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{{Short description|French anthropologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Father Henry Gravrand
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Henry Gravrand
| birth_date = 1921
| birth_place = [[France]]
| death_date = 11 July 2003
| death_place = Abbey of [[Latrun]] (in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]])
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| residencenationality = =French
| nationalityother_names = [[FrenchHenri people|French]]Gravrand, Charbel Henri Gravrand
| other_names = Henri Gravrand, Charbel Henri Gravrand
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[anthropologist]], [[author]], [[list of essayists|essayist]], [[historian]], [[priest]]
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for = [[Serer religion]], [[Serer ancient history]]
| notable_works = ''La civilisation sereer''
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| title =
| term =
| religion = [[Catholic]]
}}
{{POV section|date=December 2014}}
'''Father Henry Gravrand''' (France, 1921 - Abbey of [[Latrun]], [[Palestine]], 11 July 2003<ref name="Babelio">[http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Charbel-Gravand/165325 Charbel Gravrand]</ref>) was a French [[Catholic]] missionary to Africa and an [[anthropologist]] specializing in [[Serer ancient history|Serer civilization]] and [[Serer religion]]. He was one of the leading pioneers of [[interfaith dialog]].<ref name="Babelio"/>
 
'''Father Henry Gravrand''' (France, 1921 – Abbey of [[Latrun]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], 11 July 2003<ref name="Babelio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Charbel-Gravand/165325|title=Charbel Gravand – Babelio|website=www.babelio.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref>) was a French [[Catholic]] missionary to Africa and an [[anthropologist]] who has written extensively on [[Serer religion]] and [[Serer ancient history|culture]]. He was one of the leading pioneers of [[interfaith dialog]] and believed that [[Traditional African religion|African religion]] was the "'first covenant between God and man".<ref name="Babelio"/> His works about the [[Serer people]] are cited by other historians and scholars writing on [[Serer history]], religion and culture, for instance [[Martin A. Klein]],<ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914", [[Edinburgh University Press]] (1968), pp x, 12–13, 92, 244, 248, 271</ref> Charles Becker,<ref>Crétois, Léonce; & Becker, Charles; "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983), p. 24</ref> [[Alioune Sarr]], [[Marguerite Dupire]],<ref>[[Marguerite Dupire|Dupire, Marguerite]], "Sagesse sereer : essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", Karthala, Paris, 1994, pp. 7, 91, 111, 118–119, 142, 153, {{ISBN|2-86537-487-4}}</ref> [[Issa Laye Thiaw]],<ref>[[Issa Laye Thiaw|Thiaw, Issa Laye]], "La femme Seereer", Sénégal, 2005, Sociétés africaines et diaspora, Edition L'harmattan, pp. 40, 125–6, 260, {{ISBN|2-7475-8907-2}}</ref> etc. Papa Massène Sene argues that his approach lacks scientific rigor and include fundamental linguistic and historical errors.<ref>Papa Massène SENE, [http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article1341 "À la découverte de la civilisation Sereer avec le R.P. Henry Gravrand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925093449/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article1341 |date=25 September 2015 }}, ''Ethiopiques'', no. 39, 4th quarter, 1984</ref> Alioune Sarr noted that Gravrand reported an oral tradition describing what he called the "Battle of Troubang", a dynastic war between the two maternal royal houses of Ñaanco and the [[Guelowar]], an off-shot and relatives of the ''[[Ñaanco]]'' (''Nyanthio'' or ''Nyanco'') maternal dynasty of [[Kaabu]], in modern-day [[Guinea Bissau]].<ref>Innes, Gordon, Suso, Bamba, Kanute, Banna, Kanute, Dembo, ''"[[Sundiata Keita|"Sunjata]]: three Mandinka versions"'', p. 128, Psychology Press, 1974. {{ISBN|0-7286-0003-X}}</ref><ref name="D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver p. 282">Fage, J. D., Oliver, Roland Anthony, ''"The Cambridge history of Africa"'', p. 282, Cambridge University Press, 1975. {{ISBN|0-521-20413-5}}</ref> According to Charles Becker, Gravrand is confusing a description of the 1867 (or 1865) [[Battle of Kansala]].<ref name="Sarr p. 19">[[Alioune Sarr|Sarr, Alioune]], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)'' Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986–87, p. 19</ref>
 
==Biography==
First [[missionary]] of the [[Congregation of the Holy Ghost Fathers|Congregation of Holy Spirit]], Gravrand arrived in [[Senegal]] on 28 December 1948<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [[Joseph Roger de Benoist]], ''Histoire de l'Église catholique au [[Sénégal]] du milieu du XVe siècle à l'aube du troisième millénaire'', Karthala, Paris, 2008, pp. 384-385384–385</ref> and lived there for 40 years in the [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]] area (the western part of the country). In Sine, he founded a mission and oversaw the [[evangelization]] of some of the Serer community, but also studied the history, religion and civilizationculture of the [[Serer people]] and became one of the leading scholars of [[Serer religion]] and [[Serer ancient history|civilization]]culture.<ref>Henry Gravrand. La Civilisation Sereer -– Pangool. Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. {{ISBN |2-7236-1055-1}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|en}} Martin A. Klein. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-19141847–1914, Edinburgh Atat the University Press (1968). p x</ref>
 
In 1955, Gravrand created the Union of farmers of Sine, affiliated to the [[French Confederation of Christian Workers]] (CFTC), which gave the farmers training enabling them to defend their own interests.<ref>J.-R. de Benoist, ''op. cit.'', p. 404</ref>
 
Gravrand was a specialist on [[Traditional African religion]], in particular the [[Serer religion]],<ref>J.-R. de Benoist, ''op. cit.'', p. 407</ref> and in 1962 published a paper titled ''"Visage africain de l'Église : une expérience au Sénégal"''. In 1964, Gravrand was one of the founder-members of the [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]].<ref name="Babelio"/>
 
In October 1970, Gravrand was appointed [[Priest|parish priest]] of [[M'Bour]] and [[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]] of the [[Petite Côte]].<ref>J.-R. de Benoist, ''op. cit.'', p. 447</ref>
 
The year 1987 marked the [[Silver Jubilee]] of the [[episcopate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar|Archbishop of Dakar]] (its 25th anniversary). That same year, the [[apostolates|apostolate]] of father Gravrand in [[Senegal]] came to an end. After the death [[Joseph Faye]] (a [[Trappists|Trappist]]), who was the first [[apostolic prefect]] of [[Ziguinchor]], Gravrand in turn took to the [[Religious habit|habit]] of a [[Cistercians|Cistercian monk]] at the [[Aiguebelle Abbey]] on 23 December 1987, under the name of [[Charbel Makhluf|Blessed Charbel]] (Saint Charbel -– a 19th [[century]] Lebanese [[Maronite Church|Maronite monk]]).<ref>J.-R. de Benoist, ''op. cit.'', p. 434</ref>
 
Gravrand took his [[Religious vows|Solemnsolemn vows]] in 1990 and was sent to the [[Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim|Monastery of the Holy Saviour]] in [[Lebanon]].<ref name="Babelio"/> Gravrand died on 11 July 2003 at the Abbey of [[Latrun]].
 
==Selected publications==
* "Rites d'initiation et vie en société chez les Sérères du Sénégal", Afrique Documents, no.52, July-AugustJuly–August 1960, pp. 129-144&nbsp;129–144
* "Visage africain de l'Église : une expérience au Sénégal", Orante, Paris, 1961, p287p.&nbsp;287.
* "À la rencontre des religions africaines", Ancora, Rome, 1969
* "Le ''Lup'' Serer comparé au ''Ndoep'' des [[Lebou people|Lebou]] : psychothérapie des possédés", Congrès international des Africanistes, deuxième session, Dakar, [11–22 December 1967], [[Présence africaine]], Paris, 1972, pp .&nbsp;237–243
* "Le symbolisme Serer", Psychopathologie Africaine, vol. IX, no. 2, 1973, pp .&nbsp;237–266
* "Le Gabou dans les traditions orales du Ngabou", Éthiopiques (revue), no. 28, October 1981 [http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article874] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831210051/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article874 |date=31 August 2011 }}
* "L’héritage spirituel Sereer : valeur traditionnelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", Éthiopiques (revue), no. 31, 3e trimestre 1982 [http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901205550/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895 |date=1 September 2011 }}
* "''La civilisation sereer'', vol. I, "Cosaan", Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1983
* "Rites et symboles sereer face au sacré, Médiations africaines du sacré : célébration crematories et langage religieux", actes du 3e colloque international du ERA, Kinshasa [16–22 February 1986], Faculté de théologie catholique de Kinshasa, 1987, pp 125–143
* "''La civilisation sereer'', vol. II, "[[Pangool]]", Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990
* "Fils de Saint-Bernard en Afrique : une fondation au Cameroun, 1950-19901950–1990", Beauchesne, Paris, 1990, p .&nbsp;181
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Religion|Anthropology|Senegal|Serer|History}}
*[[Pangool]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Senegal]]
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===Bibliography===
*[[Joseph Roger de Benoist]], ''Histoire de l'Église catholique au [[Senegal|Sénégal]] du milieu du XVe siècle à l'aube du troisième millénaire'', Karthala, Paris, 2008, p .&nbsp;581 [several references]
*Edition: illustrated. Penguin UK, 2005. {{ISBN |0-14-044945-0}}, chapter 67
*Klein, Martin A. Klein. ''"Islam and Imperialism in Senegal [[Sine-Saloum]], 1847–1914"'', [[Edinburgh At the University Press]] (1968).
*Crétois, Léonce; & Becker, Charles; "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983)
*À la découverte de la civilisation sereeer avec le R. P. Gravrand" (by Papa Massène Sène, Éthiopiques (revue) no.39, 4e trimestre 1984
*[[Marguerite Dupire|Dupire, Marguerite]], "Sagesse sereer : essais sur la pensée [[Ndut people|sereer ndut]]", Karthala, Paris, 1994, {{ISBN|2-86537-487-4}}
*[[Issa Laye Thiaw|Thiaw, Issa Laye]], "La femme Seereer", Sénégal, 2005, Sociétés africaines et diaspora, Edition L'harmattan, {{ISBN|2-7475-8907-2}}
*Jean-Paul Bourdier and Trinh T. Minh-ha, "Drawings from African dwellings", [[Indiana University Press]], Bloomington, 1996. [in] [[JSTOR]] by Peter Mark (Review)
 
===External links===
*[http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article1341 "À la découverte de la civilisation sereeer avec le R. P. Gravrand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925093449/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article1341 |date=25 September 2015 }} (by Papa Massène Sène, Éthiopiques (revue) no.39, 4e trimestre 1984)
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Gravrand, Henry
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1921
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[France]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 11 July 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = Abbey of [[Latrun]] (in [[Palestine]])
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gravrand, Henry}}▼
{{Serer topics|state=collapsed}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:Gravrand, Henry}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars of the Serer religion]]
[[Category:Scholars of Serer history]]
[[Category:20th-century French anthropologists]]
 
[[fr:Henry Gravrand]]
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