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"May 22: Charles Sumner is caned on the floor of the Senate." |
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{{Year nav|1856}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Edouard Dubufe Congrès de Paris.jpg|thumb|[[March 30]]: ''[[The Congress of Paris]]'' by [[Édouard Dubufe]]. The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed ending the [[Crimean War]]]]
[[File:Southern Chivalry.jpg|thumb|[[May 22]]: [[Caning of Charles Sumner|Charles Sumner is caned on the floor of the American Senate]]]]
{{Year article header|1856}}
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=== January–March ===
* [[January 8]] – [[Borax]] deposits are discovered in large quantities by [[John Veatch]] in [[California]].<ref>[https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fve02 Veatch, John Allen, Texas State Historical Association]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Linsley |first1=Judith |last2=Rienstrad |first2=Ellen |last3=Stiles |first3=Jo |title=Giant Under the Hill, A History of the Spindletop Oil Discovery at Beaumont, Texas in 1901 |date=2002 |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |location=Austin |isbn=9780876112366 |pages=9–11}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] – The American [[sidewheel steamer]] [[SS Pacific (1849)|SS ''Pacific'']] leaves [[Liverpool]] (England) for a transatlantic voyage on which she will be lost with all 186 on board.<ref name=":Shipping Gazette">{{Cite news|agency=London Shipping Gazette|author=<!--not stated-->|date=1861-08-07|title=Reminisecence of the Lost Steamship Pacific.; INTERESTING STATEMENT.|quote=Our readers may have observed recently, amongst our maritime extracts, the copy of the contents of a slip of paper, found in a bottle some weeks ago, on the western coast of Uls, in the Hebrides, and forwarded to us by our agent at Sternoway. The paper in question, apparently the leaf of a pocketbook, used in the hurry of the moment, was covered on both sides with pencil marks, from which the following was with difficulty deciphered: ''On board the Pacific, from L'pool to N. York. Ship going down. (Great) confusion on board. Icebergs around us on every side. I know I cannot escape. I write the cause of our loss, that friends may not live in suspense. The finder of this will please get it published, WM. GRAHAM.'' If we are right in our conjecture, the ship here named is the Pacific, one of the Collins line of steamers, which vessel left Liverpool on Jan. 23, 1856, three days before the Persia, and has not since been heard of; and this slip of paper, three inches by two, is probably the only record of the fate of that missing ship. |language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/07/archives/reminisecence-of-the-lost-steamship-pacific-interesting-statement.html|access-date=2020-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] – U.S. President [[Franklin Pierce]] declares the new [[Free-Stater (Kansas)|Free-State]] [[Topeka Constitution|Topeka government]] in "[[Bleeding Kansas]]" to be in rebellion.
* [[January 26]] – First [[Battle of Seattle (1856)|Battle of Seattle]]: Marines from the {{USS|Decatur|1839|6}} suppress an indigenous uprising, in response to Governor Stevens' declaration of a "war of extermination" on Native communities.
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=== July–September ===
* [[July 9]] – [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] becomes a British [[Crown colony]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|
* [[July 14]]–[[July 15|15]] – In Spain, General [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] takes control of the government, bringing an end to the ''[[bienio progresista]]''.
* [[July 17]] – The [[Great Train Wreck of 1856|Great Train Wreck]] (the worst railroad calamity in the world to date) occurs near [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States.
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* [[November 27]] – The [[Luxembourg Coup of 1856|Coup of 1856]] leads to [[Luxembourg]]'s unilateral adoption of a new, reactionary [[Constitution of Luxembourg|constitution]], as [[King-Grand Duke]] [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]] signs the new constitution without the [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]]' consent.
* [[December 1]] – Under the [[County and Borough Police Act 1856|County and Borough Police Act]], in any county or area of [[England and Wales]] where a police force has not already been established, the [[Justice of the Peace|Justices of the Peace]] must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Friar|title=The Sutton Companion to Local History|edition=rev.|location=Stroud|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2001|isbn=0-7509-2723-2|page=243}}</ref>
* [[December 2]] – The [[National Portrait Gallery, London]], is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gallery history|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/history.php|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|access-date=2011-08-26|archive-date=September 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920220655/http://www.npg.org.uk/about/history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] – [[Bushehr]] surrenders to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]].
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* [[January 11]] – [[Christian Sinding]], Norwegian composer (d. [[1941]])
* [[January 12]] – [[John Singer Sargent]], American artist (d. [[1925]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Telémaco Susini]], Argentinian physician (d. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saller |first1=Lucas |title=Telémaco Susini |url=https://muba.uba.ar/telemaco-susini/ |website=muba.uba.ar |publisher=MUBA |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[January 31]] – [[Hermann von François]], German general (d. [[1933]])
* [[February 2]] – [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], American railway magnate (d. [[1938]])
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=== April–June ===
* [[April 4]] – [[Washington Irving Chambers]], American naval officer (d. [[1934]])
* [[April 5]] – [[Booker T. Washington]], American educator (d. [[1915]])
* [[April 6]] – [[Maurice Sarrail]], French general (d. [[1929]])
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[[File:Kate Douglas Wiggin 01.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kate Douglas Wiggin]]]]
[[File:George McClellan (Chatham).jpg|thumb|110px|[[George McClellan (New York politician)|George McClellan]]]]
[[File:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg(cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Theobald von Bethmann
[[File:J.J Thomson.jpg|110px|thumb|[[J. J. Thomson]]]]
[[File:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Woodrow Wilson]]]]
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* [[July 24]] – [[Franklin Ware Mann]], American inventor (d. [[1916]])
* [[July 26]] – [[George Bernard Shaw]], Irish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1950]])
*[[July 27]]
* [[July 30]] – [[Harriet Bates]], American author (d. [[1986]])
* [[August 3]] – [[Alfred Deakin]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1919]])
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=== October–December ===
* [[October 15]] – [[Robert Nivelle]], French general (d. [[1924]])
* [[October 21]] – [[Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete]], Mexican archaeologist and Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic
* [[October 23]] – [[William Thomas Turner]], British ship's captain with [[Cunard Steamship Company]] (d. [[1933]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Charles Leroux]], American balloonist, parachutist (d. [[1889]])
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* [[November 17]] – [[Demetrio Castillo Duany]], Cuban revolutionary, soldier and politician (d. [[1922]])
* [[November 21]] – [[William Emerson Ritter]], American biologist (d. [[1944]])
* [[November 22]]
**[[Heber J. Grant]], 7th president of [[ **[[Melbourne MacDowell]], American stage and film actor (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 24]] – [[Bat Masterson]], American lawman (d. [[1921]])
* [[November 28]] – [[Mary Catherine Crowley]], American author (d. [[1920]])
* [[November 29]] – [[Theobald von Bethmann
* [[December 2]] – [[Robert Kajanus]], Finnish conductor, composer (d. [[1933]])
* [[December 6]] – [[Hans Molisch]], Czech-Austrian botanist (d. [[1937]])
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