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{{Short description|Heat wave leading to record-breaking temperatures in Europe during the spring and summer of 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Scandinavia temperature anomaly 2018.jpg|thumb|300px|[[File:Scandinavia temperature anomaly 2018 explication.png|300px|center|legend]]Temperature anomaly in Northern Europe in July 2018]]
The '''2018 European drought and heat wave''' was a period of unusually hot weather that led to record-breaking temperatures and [[wildfires]] in many parts of [[Europe]] during the spring and summer of 2018. It is part of a larger heat wave affecting the [[northern hemisphere]], caused in part by the [[jet stream]] being weaker than usual, allowing hot [[high-pressure]] air to linger in the same place.<ref name=TG>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/heatwave-northen-hemisphere-uk-algeria-canada-sweden-whats-the-cause|date=22 July 2018|title=The big heatwave: from Algeria to the Arctic. But
==General==
Researchers at the [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] and [[World Weather Attribution]] estimated that [[
The extreme heat was blamed for forest fires and crop failures.<ref name="AP1">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/9db0ece961604537a4334480052f45ce|work=AP|year=2018|title=Animals, crops suffering as Europe's heatwave hits new highs|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130174724/https://www.apnews.com/9db0ece961604537a4334480052f45ce|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the World Meteorological Organization, the severe heat waves across the northern hemisphere in the summer of 2018, are linked to [[climate change in Europe]], as well as events of extreme precipitation. Results were increase in elderly mortality; severe decline in yields; the biggest algae bloom in the Baltic sea for decades, that has poisoned water both for human and animals use; shutdowns of nuclear power plants in Europe, because the water in the rivers, that is used for cooling the reactors, was too warm; and electricity grids crashing across four continents. The impacts were severe, even in the countries considered rich and well prepared to deal with the impacts of climate change.<ref name="July sees extreme weather with high impacts">{{cite web |title=July sees extreme weather with high impacts |url=https://
==By country==
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===Austria===
The west and the north of Austria were worst affected by drought; certain areas in these regions experienced up to 85% less rainfall than the 10 year average. Insurance companies estimate the damage as high as 210 million euro.<ref>{{
===Belgium===
Belgium experienced the second hottest July since regular measurements started in 1833, with an average of 22 °C.<ref>{{cite web
As a whole, 2 heat waves occurred: the first one between 13 and 27 July (making this the fifth longest heat wave in history) and the second one from 29 July until 7 August. Belgium's official weather service, the [[Royal Meteorological Institute|KMI]], defines a heat wave as a period of at least 5 days with maximum temperatures of 25 °C or higher, of which 3 days require a maximum of 30 °C or more.<ref>{{cite web
===Croatia===
Zagreb saw 19 nights in a row where temperature did not fall under {{cvt|20|C}}, breaking the previous record that was set in the 2013 heat wave.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zagreb Grič: Rekordan niz od 19 uzastopnih toplih noći |url=https://www.crometeo.hr/zagreb-gric-rekordan-niz-od-19-uzastopnih-toplih-noci/ |website=Crometeo.hr |
===Denmark===
[[File:Denmark scorched ESA397389.jpg|thumb|Satellite image comparison of agricultural fields in [[Slagelse]], [[Zealand]] in July 2017 and 2018.]]
The Danish summer
Heat increases the risk of cardiac arrest and other serious conditions in people with poor health. On 8 August, [[Statens Serum Institut]] released a report that showed an increase of about 250 deaths, primarily among elderly, in the summer of 2018 (peak in late July) compared to the norm. A similar increase was seen in neighbouring countries affected by the heat wave, including other [[Scandinavia]]n countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ssi.dk/Aktuelt/Nyheder/2018/2018_8_overdodelighed.aspx | title=Flere ældre dør i varmen | date=8 August 2018 | publisher=[[Statens Serum Institut]] | language=Danish |
The unusually low water-levels in the [[Gudenå]], the longest Danish river, led to fears that the [[SS Hjejlen|SS ''Hjejlen'']] would run aground.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/lav-vandstand-i-gudenaaen-faar-hjuldampere-til-skrabe-bunden | title=Lav vandstand i Gudenåen får hjuldampere til at skrabe bunden | date=21 July 2018 | publisher=DR News | language=Danish |
===Finland===
Finland experienced very high temperatures and drought, and like its neighbouring Scandinavian countries, several wildfires occurred.<ref name=BusinessinsiderJuly19>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-greece-europe-fires-2018-7 | title=Deadly forest fires are burning across Greece — this is where flames are scorching Europe | date=19 July 2018 | publisher=Business Insider |
===France===
The French utility company EDF made known that on the morning of 4 August 2018 it had to shut down reactor number one of the [[Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant]]. This was necessary because the nearby river which is used for cooling water had reached a critical temperature.<ref>{{
The [[white stork]]s in the [[Alsace]] region have also been suffering under the drought and heat waves. The 2018 stork generation is generally malnourished. Many are too weak to fly and crash-land when they leave the nest, resulting in fatal injuries like broken legs or wings.<ref>{{
===Germany===
[[File:Naturpark-Rhein-Taunus-Duerre-2018-JR-T20-2018-08-26.jpg|thumb|Dried-out trees and grass at the [[Rhine-Taunus Nature Park]] in August 2018]]
Both April and May set new temperature records as the warmest April and May since modern record-keeping began in 1881.<ref name=dwd-may>{{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/besondereereignisse/temperatur/20180604_bericht_mai2018.pdf |work=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] |date=4 June 2018 |
On 26 July, regions in Western Germany hit {{convert|38|C|F}}; on 31 July 2018, the heat traveled further east where some regions hit {{convert|39|C|F}}. The [[Rhine]] and [[Elbe]] river recorded high water temperatures causing fish to suffocate, and low water levels made shipping worse.<ref name="AP1"/> The overnight low in Berlin between 31 July and 1 August was {{cvt|24.4|C|F}}, the city's warmest night since 1905.<ref>{{cite news |url=
[[Agriculture in Germany|German farmers]] have seen the drought affect their crops, potentially ruining harvests and forcing many to harvest early. There are fears many face [[bankruptcy]] in the event of a [[Harvest#Crop failure|crop failure]].<ref name=EuroNews /> The [[German Farmer's Association]] have asked the government for over one billion euros in financial aid, as the expected harvest of [[rapeseed]] is down by 30% on last year and grain down by 20%.<ref name=observer />
Many [[Nuclear power in Germany|German nuclear power plant]]s reduced their electricity output, as the river temperatures were too warm to safely absorb the full amount of [[waste heat]] from their [[Nuclear reactor coolant|cooling systems]]<ref name=observer /> without causing environmental damage (such as [[fish kill]]s).<ref name=spon>{{cite news |title=Erste AKW reduzieren ihre Leistung |trans-title=The first nuclear power plants reduce production |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |date=31 July 2018 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/atomkraft-erste-akw-reduzieren-leistung-wegen-hitzewelle-a-1220916.html |
===Greece===
{{See also|2018 Attica wildfires}}
On 23 July, [[2018 Attica wildfires|wildfires]] started in the areas of [[Attica (region)|Attica]], killing
The Culture Ministry closed [[the Acropolis]] between 2:00 and 5:00 pm. local time on 23 July, since in Greek law, public sites can be closed if temperatures reach {{cvt|36|C|F}} to prevent ill health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/230974/article/ekathimerini/news/acropolis-to-close-early-monday-due-to-heat-forecast |title=Acropolis to close early Monday due to heat forecast |work=[[Kathimerini]] |date=23 July 2018 |
===Hungary===
Water levels on the Danube were extremely low, even breaking records in Central Hungary (Ercsi, Dunaföldvár, and Dunaújváros)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hungarytoday.hu/lowest-water-levels-recorded-on-danube-photo-album/|title=Lowest Water Levels Recorded on Danube – Photo Album!|date=2018-08-23|website=Hungary Today|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210350/https://hungarytoday.hu/lowest-water-levels-recorded-on-danube-photo-album/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ireland===
Met Éireann recorded the highest June temperature in more than 40 years.
An 11-day heatwave was recorded, making it the longest heatwave in 20 years.
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/irish-heatwave-saw-highest-june-temperature-in-40-years-1.3583418 | title=Irish heatwave saw highest June temperature in 40 years | date=1 August 2018 | first=Jack | last=Power | newspaper=The Irish Times | access-date=5 October 2019 | archive-date=9 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042712/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/irish-heatwave-saw-highest-june-temperature-in-40-years-1.3583418 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Ireland experienced unseasonably high temperatures, with [[Shannon Airport]] recording temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) for five consecutive days from 26 to 30 June. A peak temperature of over 32 °C (90 °F) was recorded on 28 June at the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-06 |title=The Stats About Ireland's Record-Breaking Summer of 2018 |url=https://irelandcalling.com/the-stats-about-irelands-record-breaking-summer-of-2018#:~:text=Shannon%20Airport%20measured%2032C%20on,26.6%20degrees%20Celsius%20was%20recorded. |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Ireland Calling |language=en-US}}</ref>
Absolute drought conditions were recorded at 21 different [[Met Éireann]] stations between 22 May and 14 July 2018. Partial drought conditions were also recorded at 10 stations and dry spells were recorded at 5 stations at different times between 28 May and 25 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer 2018 Analysis - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service |url=https://www.met.ie/summer-2018-analysis#:~:text=Absolute%20drought%20conditions%20were%20recorded,May%20and%20the%2025th%20July. |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.met.ie |language=en}}</ref>
In July 2018, [[Irish Water]] issued a six week hosepipe ban in [[Greater Dublin Area|Greater Dublin]] to conserve water, before extending the ban nationwide. The hosepipe ban length was also extended, and was eventually lifted on 1 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=George |date=2018-07-27 |title=Countrywide hosepipe ban extended until end of August |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2018/0727/981463-irish-water/ |journal=RTÉ News |language=en}}</ref>
===Italy===
A heat wave struck the entire country, while 8 people died in [[Genoa]].<ref>
===Latvia===
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===Lithuania===
The Lithuanian government declared a state of emergency for drought.<ref name= WeatherN>{{cite web|url=
===Netherlands===
In the [[Netherlands]], a heat wave is defined as a period of at least five consecutive days are so called
The Netherlands experienced a heat wave of 13 days starting with 15 July and to 27 July inclusive, the country's longest since the [[2006 European heat wave|European heat wave of 2006]]. The highest temperature of {{cvt|38.2|C|F}} was measured in [[Arcen]], [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], on 26 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2243260-hittegolf-38-2-graden-in-arcen-en-provincie-friesland-doet-oproep.html|title=Hittegolf: vijftien temperatuurrecords en gesmolten asfalt in Groningen|website=Nos.nl|date=26 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214062718/https://nos.nl/artikel/2243260-hittegolf-38-2-graden-in-arcen-en-provincie-friesland-doet-oproep.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/warmste-zomer-in-drie-eeuwen|title=Warmste zomer in drie eeuwen|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018204244/https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/warmste-zomer-in-drie-eeuwen|url-status=live}}</ref> In many parts of the country authorities were planning for measures in case of water shortages.<ref name=Phys_heatwave_northern_europe/>
A second heat wave started on 29 July, lasting 10 days until 7 August inclusive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weerplaza.nl/weerinhetnieuws/tweede-landelijke-hittegolf-van-2018/4474/|title=Tweede landelijke hittegolf van 2018 - Weer in het nieuws|website=Weerplaza.nl|
===Norway===
The Norwegian government has imposed water restrictions and the cost of electricity is expected to rise due to a high dependency on [[hydro-electric]] generation.<ref name=WeatherN /> In the [[Banak, Norway|Banak peninsula]] in northern Norway a temperature of {{cvt|32|C|F}} was recorded on 30 July 2018, which is considered extremely unusual for a region located north of the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref name="AP1" /> In the first half of July there have been more than 40 forest fires
===Poland===
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===Portugal and Spain===
Portugal and Spain experienced record temperatures.<ref name="PorEsp1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-45056991 |title=Europe heatwave: All-time temperature could be broken |newspaper=BBC News |
In Spain, 9 persons died due to the heat wave.<ref>[https://m.publico.es/sociedad/2055183/nueve-fallecidos-por-la-ola-de-calor-en-espana Nueve fallecidos por la ola de calor en España]</ref>▼
Portugal's average high temperature was above {{convert|40|C|F}} for 3 consecutive days (40.1 °C, 40.9 °C and 41.6 °C, respectively 2, 3 and 4 August) and 6 different municipalities recorded temperatures at or above {{convert|46|C|F}} with {{convert|46.8|C|F}} being recorded at [[Alvega]] on 4 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/im.publicacoes/edicoes.online/20190131/ddliTNijyEWyfrhUMDTy/cli_20180901_20181231_pcl_aa_co_pt.pdf|title=Boletim ano 2018|website=IPMA|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705222655/http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/im.publicacoes/edicoes.online/20190131/ddliTNijyEWyfrhUMDTy/cli_20180901_20181231_pcl_aa_co_pt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Lisbon]] set the highest temperature of {{convert|44|C|F}} on 4 August.
The 2018 heat wave in Catalonia took place from the 25th of July to the 6th of August.<ref name="SMC_summary">{{cite news |last1=Meteorological Service of Catalonia |first1=SMC |title=Balanç d'una onada de calor especialment intensa prop de la costa (Heat wave summary in Catalonia) |url=http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/307530/ca/balanc-duna-onada-calor-especialment-intensa-costa.do#_ga=2.196156463.209722667.1535019909-2063232120.1491464700 |accessdate=4 September 2018 |agency=Sala de Premsa GENCAT |work=Nota de Premsa |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government) |date=7 August 2018 |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="ARA_summary">{{cite news |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Oriol |title=Fem balanç de l'onada de calor (Heat wave assessment) |url=https://www.ara.cat/societat/meteo/balanc-onada-calor_0_2065593569.html |accessdate=4 September 2018 |publisher=Diari ARA |date=7 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="MON_summary">{{cite news |last1=Redacció |title=Balanç d'una onada de calor especialment intensa a prop de la costa (Assessment of a particularly intense heat wave near the coast) |url=https://elmon.cat/monplaneta/meteo/balanc-duna-onada-calor-especialment-intensa-prop-costa |accessdate=4 September 2018 |publisher=MÓN Diari |date=8 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref> ▼
▲In Spain, 9
After three very dry years, drought conditions in Catalonia were widespread, but the rain of the first four months of the 2018 was higher than the climatic average and the agriculture recovered from the water deficit. The spring was not very warm and the heat of summer came suddenly. July was warm.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meteorological Service of Catalonia |first1=SMC |title=El juliol ha estat càlid a Catalunya (Warm July in Catalonia) |url=http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/307441/ca/juliol-calid-catalunya.do#_ga=2.125835278.209722667.1535019909-2063232120.1491464700 |accessdate=4 September 2018 |work=Nota de Premsa |agency=Sala de Premsa |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya | language=Catalan}}</ref> The first heat wave did not produce deaths, but the second one was really deadly: the Public Health Agency of Catalonia (Aspcat) estimated that 23 people died from heat stroke.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Ausiovisuals |first1=CCMA |title=23 morts per l'onada de calor a Catalunya, la xifra més alta des que hi ha registres (23 dead by the heat wave in Catalonia, the highest figure since there are registries) |url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/23-morts-per-lonada-de-calor-a-catalunya-la-xifra-mes-alta-des-que-hi-ha-registres/noticia/2871294/ |accessdate=4 September 2018 |date=16 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="DG">{{cite news |last1=Diari de Girona |title=Salut eleva a 23 els morts per cop de calor a Catalunya (23 dead by heat wave in Catalonia) |url=https://www.diaridegirona.cat/catalunya/2018/08/16/salut-eleva-23-les-victimes/930417.html |accessdate=4 September 2018 |agency=Agència Catalana de Notícies (ACN) |date=16 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tarragonadigital.com/meteodelcampcat|title=Meteorologia {{!}} TarragonaDigital.com|last=tarragonadigital.com|website=tarragonadigital.com/meteodelcampcat|language=ca|access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref> Most of the deaths were in the same city of Barcelona (eleven), six in the province of Barcelona, four in Tarragona-Terres de l'Ebre, one in Girona and one in Lleida.<ref name="23 killed by heat wave – Catalunya Press in Catalan">{{cite web |title=Salut reconeix que no és "habitual" la mort de 23 persones per l'ona de calor |url=https://www.catalunyapress.cat/texto-diario/mostrar/1162146/ascendeixen-23-els-morts-per-cop-calor-catalunya |website=Catalunya Press |accessdate=10 September 2018 |language=ca |date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Ten people suffered heat stroke at home, thirteen on the street and six were at work or doing sport activities.<ref name="DG"/> The 'Health care telephone' received 453 calls during the heat wave related to the high temperature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=El Punt Avui |title=Les morts per l’onada de calor s’eleven a 23 |url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/societat/article/5-societat/1451029-les-morts-per-l-onada-de-calor-s-eleven-a-23.html |accessdate=4 September 2018 |date=17 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=VilaWeb |title=Salut eleva a 23 les víctimes mortals per cop de calor a Catalunya (The Department of Health raises the death toll by heat stroke to 23) |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/salut-eleva-a-23-les-victimes-mortals-per-cop-de-calor-a-catalunya-2/ |accessdate=4 September 2018 |date=16 August 2018 | language=Catalan}}</ref> Blood donations fall 40% due to the heat wave.<ref>{{cite news |last1=El Punt Avui |title=Baixen les donacions de sang per l’onada de calor (Blood donations go down due to the heat wave) |url=https://www.elpuntavui.cat/societat/article/14-salut/1448058-baixen-les-donacions-de-sang-per-l-onada-de-calor.html |accessdate=4 September 2018 |date=11 August 2018| language=Catalan}}</ref>▼
▲The 2018 heat wave in Catalonia took place from
According to the [[Meteorological Service of Catalonia]], the warmest days were the 4th and 5th of August.<ref name="SMC_summary"/> On Saturday 4, 42.3 °C were reached at the Ebre Observatory (Roquetes, Baix Ebre), 41.4ºC at Benissanet (Ribera d'Ebre) and values from 38 °C to 40 °C were recorded in various coastal areas and even by the sea. On Sunday 5, very high registers were repeated in the same sectors, up to 41.6 °C in Vinebre (Ribera d'Ebre). ▼
▲After three very dry years, drought conditions in Catalonia were widespread, but the rain of the first four months of the 2018 was higher than the climatic average and the agriculture recovered from the water deficit. The spring was not very warm and the heat of summer came suddenly. July was warm.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meteorological Service of Catalonia |first1=SMC |title=El juliol ha estat càlid a Catalunya (Warm July in Catalonia) |url=http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/307441/ca/juliol-calid-catalunya.do#_ga=2.125835278.209722667.1535019909-2063232120.1491464700 |
▲According to the [[Meteorological Service of Catalonia]], the warmest days were
The minimum temperature also stayed very high during the weekend, with some values around 30
===Sweden===
{{See also|2018 Sweden wildfires}}
May 2018 was the warmest May and July 2018 was the warmest July ever recorded in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/vader/extrema-varmen-i-maj-krossar-rekorden/|title=Ekstrem varme i maj bryder posten|date=29 May 2018|website=Expressen.se|language=Swedish|
On 30 July, the Swedish nuclear power plant [[Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant|Ringhals-2]] was shut down, as the temperature in [[Kattegat]] sea waters
===Switzerland===
Switzerland had the warmest
===United Kingdom
{{main|2018 British Isles heat wave}}
From the start of June to mid-July the UK underwent their driest summer in modern records.<ref name=EuroNews /> A heatwave was officially declared on 22 June and it caused widespread drought, [[hosepipe ban]]s and the [[2018 United Kingdom wildfires]]. These series of wildfires worst affected moorland areas of the UK around the [[Greater Manchester]] region, the largest of which being at [[Saddleworth Moor]] and [[Winter Hill (North West England)|Winter Hill]] which together burned over {{convert|14|sqmi}} over a period of nearly a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-44647999|title=Fire-ravaged moors community rallies round|first=Tom|last=Mullen|date=28 June 2018|
==See also==
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*[[2006 European heat wave]]
*[[2018 heat wave]]
*[[
*[[2022 European heat waves]]
==References==
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[[Category:July 2018 events in Europe]]
[[Category:August 2018 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Heat waves in Europe|2018]]
[[Category:Climate change in Europe]]
[[Category:Climate change in Germany]]
[[Category:Climate change in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Climate change in Sweden]]
[[Category:Climate change in Norway]]
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