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{{Short description|UK measure of poverty}}
{{merge from|Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation|discuss=Talk:Multiple deprivation index#Merge proposal|date=September 2024}}
[[File:IMDNI.png|alt=Map of deprivation in Northern Ireland|thumb|371x371px|Deprivation in Northern Ireland is higher in Western and urban areas.]]
Indices of multiple deprivation (IMD) are
The calculation and publication of the indices is devolved and indices of multiple deprivation for Wales, Scotland, England, and Northern Ireland are calculated separately. While the components of deprivation that make up the overall deprivation score are similar in all four nations of the UK the weights assigned to each component, the size of the geographies for which deprivation scores are calculated, and the years of calculation are different. As a result levels of deprivation cannot be easily compared between nations.
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==Components of deprivation==
In the current [https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019 English Indices of Deprivation 2019 (IoD2019)] seven domains of deprivation are considered and weighted as follows,
* Income. (22.5%)
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=== Cases for indexes of multiple deprivation at larger and smaller geographies ===
[[File:Manchester National Deprivation Indices.svg|alt=Maps of deprivation in Manchester using the English IMD decile on the left and the Manchester IMD decile on the right|thumb|369x369px|In very deprived parts of England such as Manchester using English IMDs is often unhelpful as almost all of the local authority is very deprived. Using the raw deprivation scores to calculate a local IMD can be more useful when targeting local interventions.]]
IMDs are calculated separately for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland and are not comparable across them. While the geographies, the input measures, and the weights assigned to each input measure are different in all four countries, they are similar enough to calculate a combined UK IMD with only small sacrifices in data quality. Decisions within the UK that are taken nationally would be usefully informed by a UK index of multiple deprivation and this work has been proven possible and performed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abel GA, Barclay ME, Payne RA | title = Adjusted indices of multiple deprivation to enable comparisons within and between constituent countries of the UK including an illustration using mortality rates | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = e012750 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27852716 | pmc = 5128942 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012750 | url = }}</ref> The most recent whole-UK index of multiple deprivation was compiled by [[MySociety]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=Unified UK measures of rurality and deprivation|url=https://www.mysociety.org/2021/04/22/unified-uk-measures-of-rurality-and-deprivation/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=mySociety|language=en-US}}</ref>
There are also examples of IMDs being created for smaller geographies within nations. This is particularly important in places with very high deprivation in almost all areas. For example, using English IMDs in Manchester is not useful for targeting local interventions since over half of the city is classed as being in England's most deprived decile. By using raw deprivation scores before they are ranked, a local IMD can be calculated showing relative deprivation within a place instead of its relative deprivation within England.
=== Applicability of IMDs to the analysis of very diverse areas ===
IMDs are the property of an area and of the average characteristics of the people living in that area. They are not the property of any single person living within the area. Failure by researchers to consider this can lead to misleading features in analysis based on IMDs. This is a particularly large risk in areas which are very diverse due to social housing and mixed community policies such as central London. In these settings, a mixed community with a mix of very low income families in poor health and very high income families in good health can return a middling IMD score that represents neither group well and fails to provide useful insight to users of analysis based on IMD data. Other groups not well represented by IMDs are mobile communities and people experiencing homelessness, some of the most deprived members of society.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moscrop A, Ziebland S, Bloch G, Iraola JR | title = If social determinants of health are so important, shouldn't we ask patients about them? | journal = BMJ | date = 24 November 2020 | volume = 371 | pages = m4150 | pmid = 33234506 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4150 | s2cid = 227128683 | url = https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4150.long| doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Responsibility for production==
Responsibility for the production of publication of IMDs varies by the nation that they cover. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) publishes IMDs for Northern Ireland. StatsWales publishes IMDs for Wales. The Scottish Government publishes IMDs for Scotland. The UK
Early version of English IMDs were produced by the Social Disadvantage Research Group at the [[University of Oxford]].
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*[[Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000|English indices of deprivation 2000]].
*[[indices of deprivation 2004|English indices of deprivation 2004]] (ID2004)
*[[Indices of deprivation 2007|English indices of deprivation 2007]] (ID2007)
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Equivalents of IMDs outside of the UK include,
* {{cite web | title = Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) | date = 27 March 2018 | url = https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2033.0.55.001 | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics }}
* {{cite web | title = Indice de défavorisation social | language = French | trans-title = The FDEP, The French DEPrivation index | url = https://www.atlasante.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/8ba3a966-fda5-4147-ba45-f6f9fd899c09 | work = AtlaSanté }}
* The European Deprivation Index<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Launoy G, Launay L, Dejardin O, Bryère J, Guillaume E | title = European Deprivation Index: designed to tackle socioeconomic inequalities in cancer in Europe. | journal = European Journal of Public Health | date = November 2018 | volume = 28 | issue = suppl_4 | pages = cky213-625 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/cky213.625 | url = https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/28/suppl_4/cky213.625/5191925 }}</ref>
* {{cite web | title = The Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation | date = 12 June 2019 | url = https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-20-0001/452000012019002-eng.htm | publisher = The Government of Canada }}
*
*
* The German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD) <ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Maier W | title = [Indizes Multipler Deprivation zur Analyse regionaler Gesundheitsunterschiede in Deutschland : Erfahrungen aus Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung][Article in German]. | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | date = 2017 | volume = 60 | issue = 12| pages = 1403–12 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-017-2646-2 | pmid = 29119206 }}</ref>
* The Italian deprivation index <ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Rosano A, Pacelli B, Zengarini N, Costa G, Cislaghi C, Caranci N | title = [Aggiornamento e revisione dell'indice di deprivazione italiano 2011 a livello di sezione di censimento][Article in Italian]. | journal = Epidemiol Prev | date = 2020 | volume = 44 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 162–70 | doi = 10.19191/EP20.2-3.P162.039 | pmid = 32631016 }}</ref>
* The [[Area Deprivation Index]] (ADI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neighborhood Atlas - Home |url=https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Landscape of Area-Level Deprivation Measures and Other Approaches to Account for Social Risk and Social Determinants of Health in Health Care Payments |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/area-level-measures-account-sdoh |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=ASPE |date=26 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> US Department of Health and Human Services. September 2022, developed by the U.S. [[Health Resources and Services Administration]]. The index is currently being used by the [[Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] to adjust financial benchmarks in various [[Value-based health care]] models.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embedding Equity In Financial Benchmarks: Changes To The Health Equity Benchmark Adjustment|url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/embedding-equity-financial-benchmarks-changes-health-equity-benchmark-adjustment |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Health Affairs |language=en}}</ref> However, some researchers have pointed out that applying ADI in practice has several limitations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Proposal to Enhance the Health Equity Benchmark Adjustment in ACO REACH |url=https://carejourney.com/a-proposal-to-enhance-the-health-equity-benchmark-adjustment-in-aco-reach/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=CareJourney Research Blog Article by [[Yubin Park]], [[Aneesh Chopra]] et al. |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Problem with the University of Wisconsin's Area Deprivation Index. And, no, face validity is not "the weakest of all possible arguments." by Andrew Gelman. |url=https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2023/07/22/problem-with-the-university-of-wisconsins-area-deprivation-index-and-no-face-validity-is-not-the-weakest-of-all-possible-arguments/|access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Social Deprivation Index]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Deprivation Index(SDI)|url=https://www.graham-center.org/maps-data-tools/social-deprivation-index.html|access-date=2024-06-06|website=ASPE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Butler D, Petterson S, Phillips R, Bazemore A | title = Measures of social deprivation that predict health care access and need within a rational area of primary care service delivery. | journal = Health Serv. Res. | date = 2013 | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 539–559 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01449.x | pmid = 22816561 | pmc = 3626349 }}</ref> by the [[American Academy of Family Physicians]]
*[[Social Vulnerability Index]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDC/ASTDR Social Vulnerability Index|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=ASPE |date=21 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> by the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
== References ==
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