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| today = {{
| image_flag = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
| image_coat = Coat of Arms with the Badge of the Spanish West Indies.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| flag_type = [[Flag of Spain|Flag<br>(1843–1898)]]
| image_map =
| image_map_caption = Map of
| national_anthem = ''[[Marcha Real]]''<br/><small>"Royal March"</small><br />{{center|[[File:Marcha Real (1915).ogg]]}}
| capital = [[Madrid]]
| common_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| demonym = ''Españoles Antillanos (Spanish Antillean)''
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The '''Spanish West Indies''', '''Spanish Caribbean''' or the '''Spanish Antilles''' (also known as "Las '''Antillas Occidentales'''" or simply "Las '''Antillas Españolas'''" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) were [[Spain|Spanish]] territories in the [[Caribbean]]. In terms of governance of the [[Spanish Empire]], '''The Indies''' was the designation for all its overseas territories and was overseen by the [[Council of the Indies]], founded in 1524 and based in Spain.<ref>Mark A. Burkholder, "Council of the Indies" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 2, p. 293. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> When the [[Spanish Crown|Crown]] established the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] in 1535, the islands of the Caribbean came under its jurisdiction.
The islands ruled by Spain were chiefly the [[Greater Antilles]]: [[Hispaniola]] (inclusive of modern-day [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]), [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Puerto Rico]]. The majority of the [[Taíno]], the indigenous populations on these islands, had [[Taíno genocide|died out]] or had mixed with the European colonizers by 1520.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The other slavery: The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America|last=Reséndez|first=Andrés|date=2017|isbn=978-0-544-94710-8}}</ref> Spain also claimed the [[Lesser Antilles]] (such as [[Guadeloupe|Guadalupe]] and [[Dominica]]) but these smaller islands remained largely independent until they were seized or ceded to other European powers as a result of war, or diplomatic agreements during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The islands that became the Spanish West Indies were the focus of the voyages of the Spanish expedition of [[Christopher Columbus]] in America. Largely due to the familiarity that Spaniards gained from Columbus's voyages, the islands were also the first lands to be permanently colonized by Europeans in the Americas. The Spanish West Indies were also the most enduring part of Spain's American Empire, only ending with Cuba and Puerto Rico being surrendered in 1898 at the end of the [[Spanish–American War]]. For over three centuries, Spain controlled a network of ports in the Caribbean including [[Havana]] (Cuba), [[Santo Domingo]] (Dominican Republic), [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] (Puerto Rico), [[Cartagena de Indias]] (Colombia), [[Veracruz]] (Mexico), and [[Portobelo]] (Panama), which were connected by [[Spanish treasure fleet|galleon routes]].
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The Spanish Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) can be considered a separate subregion of Latin America, culturally distinct from both continental Spanish-speaking countries and the non-Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Apart from culture, the Spanish Caribbean is different racially as well. In contrast to the predominantly black-majority of the non-Hispanic Caribbean, the Hispanic Caribbean similar to other areas of Hispanic Latin America, is dominated by mixed-race people. However, in the Spanish Caribbean, similar to the non-Hispanic Caribbean, there is a significant African cultural component. The majority of the mixed-race population in the Hispanic Caribbean is made up of [[mulatto]]s/tri-racials, being of mixed white Spanish, black West African, and to a lesser degree indigenous Taino ancestry, who also make up the majority of the total population overall, especially in the Dominican Republic, as opposed to [[mestizo]]s in many continental Hispanic countries. The Hispanic Caribbean has less African admixture and influence than the non-Hispanic Caribbean and more than the most other Spanish speaking regions, while having more indigenous admixture than the rest of the Caribbean but less than Spanish speaking regions outside of the Caribbean. There are also smaller amounts of whites and blacks, who are predominantly of European or African ancestry.
The average Puerto Rican is about 65% European, 20% Sub-Saharan African, and 15% indigenous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.livescience.com/37624-mapping-puerto-rican-heritage.html|title=Mapping Puerto Rican Heritage with Spit and Genomics|website=[[Live Science]]|access-date=October 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000922/http://m.livescience.com/37624-mapping-puerto-rican-heritage.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/sociedad/cerca-puertorriquenos-europeos-descienden-canarias_1_3275441.html|title = Cerca del 40% de los puertorriqueños con genes europeos descienden de Canarias|date = July 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Via">{{cite journal|last1=Via|first1=Marc|last2=Gignoux|first2=Christopher R.|last3=Roth|first3=Lindsay A.|display-authors=etal|date=Jan 2011|title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|pages=e16513|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513|pmid=21304981|pmc=3031579|bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=1 August 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V|doi-access=free }}</ref> The average Dominican is about 52% European, 40% Sub-Saharan African, and 8% indigenous.<ref name="Supplementary Data">{{Cite journal|author1=Montinaro, Francesco |display-authors=etal |title=Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pmc=4374169 |doi=10.1038/ncomms7596 |pmid=25803618 |date=24 March 2015 |at=See [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169/bin/ncomms7596-s2.xlsx Supplementary Data]|bibcode=2015NatCo...6.6596M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4867558 | date=2016 | last1=Estrada-Veras | first1=J. I. | last2=Cabrera-Peña | first2=G. A. | last3=Pérez-Estrella De Ferrán | first3=C. | title=Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the Dominican Republic: Challenges and opportunities | journal=Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine | volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=243–256 | doi=10.1002/mgg3.224 | pmid=27247952 }}</ref><ref name="thedominicans.org">{{cite web | url=https://thedominicans.org/2019/01/11/ancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos/ | title=Ancestry DNA Results: Dominicans are Spaniards Mixed with Africans and Tainos | date=January 11, 2019 | access-date=November 30, 2023 | archive-date=November 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120124123/https://thedominicans.org/2019/01/11/ancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2016/07/06/dominicans-are-49-black-39-white-and-4-indian/ | title=Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian | access-date=November 30, 2023 | archive-date=October 31, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031143015/https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2016/07/06/dominicans-are-49-black-39-white-and-4-indian/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The average Cuban is about 72% European, 20% Sub-Saharan African, and 8% indigenous.<ref name="admixture" /><ref name=pmc2492877>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 |pmc=2492877 |title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba |year=2008 |last1=Mendizabal |first1=Isabel |last2=Sandoval |first2=Karla |last3=Berniell-Lee |first3=Gemma |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Salas |first5=Antonio |last6=Martinez-Fuentes |first6=Antonio |last7=Comas |first7=David |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=213 |pmid=18644108 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M }}</ref> Indigenous ancestry in the Spanish Caribbean comes from the [[Taino]] people, who were native to the Greater Antilles region. Sub-Saharan African ancestry in the Hispanic Caribbean, just like the rest of Latin America, comes from various parts of [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]. European ancestry, mainly comes from Spain, especially from the southern regions of Spain such as [[Andalusia]] and the [[Canary Islands]]. The Spanish Caribbean were treated as "forgotten backwater colonies" during the colonial era, the spanish settlers that settled the islands were mostly poorer peasants from the south, especially from the Canary Islands. The Spanish Caribbean has higher Canarian influence compared to continental Latin America, making them the primary European ancestral group, many cultural aspects come from Canarian settlers including the Caribbean Spanish accents. Non-Spanish Europeans immigrated to the Spanish Caribbean as well. In fact, due to white French fleeing Haiti after independence to the surrounding Hispanic Caribbean, around 18% of surnames in the Spanish Caribbean are of French origin, second highest after Spanish. This mixture of European (especially Canarian), West African, and Taino is heavily reflected in the culture. Cultural characteristics of the Spanish Caribbean include musical genres like [[Salsa music|Salsa]], [[Merengue music|Merengue]], [[Bachata (music)|Bachata]], and [[Reggaeton]], as well as love for the sport of [[Baseball]].
The term is used in contrast to [[Anglophone Caribbean]], [[French Caribbean]], and [[Dutch Caribbean]], which are other modern linguistic divisions of the Caribbean region. The Hispanophone Caribbean is a part of the wider [[Hispanic America]], which includes all the Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. Historically, coastal areas of [[Spanish Florida]] and the [[Caribbean South America]] (cf. the [[Spanish Main]]) were closely tied to the Spanish Caribbean. During the period of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish settlement and colonization]] of the New World, the Spanish West Indies referred to those settlements in islands of the Caribbean Sea under political administration of Spain, as in the phrase "a 1765 cedula authorized seven sea ports, in addition to the port of San Juan, to trade with the Spanish Caribbean."<ref name=mpsPRbridges>{{citation|title=National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: Historic Bridges of Puerto Rico MPS|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64500544_text|format=pdf|date=July 31, 1994|author=Luis F. Pumarada O'Neill|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 10, 2016|archive-date=May 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516193103/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64500544_text|url-status=live}}</ref> Until the early 19th century these territories were part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]].
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