the First World War|British effort]] in the [[First World War]]. It especially provided manpower, ships, machinery, fish and money.<ref>Richard J. Finlay, ''Modern Scotland 1914–2000'' (2006), pp 1–33</ref> With a population of 4.8 million in 1911, Scotland sent over half a million men to the war, of whom over a quarter died in combat or from disease, and 150,000 were seriously wounded.<ref>R. A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds. ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (2001) p 426.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610011816/https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties
During the Second World War, Scotland was targeted by [[Nazi Germany]] largely due to its factories, shipyards, and coal mines.<ref name="blitz">{{Cite web |title=Primary History – World War 2 – Scotland's Blitz |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/scotlands_blitz |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812052942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/scotlands_blitz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cities such as [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]] were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.<ref name="blitz" /> Perhaps the most significant air raid in Scotland was the [[Clydebank Blitz]] of March 1941, which intended to destroy naval shipbuilding in the area.<ref name="Clydebank blitz">{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Landscape : Clydebank Blitz |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/clydebank_blitz |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020053750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/clydebank_blitz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 528 people were killed and 4,000 homes totally destroyed.<ref name="Clydebank blitz" /> Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in 1941 when [[Rudolf Hess]] flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the [[Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]].<ref>J. Leasor ''Rudolf Hess: The Uninvited Envoy'' (Kelly Bray: House of Stratus, 2001), {{ISBN|0-7551-0041-7}}, p. 15.</ref> Before his departure from Germany, Hess had given his adjutant, [[Karlheinz Pintsch]], a letter addressed to [[Adolf Hitler]] that detailed his intentions to open peace negotiations with the British. Pintsch delivered the letter to Hitler at the Berghof around noon on 11 May.{{Sfn|Evans|2008|p=168}} [[Albert Speer]] later said Hitler described Hess's departure as one of the worst personal blows of his life, as he considered it a personal betrayal.{{Sfn|Sereny|1996|p=240}} Hitler worried that his allies, Italy and Japan, would perceive Hess's act as an attempt by Hitler to secretly open peace negotiations with the British.
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[[File:Tràigh Allt Chàilgeag facing northeast, Highland, Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leirinmore|Tràigh Allt Chàilgeag]], Scottish Highlands]]
The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the northwest coast of [[Continental Europe]]. The total area is {{Convert|80231|km2|0|order=flip}} with a land area of {{Convert|77901|km2|0|order=flip}},<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement"/> comparable to the size of the [[Czech Republic]]. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for {{Convert|96|mi|km|0}} between the basin of the [[River Tweed]] on the east coast and the [[Solway Firth]] in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the [[North Sea]] is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only {{Convert|21|km|mi|0|order=flip}} from the south-western peninsula of [[Kintyre]];<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/place/North-Channel-strait North Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629100424/https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Channel-strait |date=29 June 2019 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</ref> Norway is {{Convert|305|km|mi|0|order=flip}} to the northeast and the [[Faroe Islands]], {{Convert|270|km|mi|0|order=flip}} to the north.
The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 [[Treaty of York]] between Scotland and the Kingdom of England<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniting the Kingdoms? |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/conquered.htm |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142317/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/conquered.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 1266 [[Treaty of Perth]] between Scotland and Norway.<ref name="Mackie">Mackie, J.D. (1969) ''A History of Scotland''. London. Penguin.</ref> Important exceptions include the [[Isle of Man]], which having been lost to England in the 14th century is now a [[crown dependency]] outside of the United Kingdom; the island groups [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]], which were acquired from Norway in 1472;<ref name="Whitaker">''Whitaker's Almanack'' (1991) London. J. Whitaker and Sons.</ref> and [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], lost to England in 1482
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===Urbanisation===
{{See also|Cities of Scotland|List of towns and cities in Scotland by population|List of urban areas in Scotland}}
Although [[Edinburgh]] is the capital of Scotland, the largest city is Glasgow, which has just over 584,000 inhabitants. The [[Greater Glasgow]] conurbation, with a population of almost 1.2 million, is home to nearly a quarter of Scotland's population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did You Know?—Scotland's Cities |url=http://rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_cities.htm |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Rampantscotland.com |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402042144/http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_cities.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Central Belt]] is where most of the main towns and cities of Scotland are located, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth. Scotland's only major city outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen. The [[Scottish Lowlands]] host 80% of the total population, where the [[Central Belt]] accounts for 3.5 million people.
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[[File:St.Giles Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[High Kirk of Edinburgh]]]]
As per the 2022 Census, a majority of Scots (51.12%) reported not following any religion. The most practiced religion is Christianity (38.79%), mostly the [[Church of Scotland]] (20.36 %) and [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Roman Catholicism]] (13.3%).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Scotland's Census |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521162438/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In almost every council area,
Forms of [[History of Christianity in Scotland|Christianity]] have dominated religious life in what is now Scotland for more than 1,400 years.<ref>L. Alcock, ''Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850'' (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland), {{ISBN|0-903903-24-5}}, p. 63.</ref><ref>Lucas Quensel von Kalben, "The British Church and the Emergence of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom", in T. Dickinson and D. Griffiths, eds, ''Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10: Papers for the 47th Sachsensymposium, York, September 1996'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), {{ISBN|086054138X}}, p. 93.</ref>
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}}
Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, a [[constitutional monarchy]] whose current sovereign is [[Charles III]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Scotland marks the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla |url=https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-07-05/scotland-marks-the-coronation-of-king-charles-iii-and-queen-camilla |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=royal.uk |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027134536/https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-07-05/scotland-marks-the-coronation-of-king-charles-iii-and-queen-camilla |url-status=live }}</ref> The monarchy uses a variety of styles, titles and other symbols specific to Scotland, most of which originated in the
The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] and the [[Scottish Parliament|Parliament of Scotland]] are the country's primary legislative bodies. The UK Parliament is [[Parliamentary sovereignty|sovereign]] and therefore has supremacy over the Scottish Parliament,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Select Committee on the Constitution |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5802/ldselect/ldconst/142/14206.htm#_idTextAnchor033 |title=Respect and Co-operation: Building a Stronger Union for the 21st century |publisher=House of Lords |year=2022 |chapter=Parliamentary Sovereignty |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027134536/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5802/ldselect/ldconst/142/14206.htm#_idTextAnchor033 |url-status=live }}</ref> but generally restricts itself to legislating over reserved matters: primarily taxes, social security, defence, international relations, and broadcasting.<ref name="Gate22">{{Cite web |title=Government of Scotland Facts |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/government/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503130512/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/government/index.html |archive-date=3 May 2010 |access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> There is a [[Legislative consent motion|convention]] the UK Parliament will not legislate over devolved matters without the Scottish Parliament's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sewel Convention |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/sewel-convention/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=UK Parliament |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430144651/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/sewel-convention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Scotland is represented in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], the [[lower chamber]] of the UK Parliament, by
[[File:Scottish Parliament - 49188771378.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Scottish Parliament Building]] in Edinburgh is the seat of the [[Scottish Parliament]] and its [[Committees of the Scottish Parliament|committees]]]]
The Scottish Parliament is a [[unicameral]] legislature with 129 members (MSPs): 73 of them represent individual constituencies and are elected on a [[first-past-the-post]] system, and the other 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the [[additional member system (Scottish Parliament)|additional member system]]. MSPs normally serve for a five-year period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Parliamentary and local election terms extended |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/parliamentary-and-local-election-terms-extended |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=www.gov.scot |publisher=Scottish Government |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021124957/https://www.gov.scot/news/parliamentary-and-local-election-terms-extended/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest party since the [[2021 Scottish Parliament election]], has been the [[Scottish National Party]] (SNP), which won 64 of the 129 seats.<ref name="2016 results">{{Cite web |title=Scottish Parliament election 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/c37d28xdn99t/scottish-parliament-election-2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=BBC News |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011204736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/c37d28xdn99t/scottish-parliament-election-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Scottish Conservatives]], [[Scottish Labour]], the [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]] and the [[Scottish Greens]] also have representation in the current Parliament.<ref name="2016 results" /> The [[next Scottish Parliament election]] is due to be held on 7 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Elections (Reform) Act 2020 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2020/12/enacted#:~:text=Scottish%20Elections%20%28Reform%29%20Act%202020%202020%20asp%2012,and%20received%20Royal%20Assent%20on%208th%20July%202020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=www.legislation.gov.uk |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509130926/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2020/12/enacted#:~:text=Scottish%20Elections%20%28Reform%29%20Act%202020%202020%20asp%2012,and%20received%20Royal%20Assent%20on%208th%20July%202020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Scottish Government]] is led by the [[First Minister of Scotland|first minister]], who is nominated by MSPs and is typically the leader of the largest party in the Parliament. Other ministers are appointed by the first minister and serve at their discretion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=People: Who runs the Scottish Government |url=http://www.gov.scot/About/People |access-date=11 January 2015 |publisher=Scottish Government |archive-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225061456/http://www.gov.scot/About/People |url-status=live }}</ref> As the head of the Scottish Government, the first minister is responsible for the comprehensive development, implementation and presentation of government policy, and is responsible for promoting the interests of the country at home and internationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Minister |url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/ |website=www.gov.scot |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[John Swinney]], leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), has served as the first minister since 8 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Minister swearing in ceremony |url=https://www.ros.gov.uk/about/news/2024/first-minister-swearing-in-ceremony |website=ros.gov.uk |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
{{clear}}
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=== Diplomacy and relations ===
{{Main|International relations of Scotland|Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom|British–Irish Council}}
| caption1 = First Minister [[Henry McLeish]] meets with U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]], 2001▼
▲ | caption2 = First Minister [[John Swinney]] meets with [[President of Zambia]] [[Hakainde Hichilema]] at [[Bute House]], 2024
Scotland's international network consists of two Scotland Houses, one in [[Brussels]] and the other in [[London]], seven Scottish Government international offices, and over thirty Scottish Development International offices in other countries globally. Both Scotland Houses are independent Scottish Government establishments, whilst the seven Scottish Government international offices are based in [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|British embassies]] or British High Commission offices.<ref name="report-2022-23">{{cite web |title=Scotland's International Network Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2023/12/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/documents/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/govscot%3Adocument/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23.pdf |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=11 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211192122/https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2023/12/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/documents/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/govscot%3Adocument/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2023 }}</ref> The Scottish Government, along with the other devolved governments of the United Kingdom, pay the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] an annual charge to be able to access facilities and support in the Embassy or High Commission in which the Scottish international offices are based. The Scottish Government's international network allows Scottish Government ministers to engage with other international governments and bodies in relation to the government's policy objectives as well as that of Scottish businesses. Additionally, the international network of the Scottish Government acts as a mechanism to promote and strengthen the Scottish economy by creating opportunities for Scottish businesses to increase export sales of Scottish products, whilst working with their current, and any future, foreign investors to establish and maintain Scottish jobs in the goods sector.<ref name="report-2022-23"/>
▲
Scotland is a member of the [[British–Irish Council]], the [[British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly]], [[Inter-Parliamentary Forum]] (all of which are intended to foster collaboration between the legislative bodies of the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]]) <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=Scotland / Alba |url=http://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/scotland-alba |access-date=4 May 2013 |publisher=British-Irish Council |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615223139/http://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/scotland-alba |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.britishirish.org/members-2 |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214125526/http://www.britishirish.org/members-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly|Parliamentary Partnership Assembly with the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Partnership Assembly |url=https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/committees/current-and-previous-committees/session-6-constitution-europe-external-affairs-and-culture-committee/correspondence/2021/parliamentary-partnership-assembly |website=www.parliament.scot |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Scottish Government has a network of offices in Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Dublin, London, Ottawa, Paris, and Washington, D.C, which promote Scottish interests in their respective areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International relations - gov.scot |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/ |website=gov.scot |access-date=17 July 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115447/https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The nation has historic ties to France as a result of the '[[Auld Alliance]]', a treaty signed between the Kingdom of Scotland and [[Kingdom of France]] in 1295 to discourage an English invasion of either country.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=Scotland's History – The Auld Alliance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/auld_alliance |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222152550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/auld_alliance/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The alliance effectively ended in the sixteenth century, but the two countries continue to have a close relationship, with a Statement of Intent being signed in 2013 between the Scottish Government and the [[Government of France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish & French Connections |url=https://www.scotland.org/events/lorient-celtic-festival/scottish-french-connections |website=Scotland.org |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109233202/https://www.scotland.org/events/lorient-celtic-festival/scottish-french-connections |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004 the [[Scotland Malawi Partnership]] was established, which co-ordinates Scottish activities to strengthen existing links with [[Malawi]], and in 2021, the Scottish Government and [[Government of Ireland]] signed the Ireland-Scotland Bilateral Review, committing both governments to increased levels of co–operation on areas such as diplomacy, economy and business.<ref name="report-2022-23"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2005 |title=About us |url=https://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/who-we-are/about-us |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=Scotland Malawi Partnership |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801222745/https://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/who-we-are/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="firstminister.gov.scot">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=First Minister in Dublin: Day 2 |url=https://firstminister.gov.scot/first-minister-in-dublin-day-2 |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=First Minister of Scotland |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001525/https://firstminister.gov.scot/first-minister-in-dublin-day-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Scotland also has [[Scandinavian Scotland|historical and cultural]] ties with the [[Scandinavian countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Tara |date=29 September 2022 |title=Arts festival celebrates Scotland's ties to Canada and Scandinavia |url=https://news.stv.tv/highlands-islands/highlands-arts-festival-celebrates-scotlands-ties-to-canada-and-scandinavia |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=STV News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=How DNA reveals Vikings never left Scotland – BBC REEL |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw3VbJ0RTcQ |language=en |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621152150/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw3VbJ0RTcQ&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Scottish Government policy advocates for stronger political relations with the [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] and [[Baltic states|Baltic]] countries, which has resulted in some Nordic-inspired policies being adopted such as baby boxes.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Heather |first=Alistair |date=17 May 2020 |title=Why Finns believe Scotland could become Nordic nation number six |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/alistair-heather-why-finns-believe-scotland-could-become-nordic-nation-number-six-2855748 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201165903/https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/alistair-heather-why-finns-believe-scotland-could-become-nordic-nation-number-six-2855748 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nordic Baltic Policy Statement |url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/europe/nordic-baltic-policy-statement/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=gov.scot |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112223310/https://www.gov.scot/policies/europe/nordic-baltic-policy-statement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Representatives from the Scottish Parliament attended the [[Nordic Council]] for the first time in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.parliament.scot/about/news/news-listing/presiding-officer-leads-holyrood-delegation-to-strengthen-links-with-nordic-council|title=Presiding Officer leads Holyrood delegation to strengthen links with Nordic Council|date=31 October 2022|website=parliament.scot|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033121/https://www.parliament.scot/about/news/news-listing/presiding-officer-leads-holyrood-delegation-to-strengthen-links-with-nordic-council|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
▲Scotland is a member of the [[British–Irish Council]], the [[British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly]], [[Inter-Parliamentary Forum]]
=== Devolution and independence ===
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Scots law provides for three types of [[Courts of Scotland|courts]] responsible for the administration of justice: civil, criminal and [[Law of Arms|heraldic]]. The supreme civil court is the [[Court of Session]], although civil [[appeal (law)|appeals]] can be taken to the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] (or before 1 October 2009, the [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]]). The [[High Court of Justiciary]] is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The Court of Session is housed at [[Parliament House, Edinburgh|Parliament House]], in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union [[Parliament of Scotland]] with the [[High Court of Justiciary]] and the Supreme Court of Appeal currently located at the [[Lawnmarket]]. The [[sheriff court]] is the main criminal and civil court, hearing most cases. There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country.<ref>[http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/locations/index.asp "Court Information"] www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 207. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320151120/http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/locations/index.asp |date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> [[District Courts of Scotland|District courts]] were introduced in 1975 for minor offences and small claims. These were gradually replaced by [[Justice of the Peace Court]]s from 2008 to 2010.
For three centuries the Scots legal system was unique for being the only national legal system without a parliament. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, which legislates for devolved matters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers|title=Devolved and Reserved Powers|website=www.parliament.scot|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920053732/https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers|url-status=live}}</ref> Many features within the system have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "''[[not proven]]''".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict |work=Timesonline.co.uk |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article431121.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 |access-date=17 September 2014 |publisher=The Times |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121435/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article431121.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 |url-status=
[[File:Police Scotland SF67 LHM.jpg|thumb|[[Police Scotland]] van with bilingual writing.]]
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Scotland has a Western-style [[Open economy|open]] [[mixed economy]] closely linked with the rest of the UK and the wider world. Scotland is one of the leading financial centres in Europe, and is the largest financial centre in the United Kingdom outside of London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland retains status as the UK's second largest international financial hub |url=https://scottishbusinessnews.net/scotland-retains-status-as-the-uks-second-largest-international-financial-hub/ |website=Scottish Business News |date=5 September 2023 |publisher=Union Media |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107021637/https://scottishbusinessnews.net/scotland-retains-status-as-the-uks-second-largest-international-financial-hub/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland, with many large finance firms based there, including: [[Lloyds Banking Group]], the [[Bank of Scotland]], the Government-owned [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] and [[Standard Life]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial services and fintech |url=https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/financial-services-and-fintech |website=www.sdi.co.uk |publisher=Scottish Development International |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610012307/https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/financial-services-and-fintech |url-status=live }}</ref> Edinburgh was ranked 15th in the [[Global Financial Centres Index|list of world financial centres]] in 2007, but fell to 37th in 2012, following damage to its reputation,<ref>Askeland, Erikka (20 March 2012) [http://www.scotsman.com/business/scots-cities-slide-down-chart-of-the-world-s-top-financial-centres-1-2182954 "Scots Cities Slide down Chart of the World's Top Financial Centres"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213619/http://www.scotsman.com/business/scots-cities-slide-down-chart-of-the-world-s-top-financial-centres-1-2182954 |date=27 May 2014 }}. ''The Scotsman''.</ref> and in 2016 was ranked 56th out of 86.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 19 |url=http://www.longfinance.net/global-financial-centre-index-19/976-gfci-19-the-overall-rankings.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408123054/http://www.longfinance.net/global-financial-centre-index-19/976-gfci-19-the-overall-rankings.html |archive-date=8 April 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> Its status had returned to 17th by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFCI 27 Rank – Long Finance |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank |website=www.longfinance.net |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815191828/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-27-explore-data/gfci-27-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Traditionally, the Scottish economy was dominated by [[heavy industry]] underpinned by shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and [[steel making|steel industries]]. Petroleum-related industries associated with the extraction of [[North Sea oil]] have also been important employers from the 1970s, especially in the north-east of Scotland. De-industrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw a shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more [[Tertiary sector of economic activity|service]]-oriented economy. The [[Scottish National Investment Bank]] was established by the Scottish Government in 2020, which uses public money to fund commercial projects across Scotland with the hope that this seed capital will encourage further private investment, to help develop a fairer, more sustainable economy. £2 billion of taxpayers money was earmarked for the bank.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-55035520|title=Scotland's national investment bank launches|date=23 November 2020|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=23 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124033721/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-55035520|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2022, Scotland's gross domestic product (GDP), including offshore oil and gas, was estimated at £211.7 billion.<ref name="Scot Gov GDP" /> In 2021, Scottish exports in goods and services (excluding intra-UK trade) were estimated to be £50.1 billion.<ref name="ONS international trade">{{Cite web |last=Tuck |first=Helen |date=28 June 2023 |title=International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224130525/https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scotland's primary goods exports are mineral fuels, machinery and transport, and beverages and tobacco.<ref name="HMRC goods trade">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=UK Regional Trade in Goods Statistics |url=https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=UK Trade Info |publisher=[[HM Revenue and Customs]] |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224172915/https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's largest export markets in goods are the European Union, Asia and Oceania, and North America.<ref name="HMRC goods trade"/> Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity. Exports increased by 87% in the decade to 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Scotch Whisky Exports Hit Record Level |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level |access-date=12 June 2013 |publisher=Scotch Whisky Association |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090235/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were valued at £4.3 billion in 2013, which was 85% of Scotland's food and drink exports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2014 |title=Scotch Whisky Exports Remain Flat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-26974320 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920181201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-26974320 |url-status=live }}</ref> It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotch Whisky Briefing 2014 |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-briefing-2014 |access-date=30 May 2014 |publisher=Scotch Whisky Association |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090407/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-briefing-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It may contribute £400–682 million to Scotland, rather than several billion pounds, as more than 80% of whisky produced is owned by non-Scottish companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carrell, Severin |last2=Griffiths, Ian |last3=Terry Macalister, Terry |date=29 May 2014 |title=New Doubt Cast over Alex Salmond's Claims of Scottish Wealth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/29/scotland-wealth-alex-salmond-study |access-date=30 May 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A briefing published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) for the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee stated that tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7.5% of employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2002 |website=Scottish Parliament |title=The Economics of Tourism |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_brief/sb02-97.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051106161727/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_brief/sb02-97.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2005 |access-date=22 October 2007 |publisher=SPICe}}</ref>▼
| caption1 = [[Oil industry in Scotland|Oil extraction in Scottish waters]] in the [[North Sea]] ▼
▲
▲ | caption2 = [[Scotch whisky]] production at [[Bruichladdich distillery]]
▲In 2022, Scotland's gross domestic product (GDP), including offshore oil and gas, was estimated at £211.7 billion.<ref name="Scot Gov GDP" /> In 2021, Scottish exports in goods and services (excluding intra-UK trade) were estimated to be £50.1 billion.<ref name="ONS international trade">{{Cite web |last=Tuck |first=Helen |date=28 June 2023 |title=International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224130525/https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scotland's primary goods exports are mineral fuels, machinery and transport, and beverages and tobacco.<ref name="HMRC goods trade">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=UK Regional Trade in Goods Statistics |url=https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=UK Trade Info |publisher=[[HM Revenue and Customs]] |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224172915/https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's largest export markets in goods are the European Union, Asia and Oceania, and North America.<ref name="HMRC goods trade"/> Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity. Exports increased by 87% in the decade to 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Scotch Whisky Exports Hit Record Level |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level |access-date=12 June 2013 |publisher=Scotch Whisky Association |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090235/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-exports-hit-record-level/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were valued at £4.3 billion in 2013, which was 85% of Scotland's food and drink exports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2014 |title=Scotch Whisky Exports Remain Flat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-26974320 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920181201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-26974320 |url-status=live }}</ref> It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotch Whisky Briefing 2014 |url=http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-briefing-2014 |access-date=30 May 2014 |publisher=Scotch Whisky Association |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090407/http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/news-publications/publications/documents/scotch-whisky-briefing-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It may contribute £400–682 million to Scotland, rather than several billion pounds, as more than 80% of whisky produced is owned by non-Scottish companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carrell, Severin |last2=Griffiths, Ian |last3=Terry Macalister, Terry |date=29 May 2014 |title=New Doubt Cast over Alex Salmond's Claims of Scottish Wealth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/29/scotland-wealth-alex-salmond-study |access-date=30 May 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A briefing published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) for the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee stated that tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7.5% of employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2002 |website=Scottish Parliament |title=The Economics of Tourism |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_brief/sb02-97.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051106161727/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_brief/sb02-97.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2005 |access-date=22 October 2007 |publisher=SPICe}}</ref>
Scotland was one of the industrial powerhouses of Europe from the time of the [[Industrial Revolution]] onwards, being a world leader in manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2012 |title=Scotland profile |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7219799.stm |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503094427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7219799.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> This left a legacy in the diversity of goods and services which Scotland produces, from textiles, [[whisky]] and [[shortbread]] to jet engines, buses, computer software, [[investment management]] and other related financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Goods and Services |url=https://www.scotland.org/business/goods-and-services |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=Scotland |language=en}}</ref> In common with most other advanced industrialised economies, Scotland has seen a decline in the importance of both manufacturing industries and primary-based extractive industries. This has been combined with a rise in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service]] sector of the economy, which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial and Business Services |work=Scotland: a trading nation |url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/financial-and-business-services |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher= gov.scot |date=1 May 2019 }}</ref>
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{{Main|Income tax in Scotland}}
{{further|Scottish variable rate|Scottish Consolidated Fund|Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland}}
[[File:Museum on the mound, Edinburgh (41404375864).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bank of Scotland]] is one of the oldest banks in the world]]
The average weekly income for workplace-based employees in Scotland is £573,<ref name=obs>{{cite web |url=https://statistics.gov.scot/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/data/earnings/year/2021/S92000003/gender/all/working-pattern/all-patterns/population-group/workplace-based/pounds-gbp/mean|title=Earnings: an observation – Mean and median gross weekly earnings (£s) by gender, working pattern and workplace/residence measure: Workplace-based |website= statistics.gov.scot |publisher=Scottish Government |access-date=7 January 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181648/https://statistics.gov.scot/resource?uri=http://statistics.gov.scot/data/earnings/year/2021/S92000003/gender/all/working-pattern/all-patterns/population-group/workplace-based/pounds-gbp/mean |archive-date= Jul 9, 2023 }}</ref> and £576 for residence based employees.<ref name=obs/> Scotland has the third highest median gross salary in the United Kingdom at £26,007 and is higher than the overall UK average annual salary of £25,971.<ref name=dig>{{cite web |title=Earnings in Scotland: 2021 |url=https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/Report/2022/3/9/ce765259-d82e-4db7-8ecf-802683f7e56b |first1=Andrew |last1=Aiton |date=9 Mar 2022 |publisher=Scottish Parliament |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> With an average of £14.28, Scotland has the third highest median hourly rate (excluding overtime working hours) of any of the countries of the United Kingdom, and like the annual salary, is higher than the average UK figure as a whole.<ref name=dig/> The highest paid industries in Scotland tend of be in the [[utility]] [[electricity]], [[gas]] and [[air conditioning]] sectors,<ref name=dig/> with industries like [[tourism]], accommodation and food and drink tend to be the lowest paid.<ref name=dig/> The top [[local authorities|local authority]] for pay by where people live is [[East Renfrewshire]] (£20.87 per hour).<ref name=dig/>
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{{Main|Sport in Scotland}}
[[File:Brazil v Scotland 25 (5575226993).jpg|thumb|right|Scotland's [[Scotland national football team|national football team]]'s fans are commonly known as ''The Tartan Army'']]
[[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|The [[Old Course at St Andrews]], the oldest [[golf]] course in the world]]▼
Scotland hosts its own national sporting competitions and has independent representation at several international sporting events, including the [[FIFA World Cup]], the [[UEFA Nations League]], the [[UEFA European Championship]], the [[Rugby Union World Cup]], the [[Rugby League World Cup]], the [[Cricket World Cup]], the [[Netball World Cup]] and the [[Commonwealth Games]]. Scotland has its own national governing bodies, such as the [[Scottish Football Association]] (the second oldest national football association in the world)<ref>''Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora'' by James Mills, Paul Dimeo: Page 18 – Oldest Football Association is England's FA, then Scotland and third oldest is the Indian FA.</ref> and the [[Scottish Rugby Union]]. Variations of football have been played in Scotland for centuries, with the earliest reference dating back to 1424.<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web |last=Gerhardt, W. |title=The colourful history of a fascinating game. More than 2000 Years of Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,1283,1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810202927/http://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0%2C1283%2C1%2C00.html |archive-date=10 August 2006 |access-date=11 August 2006 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref>
The world's first official international association football match, between [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[England national football team|England]] was held in Glasgow on 30 November 1872, and resulted in a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/027c-16b892bcfd7e-1d75251aa5cc-1000--first-ever-international-football-match-recreated-in-glasgow/|title=First ever international football match recreated in Glasgow|date=1 December 2022|website=uefa.com}}</ref> The [[Scottish Cup]] was first contested in 1873, and is the oldest trophy in association football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/|title=Scottish Cup History {{!}} Scottish Cup {{!}} Scottish FA|website=scottishfa.co.uk}}</ref> The [[Scottish Football Association]] (SFA) is the main [[sport governing body|governing body]] for Scottish association football, and a founding member of the [[International Football Association Board]] (IFAB) which governs the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]]. Scotland is one of only four countries to have a permanent representative on the IFAB; the other four representatives being appointed for set periods by [[FIFA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/organisation/ip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf|title=IFAB Meetings 1914-2008|website=[[FIFA]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410113056/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/organisation/ip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Kevin |title=What you think you know about football is wrong |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2019 |isbn=9781472955678 |chapter=FIFA does not make the rules, and never has}}</ref> The SFA has responsibility for the [[Scotland national football team]] and the [[Scotland women's national football team|Scotland women's team]].
▲[[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Old Course at St Andrews]], the oldest [[golf]] course in the world]]
With the modern game of [[golf]] originating in 15th-century Scotland, the country is promoted as the [[Golf in Scotland|home of golf]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland is the home of golf |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200541/http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=4 December 2008 |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] official website |quote=Scotland is the home of golf...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2007 |title=The Home of Golf |url=http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2007/03/06090032 |access-date=4 December 2008 |publisher=Scottish Government |quote=The Royal & Ancient and three public sector agencies are to continue using the Open Championship to promote Scotland as the worldwide home of golf.}}</ref><ref>Keay (1994) ''op cit'' page 839. "In 1834 the [[The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews|Royal and Ancient Golf Club]] declared St. Andrews 'the Alma Mater of golf'".</ref> To many golfers the [[Old Course at St Andrews|Old Course]] in the Fife town of [[St Andrews]], an ancient [[links (golf)|links]] course dating to before 1552,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1574 St Andrews – The Student Golfer |url=http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-sites/1574-st-andrews |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=Scottish Golf History}}</ref> is considered a site of pilgrimage.<ref>Cochrane, Alistair (ed) ''Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf''. Page 849. Routledge.</ref> In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.<ref>Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref> The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major, is [[The Open Championship]], which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with [[Men's major golf championships#Major championship winners|Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors]].<ref>[http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html The Open Championship – More Scottish than British] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214520/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html |date=2 October 2012 }} PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011</ref> There are many other famous [[Golf in Scotland|golf courses in Scotland]], including [[Carnoustie Golf Links|Carnoustie]], [[Gleneagles (Scotland)|Gleneagles]], [[Muirfield]], and [[Royal Troon]].
The Scottish Rugby Union is the second oldest rugby union in the world. [[Murrayfield Stadium]] in Edinburgh is the national stadium of the [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scottish national rugby team]]. The Scotland rugby team played [[1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match|their first official]] [[Test match (rugby union)|test match]], winning 1–0 against England at [[Raeburn Place]] in 1871. Scotland has competed in the [[Six Nations Championship|Six Nations]] from the inaugural tournament in 1883, winning it 14 times outright—including the last Five Nations in [[1999 Five Nations Championship|1999]]—and sharing it another 8. The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987 and Scotland have competed in all nine competitions, the most recent being in the [[2023 Rugby World Cup]]. Scotland competes with the England rugby team annually for the [[Calcutta Cup]]. Each year, this fixture is played out as part of the Six Nations, with Scotland having last won in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calvert |first1=Lee |title=Scotland 30-21 England: Six Nations 2024 – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2024/feb/24/scotland-v-england-six-nations-2024-live |website=the Guardian |access-date=7 June 2024 |date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Murrayfield Autumn 2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Murrayfield Stadium]], the national stadium of the [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scottish national rugby team]]]]
Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the [[Highland games]], [[curling]] and [[shinty]]. In [[boxing]], Scotland has had 13 world champions, including [[Ken Buchanan]], [[Benny Lynch]] and [[Jim Watt (boxer)|Jim Watt]]. Scotland has also been successful in [[motorsport]], particularly in [[Formula One]]. Notable drivers include; [[David Coulthard]], [[Jim Clark]], [[Paul Di Resta]], and [[Jackie Stewart]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2015 |title=10 Scottish motor racing great |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other_sports/13199539.10-scottish-motor-racing-great |access-date=30 January 2015 |website=heraldscotland.com}}</ref> In [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar]], [[Dario Franchitti]] has won 4 consecutive [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar world championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oreovicz |first=John |date=4 October 2010 |title=Dario Franchitti seals his place as the greatest Indy car driver of the modern era |url=https://www.espn.com/racing/racing/indycar/columns/story?columnist=oreovicz_john&id=5649822 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref>
Scotland has competed at every [[Commonwealth Games]] since 1930 and has won 356 medals in total—91 Gold, 104 Silver and 161 Bronze.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medal Tally |url=http://www.cgcs.org.uk/team-scotland/medal-tally |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Cgcs.org.uk |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205624/http://www.cgcs.org.uk/team-scotland/medal-tally/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scotland has [[List of Commonwealth Games venues|hosted the Commonwealth Games]] three times – Edinburgh played host to the Commonwealth Games in [[1970 British Commonwealth Games|1970]] and [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986]], and most recently [[Glasgow]] in [[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview and History |url=http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Cgcs.org.uk |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205508/http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Glasgow was confirmed as the host city for the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] in September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games - What do we know so far? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czj978gnmgpo |website=BBC News |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=18 September 2024}}</ref> Edinburgh was the host city for the inaugural [[2000 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-youth-games/edinburgh-2000 |website=Commonwealth Sport |access-date=22 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
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