Vestment: Difference between revisions

'''Vestments''' are [[liturgyLiturgy|liturgical]] garments and articles associated primarily with the [[Christianity|Christian]] religion, especially by [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Churches]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] (of all rites), [[AnglicansLutheran]]s, and [[LutheranAnglicans]]s. Many other groups also make use of liturgical garments; among the [[Calvinism|Reformed (Calvinist) Churches]] this was a point of [[vestmentsVestments controversy|controversy]] in the [[Protestant Reformation]] and sometimes since, in particular during the [[Ritualism in the Church of England#Ritualist controversies in the 19th century|ritualist controversies]] in the Church of England in the 19th century]].

In the early Christian churches, officers and leaders, like their congregations, wore the normal dress of civil life in the [[Greco-Roman world]], although with an expectation that the clothing should be clean and pure during holy observances. From the 4th century onward, however, modifications began to be made to the form of the garments, and, as secular fashions changed from the 6th century, the church retained the original forms of their garments, although with separate development and with regional variations. Having separate, consecrated clothing for the ceremonies and rites in the churches emphasized the sacred nature of the functions the priest and ministers carried out at the [[altar]]. The Catholic Church's vestments had essentially established their final forms by the 13th century.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Vestments|volume=27|pages=1056–1062|first=Walter Alison|last=Phillips|author-link=Walter Alison Phillips}}</ref>

The [[Reformation]] brought about a new approach towards simplicity, especially under the influence of [[Calvinism]]. The [[Church of England]] experienced its own [[Vestments controversy|controversies]] over the proper use of vestments.<ref name="EB1911"/> On the other hand, [[Lutheranism]] largely retained many pre-Reformation vestments, especially in Scandinavia, e.g. [[Church of Sweden]]. The resulting varieties of liturgical dress are described below.

Use of the following vestments varies. Some are used by all Western Christians in liturgical traditions. Many are used only in the Roman[[Latin Church]] Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican churches, and there is much variation within each of those churches.

; [[Stole (vestment)|Stole]] : The long, narrow strip of cloth draped around the neck, a vestment of distinction, a symbol of ordination. [[Deacons]] wear it draped across the left shoulder diagonally across the body to the right hip while [[priests]] and [[bishops]] wear it draped around the back of the neck. It may be crossed in the front and secured with the [[cincture]]. Traditionally, this was done by priests when wearing Eucharistic vestments, whereas bishops always wore it uncrossed (as possessing the fullness of the priesthood). In modern usage, it is common for both bishops and priests to wear the stole uncrossed. Corresponds to the Orthodox ''orarion'' and ''epitrachelion'' (see below).

; [[Alb]] : The common garment of any ministers at the eucharist, worn over a cassock. Most closely corresponds to the Orthodox ''sticharion'' (see below). Symbolizes baptismal garment. See also [[cassock-alb]].

;[[Cassock-alb]]: or cassalb: is aA relatively modern garment and is, a combination of the traditional cassock and alb. It developed as a convenient undergarment (or alternative to a [[cassock]] at the [[Eucharist]]) worn by clergy and as an alternative to the alb for deacons and acolytes.

; [[Pectoral cross]] : A large cross worn on a chain or necklace around the neck by clergy of many Christian denominations. In some traditions it is associated with bishops. In the Roman Catholic tradition it is only worn by bishops, abbots, and certain canons who are granted the use of the pectoral cross by special [[indult]]. In choir dress the cross is gold with a green rope, red for cardinals. In house dress, it is silver with a silver chain.

===Used by Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Lutherans===

; [[Surplice]] : A white tunic worn over a [[cassock]] or habit. It is commonly worn by altar servers, and choir members. In Catholic and high church Anglicanism, it may be worn by clergy who are attending a Eucharist but not by the celebrant. Among lower church Anglicans and some Lutherans and Methodists, the Surplice is sometimes worn with a stole or scarf (and less often by itself) as the proper vestment for the Eucharist.

; [[Cope]] : A circular cape reaching to the ankle, commonly used by bishops and priests and, sometimes, also by deacons. In traditions that historically reject the use of the Chasuble, the Cope may be used as a Eucharistic vestment.

; [[Rochet]] : Similar to a surplice but with narrower sleeves. In Catholic and Anglo-Catholic use, it is often highly decorated with lace. The Anglican version is bound at the cuffs with a band of cloth and worn with a [[chimere]]. Its use is reserved to bishops and certain [[Canon (priest)|canons]].

; [[Zucchetto]] : A skull cap, similar to the Jewish [[kippah]]. Commonly worn by bishops (including cardinals and the Pope) and less commonly by other clergy.

; [[Mitre]] : Worn by [[bishop]]s and some [[abbots]]. Despite having the same name, this does not really correspond with the Eastern mitre (see below), which has a distinct history and which was adopted much later.

===Used by Roman Catholics and some Anglicans and Lutherans===

; [[Maniple (vestment)|Maniple]] : A liturgical handkerchief bound about the wrist, it is only used during the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. The maniple fell out of common use with the 1970 post-conciliar liturgical reform, but is gaining in popularity in many circles {{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} and is used today in the context of the [[Tridentine Mass]], in which it is required by rubrics, and in some [[Anglo-Catholic]] and other parishes. According to some authorities, this corresponds to the Orthodox ''epigonation'' (see below).

; [[Humeral veil]] : Long cloth rectangle draped around the shoulders and used to cover the hands of the priest when carrying the [[monstrance]]. It is also worn by the [[subdeacon]] when holding the [[paten]].

; [[Biretta]] : A rectangular cap that may be worn by clergy of all ranks except the Pope; its color can signify rank.

; [[Tunicle]] : The outermost garment of [[subdeacon]]s.

; [[Chasuble]] : The outermost sacramental garment of [[priest]]s and [[bishop]]s, often quite decorated. It is only worn for the celebration of the [[Eucharist]]. Corresponds to the Orthodox ''phelonion'' (see below). See also [[chasuble-alb]].

; [[Dalmatic]] : The outermost garment of [[deacon]]s. Corresponds to the Orthodox ''sticharion'' (for deacons) and ''sakkos'' (for bishops).

; [[Amice]] : a cloth around the neck used to cover the collar of street attire. It is worn by the [[Officiant|celebrant]], [[deacon]], and [[subdeacon]] for the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].

; [[Cincture]] : or Girdle. It is a long woven cord used to cinch the alb at the waist, and to contain the stole as it hangs down the body. Corresponds to the Orthodox ''zone''.

===Used only by Roman Catholics===

; [[Pallium]] : A narrow band of lamb's wool decorated with six black crosses, worn about the neck with short pendants front and back, worn by the Pope and bestowed by him to [[Metropolitan bishop]]s and [[Archbishops]]. Corresponds to the Orthodox ''omophorion'' (see below).

; [[Rationale (clothing)|Rationale]] : An episcopal humeral worn over the chasuble. It is only used by the Bishops of [[Bishop of Eichstätt|Eichstätt]], [[Bishop of Paderborn|Paderborn]], [[Diocese of Toul|Toul]], and Cracow ([[Diocese of Kraków|Kraków]]). Until the 17th century, it was also in use in the [[Bishopric of Regensburg]] (Ratisbon).<ref>http{{Cite web |title=Das Superhumerale der Regensburger Bischöfe in seiner liturgiegeschichtlichen Entwicklung |url=https://kreuzgang.org/pdf/klaus-gamber.superhumerale.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|datewebsite=March 2022Kreuzgang}}</ref>

; [[Pontifical gloves]] : The liturgical gloves worn by a bishop celebrating a [[Pontifical Solemn Mass]]. They are usually seen today only within the context of the [[Tridentine Mass]].

; [[Pontifical sandals]] : The liturgical sandals worn by a bishop celebrating a [[Pontifical Solemn Mass]]. They are usually covered by the [[Episcopal sandals#Liturgical stockings|liturgical stockings]], which are of the [[liturgical color]] of the Mass. They are usually seen today only within the context of the [[Tridentine Mass]].

; [[Papal Fanon|Fanon]] : A double-layered [[mozzetta]], now only occasionally worn by the [[Pope]] during solemn [[Pontifical High Mass]]es.

; [[Papal tiara]] : Formerly worn by the [[Pope]] at his [[Papal coronation|coronation]] and at other key moments; it has fallen out of use but may be revived at any time if the reigning Pontiff wishes. Apart from the coronation, this was only worn on special occasions such as during [[Papal infallibility#Ex cathedra|Ex Cathedra]] announcements, some solemn processions and the blessing ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''.

; [[Subcinctorium]] : A vestment similar to a broad maniple but worn suspended from the right side of the cincture, decorated with a cross on one end and an [[agnus dei]] on the other; worn only by the Pope during a Pontifical High Mass.

; [[Falda]] : A vestment that forms a long skirt extending from under the hem of the alb; worn only by the Pope during a Pontifical High Mass and draped over the Pope's body at a Papal Funeral.

; [[Chimere]] : Red or black outer garment of bishops. Resembles a knee-length open-front waist coat[[waistcoat]].

; [[Gaiters]] : Covering of the lower leg worn by archdeacons and bishopbishops. Black, buttoned up the sides and worn to just below the knee. Largely obsolete.

; [[Canterbury cap]] : aA soft square-shaped hat.

;[[Bands (neckwear)|Bands]]:a A type of neckwear, takingin the form of two oblong pieces of white cloth, which is tied about the neck so as to hang from the collar. Sometimes referred to as "preaching bands", they are worn traditionally by most of the Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist clergy with a cassock (with or without a surplice) or gown.

;[[Tippet]]: (or preaching scarf).: A black scarf worn by bishops, priests and deacons in Anglican churches. It is worn in the same fashion as a stole, but does not have the same significance. Dissenting ministers also historically wore these and, though now rare, itthey isare re-emerging in some Presbyterian and Baptist circles. A blue tippet is also used in Anglican churches by [[Lay Reader|readers]], whichwho are members of the laity who have been given special license from the bishop to lead non-sacramental services in the absence of an ordained person. The blue colour differentiates readers from clergy.

; [[Geneva gown|Academic Gown]]: Also known as the "[[Geneva]] Gown", this is a simple vestment with open, wide and bell-shaped sleeves. The gown is traditionally worn open (or vented) over a cassock, with preaching bands and an academic hood. Historically, Anglican clergy would remove their surplice and put on a black gown for the preaching, though this practice is rare today. Also, along with preaching bands, it formed the typical daily dress of Anglican clergy from the Reformation until the early 19th century. English Dissenting churches (Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists) preferred to wear the gown alone with the cassock and bands at all times, most being wary of the surplice (a remnant of the "Surplice War" causewhich byfollowed the reforms enacted by Archbishop [[William Laud]], referred to as "[[Laudianism]]").

; [[academic dress|Academic Hood]] : Hoods, which denote the highest academic degree of their wearers, are usually worn by Anglican clergy at choir offices. ItThey isare also sometimes worn by Methodists and Reformed/Presbyterian clergy with an academic gown ("Geneva Gown"), though this is fairly rare in the United States.

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] churches, any member of the clergy of whatever rank is vested when serving his particular function during the [[Divine Liturgy]] or other service. As in the Latin Church, the use of vestments is rooted in the early history of the church. The various vestments serve several different functions. The three forms of stole (''Orarion'', ''Epitrachelion'', and ''Omophorion'') are marks of [[Church rank (Catholic)|rank]]. The three outer garments (''Sticharion'', ''Phelonion'', and ''Sakkos'') serve to distinguish the [[clergy]] from the [[laity]]. Some are practical (''Zone'' and ''Epimanikia''), holding the other vestments in place. Some (''Nabedrennik'' and ''Epigonation'') are [[award]]s of distinction.

; [[Sticharion]] (Greek {{lang|grc|στιχάριον}}) : Actually a form of the garment given at baptism and worn by the newly baptized, this is the one vestment worn by all clergy. It is also used by non-ordained persons carrying out a liturgical function, such as altar servers. For priests and bishops, it is made of lightweight material, usually white. It corresponds most closely with the Western ''alb'' (see above).

; [[Orarion]] (Greek {{lang|grc|ὀράριον}}) : A long narrow strip of cloth worn by deacons over the left shoulder and reaching to the ankle in both front and back. It is also worn by [[subdeacon]]s and, in some places of the Greek tradition, by [[tonsure]]d [[altar server]]s. It corresponds to the Western ''stole'' (see above).

; [[Epitrachelion]] (Greek {{lang|grc|ἐπιτραχήλιον}}, "over the neck") : This stole is worn by priests and bishops as the symbol of their priesthood. It is worn around the neck with the two adjacent sides sewn or buttoned together, leaving enough space through which to place the head. It corresponds to the Western ''stole'' (see above).

; [[Epimanikia]] (Greek {{lang|grc|ἐπιμανίκια}}) : Cuffs bound with laces. The deacon wears them beneath the sticharion, priests and bishops above.

; [[Zone (vestment)|Zone]] (Greek ζώνη) : Cloth belt worn by priests and bishops over the epitrachelion. Corresponds to the Western ''cincture'' (see above).

; [[Phelonion]] (Greek {{lang|grc|φαιλόνιον or φελόνιον}}) : Large conical sleeveless garment worn by priests over all other vestments, with the front largely cut away to free the hands. Byzantine rite Bishops may also wear the phelonion when not serving according to hierarchical [[rubric]]s. Corresponds to the Western ''chasuble'' (see above).

; [[Sakkos]] (Greek σάκκος) : Instead of the phelonion, the bishop usually wears the sakkos or Imperial [[dalmatic]]. This is a tunic reaching below the knees with wide sleeves and a distinctive pattern of trim. It is always buttoned up the sides.

; [[Nabedrennik]] (Slavonic набедренникъ) : A square or rectangular cloth suspended on the right side by two adjacent corners from a strap drawn over the left shoulder. This is a relatively recent Russian invention and is not used in the Greek tradition. It is an award, so it is not worn by all priests. Bishops do not wear it.

; [[Epigonation]]/[[Palitsa]] (Greek {{lang|grc|ἐπιγονάτιον}} "over the knee"; Slavonic палица, "[[club (weapon)|club]]") : A stiff diamond-shaped cloth that hangs on the right side of the body; it is suspended by one corner from a strap drawn over the left shoulder. It is worn by all [[bishop]]s and as an award for [[priest]]s.

; [[Omophorion]] (Greek {{lang|grc|ὠμοφόριον}}) : This is the distinctive episcopal vestment, a wide cloth band draped about the shoulders in a characteristic manner. It corresponds to the Western ''pallium'' (see above).

; [[Mitre#Eastern Christianity|Mitre]] (Greek {{lang|grc|Μίτρα}}) : Modeled on the ancient [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] imperial crown, it is worn by all bishops and in some Slavic traditions also awarded to some high-ranking priests. The bishop's mitre is surmounted by a cross, but the priest's is not; both are bulbous and adorned with icons. [[Coptic Orthodox]] & [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] bishops also wear the Byzantine mitre. [[Armenian Orthodox]], on the other hand, have the Byzantine mitre as part of the normal vestments worn by priests of all ranks, and their bishops are distinguished by wearing mitres after the western shape. Mitres are not worn in the [[Syriac Orthodox]] tradition, where a decorated hood like an amice called ''masnaphto'', meaning 'turban', is worn instead by prelates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svots.edu/Three-Hierarchs-Chapel/2005-0403-cross-ordinations/pages/DSC_0191_jpg.htm|title=ordinations / DSC_0191.jpg|date=2005-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050429003948/http://www.svots.edu/Three-Hierarchs-Chapel/2005-0403-cross-ordinations/pages/DSC_0191_jpg.htm|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2005-04-29}}</ref>

; [[Pectoral cross#Eastern Catholic and Orthodox practice|Pectoral cross]] : A large cross is worn around the neck by all bishops, but not necessarily by all priests. In Russian usage, the style of [[Pectoral cross]] worn indicates the rank of the priest.

; [[Engolpion]]/[[Panagia#Vestment|Panagia]] : ''Engolpion'' (Greek {{lang|grc|ἐγκόλπιον}}) is a general term for something worn upon the bosom; here, it refers to a medallion with an [[icon]] in the center. A ''Panagia'' (Greek Παναγία, ''All-holy'', one of the titles of the [[Theotokos]]) is an engolpion with [[Theotokos|Mary]] as the subject of the icon; this is worn by all bishops. All primates and some bishops below primatial rank have the dignity of a second engolpion, which usually depicts Christ.

; [[Mantle (vesture)|Mantle]] (Greek {{lang|grc|μανδύας}}) : This is a sleeveless cape that fastens at the neck and the feet, worn by all [[monk]]s. The usual monastic mantle is black; that worn by the bishop as he enters the church for a service but before he is vested is more elaborately colored and decorated. This is, strictly speaking, an item of street wear, not a vestment; however, in modern usage it is worn only in church.

In these Churches, a more full set of vestments is used. Apart from the usual [[Sticharion]] (called ''Kutino'' in Syriac), [[Epitrachelion]] (called ''Hamnikho''), [[Zone (vestment)|Zone]] (called ''Zenoro''), and [[Epimanikia]] (called ''Zende''), a priest will wear a [[Cope]]-like vestment called a ''Phanyo''. Prelates will in addition wear a hood-like head-covering called a ''Masnaphto'' over the ''Kutino'' and under the ''Phanyo''. Prelates will also wear a ''Batrashil'' or Pallium (similar to an [[Epitrachelion]] but reaching down in both front and back) as well as Pectoral Icons. In addition, they will have a vestment similar to the ''Epigonation'' worn attached the ''Zenoro'' on the right side (called a ''Sakro'') and will carry a crosier and hand cross. Deacons wear the ''Kutino'' and an [[Orarion]] (called an ''Uroro'') in different ways depending on their order:

; [[Amice|Varkas]] : This is a broad stiff band of heavily-embroidered brocade and decoration, functioning like a collar, worn exclusively by [[Armenian Rite]] priests over the [[phelonion]]. It corresponds to, and is likely derived from, the Western ''amice''.{{Citation needed|reason=An amice is not worn over other vestments.|date=May 2022}}

*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124054809/http://lambethpalacelibrary.org/content/clericalcostume Anglican Clerical Dress]}} - [[Lambeth Palace]] Library