Brody: Difference between revisions

<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Brody

| name native_name = BrodyБроди

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'''Brody''' ({{lang-uk|Броди}}; {{lang-ru|Броды|Brodï}}; {{lang-pl|Brody}}; {{lang-de|Brody}}; {{lang-yi|בראָד|Brod}}) is a city in [[Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast|Zolochiv Raion]] of, [[Lviv Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]) of, western [[Ukraine]]. It is located in the valley of the upper [[Styr|Styr River]], approximately {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=off}} northeast of the oblast capital, [[Lviv]]. Brody hosts the administration of [[Brody urban hromada]], one of the [[hromada]]s of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_brody">{{cite web |title=Бродовская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/brodivska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> Population: {{Ua-pop-est2021est2022|23,335134|.}}.

Brody is the junction of the ''[[Druzhba pipeline|Druzhba]]'' and ''[[Odessa–BrodyOdesa–Brody pipeline|Odesa–Brody]]'' oil [[pipeline transport|pipelines]].

The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 ([[Vladimir II Monomakh#Reign|Instructions by Vladimir Monomach]]). It is believed to have been destroyed by [[Batu Khan]] in 1241.

Brody was granted [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg town rights]] by Polish King [[Stephen Báthory]] by virtue of a [[privilege (law)|privilege]] issued in [[Lublin]] on August 22, August 1584.<ref name=SB>[[Sadok Barącz]], ''Wolne miasto handlowe Brody'', Lwów, 1865, p. 7 (in Polish)</ref> It was named '''Lubicz''' after the [[Lubicz coat of arms]] of the founder, [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]], one of the most accomplished military commanders in Polish history (not to be confused with [[Lubech]], ''Lubecz'').<ref>''Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich'', Tom I, Warsaw, 1880, p. 372 (in Polish)</ref> The king also set up three annual [[fair]]s.<ref name=SB/> These privileges were confirmed by King [[Sigismund III Vasa]] in 1597 at the [[Warsaw]] [[Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm]].<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 9-10</ref> Already in documents from 1598 the city appeared under the name Brody.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 10</ref> It was a [[private town]] of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]], owned by houses of Żółkiewski, [[Koniecpolski]] and [[Potocki]].

From the 17th century until the Holocaust the city was populated not only by [[Ruthenians]] and [[Polish people|Poles]], but also by a significant number of [[Jew]]s (70% of the town's population), [[Armenians]], and [[Greeks]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} From 1629, the city became the property of [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]], another of the most distinguished military commanders in Polish history,<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 11</ref> who ordered the construction of the [[Brody Castle]] (1630–1635). The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]]. It was one of the strongest fortresses located on the route of frequent [[Tatars|Tatar]] and [[Cossacks|Cossack]] invasions.<ref name=PWN/> King [[Władysław IV Vasa]], wanting to reward and assist Koniecpolski in the construction of the fortress, issued a privilege in 1633 in [[Kraków]], in which he equated fairs in Brody with those in [[Lublin]] and [[Toruń]], granted [[staple right]] and exempted city residents from taxes for 15 years.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 17-18</ref> Under the patronage of Koniecpolski, the city flourished. In 1637 he founded a school in which he employed lecturers from the [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków Academy]], Poland's leading university.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 21-22</ref> Its first director was Jan Marcinkowski.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 22</ref> In 1643 he founded a [[silk]] and [[wool]] fabric manufacture in the city,<ref name=PWN>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Brody;3880829.html|title=Brody|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=15 October 2019|language=pl}}</ref> one of the leading manufactories of this type throughout Poland.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 17</ref> Stanisław Koniecpolski died in Brody on 11 March 11, 1646.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 27-28</ref> On 30 June 30, funeral ceremonies took place in Brody.<ref>Barącz, ''[[Op. cit.]]'', p. 28-29</ref>

In 1704, Brody was purchased by [[Potocki|Potocki family]]. In 1734, the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and was later replaced by [[Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki]]'s palace in the Baroque style.

As a result of the [[First Partition of Poland]], in 1772, Brody became a part of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] (from 1804 the [[Austrian Empire]]). During the [[Austro-Polish War]] (part of Polish national liberation fights), on 27 May 27, 1809, the city was captured by Poles without a fight. In 1812, [[Wincenty Potocki]] was forced by the Austrian government to remove the city's fortifications. In 1817 a secondary school (''[[Realschule]]'') was founded in Brody, transformed in 1865 into a [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]. After the [[liberalization]] of Austrian policies in the [[Austrian Partition]] of Poland, after 1904 German was gradually replaced by Polish at this school.<ref>''Nowości Illustrowane'', no. 5, 1904, p. 6 (in Polish)</ref><ref>Zygmunt Zagórowski, ''Spis nauczycieli szkół wyższych, średnich, zawodowych, seminarjów nauczycielskich oraz wykaz zakładów naukowych i władz szkolnych. Rocznik II'', Książnica-Atlas, Warsaw-Lwów, 1926, p. 167 (in Polish)</ref>

In 1919, Brody became part of the [[Second Polish Republic]],<ref name=PWN/> after Poland regained independence a year earlier. It was the site of a battle during the [[Polish-Soviet War]] of 1920<ref name=PWN/> and heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces, and is described extensively in stories of the [[Red Cavalry]] by [[Isaac Babel]]. Administratively Brody was the seat of the Brody County located in the [[Tarnopol Voivodeship]]. Brody was an important military base, with the [[Kresowa Cavalry Brigade]] headquarters established there. In 1936, the People's University in Brody (''Uniwersytet Ludowy w Brodach'') was founded for farmers from the surrounding area.<ref>''Wschód'', no. 2, 1936, p. 4 (in Polish).</ref>

After the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], during [[World War II]], in September 1939, Brody was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied]] by the [[Red Army]]. The Soviets deported mainly Polish people deep into the USSR.<ref name=PWN/> Between June 26 and 30 June 30, 1941, a [[Battle of Brody (1941)|tank battle]] was fought nearby between the [[1st Panzer Group|German Panzer Group 1]] and five Soviet [[Mechanized corps (Soviet Union)|mechanized corps]] with heavy losses on both sides. From 1941 to 1944 it was occupied by Germany.<ref name=PWN/> The local Jews were murdered in the [[Holocaust]] (see below). During July–August 1944, Brody and nearby areas saw the battles of the strategically important [[Lvov-Sandomierz Operation]] (a.k.a. ''Brodovkiy Kotel'') where the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] army successfully encircled and destroyed German forces. It was occupied by the Soviets again, and in 1945, it was taken from Poland and annexed to the USSR. Brody held the headquarters of German [[Field marshal|Field Marshal]] [[Gerd von Rundstedt]].

The promulgation of the [[May Laws]], and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed the existing Austrian and German -influenced ethnic Jews in a quandary. The comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]], the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers.<ref>Howard M. Sachar</ref>

When German troops occupied the city on 1 July 1, 1941, the Jewish population of some 9,000 was forced to wear an arm- band with the [[yellow badge]]. Two hundred fifty intellectuals were arrested on 15 July 15, 1941, and shot two days later at the Jewish cemetery, after being brutally tortured. Encouraged by German occupation authorities, the Ukrainian population started a [[pogrom]] in August 1941, looting Jewish possessions. The [[Judenrat]] had to provide labor for repairs and maintenance on the roads and bridges as well as for work in army depots. From December 1941 young people were arrested on the streets and sent to forced labor camps in the vicinity.

In September 1942 the ''[[Aktion Reinhardt]]'' started in Brody, leaving 300 people dead. Two thousand people were deported to [[Bełżec extermination camp|Bełżec]] where they would be murdered in the [[gas chamber]]s. In December 1942 the German occupiers forced the Jewish population to resettle in a ghetto inside the town, where 6,000 people lived in January 1943. During 1943, ''Aktion Reinhardt'' was continued with thousands being killed in the nearby woods in March and April, the Ghetto being liquidated on May 21, May 1943. More than 3,000 inhabitants were deported, presumably to [[Majdanek]], but hundreds had already been killed in the Ghetto. Many houses were set on fire to drive out those who had remained hidden there.

Until 18 July 2020, Brody was the administrative center of [[Brody Raion]]. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions ofin Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

==ClimateGeography==

Броди - майдан Свободи, 3.jpg|Administration building, former branch of the [[Prague Credit Bank]] before WWI

* [[Petro Fedun-Poltava]] (1919–1951), ideologist of Ukrainian national liberation fight 1940–50 yearsrevolutionary

* [[Odessa–BrodyOdesa–Brody pipeline]]

* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.tour.brody.lviv.ua/sites/?en&sites=2&site=5 About Brody museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220133610/http://www.tour.brody.lviv.ua/sites/?en&sites=2&site=5 |date=2012-02-20 }}

* {{in lang|ru}} [http://vstas.io.ua/album96792 Photo Gallery of Brody (1.03.2008, 51 photos)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524131048/http://vstas.io.ua/album96792 |date=2012-05-24 }}

[[Category:AustrianHistoric Empire–RussianJewish Empirecommunities borderin Ukraine]]