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{{Short description|German sociologist}}
{{Lead too short|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Reiner Grundmann
| image = RG wiki.jpg =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|09|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Freudenstadt]], [[West Germany]]
| residencenationality = [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[England]] = German
| fields = {{hlist | [[Sociology]] | [[Science and Technology Studies]] | [[Social theory]] | [[Sustainability]] }}
| nationality = Germany
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
| fields = [[Sociology]], [[Science and Technology Studies]], [[social theory]], [[sustainability]] topics, [[Knowledge Politics]], [[Post-normal science]], [[Honest broker]]ing, [[Actor–network theory]]
* [[University of Nottingham]]
| workplaces = [[University of Nottingham]], [[Aston University]], [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]], [[European University Institute]], [[Free University Berlin]]
| alma_mater =* [[Aston University of Bielefeld]],
| thesis_title = Marxism and Ecology
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716
| thesis_year = 1991
| Other academic advisors=
| notable_ideas =
| influences = [[Niklas Luhmann]], [[Bruno Latour]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Steven Lukes]].
| awards =
| website = {{URL|http://nottingham.ac.uk/Sociology/People/reiner.grundmann}}
}}
| alma_mater = [[Free University Berlin]]
'''Reiner Grundmann''', (born 29 September 1955) near [[Freudenstadt]] is Professor of Science and Technology Studies at the University of Nottingham and Studies Director of the STS Priority Group. He is a German sociologist and political scientist who resides in the UK since 1997. Previous assignements include research activities at [[Aston University]], [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]], and the [[University of Bielefeld]].
| thesis_title = Marxism and Ecology
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716
| thesis_year = 1991
| Other academic advisors =
| notable_ideas =
| doctoral_advisor = {{plainlist|
* [[Steven Lukes]] (doctorate)
* [[Peter Weingart]] ([[habilitation]])
}}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://nottingham.academia.edu/ReinerGrundmann}}
}}
'''Reiner Grundmann''' (born 29 September 1955 near [[Freudenstadt]]), is Professor of [[Science and Technology Studies]] (STS) at the [[University of Nottingham]] and Director of its interdisciplinary STS Research Priority Group.<ref name="STS ">{{cite web| url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sciencetechnologyandsociety/index.aspx | title=STS Priority Group | access-date=29 August 2014 | author=STS}}</ref> He is a German sociologist and political scientist who has resided in the UK since 1997. Previous appointments include [[Aston University]] and the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]].
 
==Early lifeLife and academic career==
Grundmann attendedtook his A-levels at Schelztor Gymnasium in [[Esslingen]] wheream he took his A-levelsNeckar|Esslingen]]. He studied Sociologysociology in Berlin and received his doctorate 1989 at the [[European University Institute]] (EUI), [[Florence]] (Italy). His habilitation about environmental policy on the [[ozone layer]] challenge took place at the [[University of Bielefeld]] in 1998 under the auspices of [[Peter Weingart]] from the [[Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld]]. Grundmann held various post-doctoral positions, at the [[Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin]], at the Graduate college Risk and private law) at the [[University of Bremen]], and at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]], Cologne. In 1997 he took up a position at [[Aston University]] and is since 2012 at the [[University of Nottingham]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reiner Grundmann - The University of Nottingham|url = http://nottingham.ac.uk/Sociology/People/reiner.grundmann|website = nottingham.ac.uk|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref>
 
Grundmann's interest in the role of expertise in modern society is influenced by frameworks such as [[Post-normal science]] and [[Roger Pielke Jr.]]'s Honest broker. Both are in line with basic works in the sociology of science and technology doubting a direct influence of "certain knowledge" or "settled science" on political decision making, which is being discussed as the ''linear model of science policy interaction''.<ref name=":8">von Storch, H., Meinke, I., Stehr, N., Ratter, B., Krauß, W., Pielke, R., Grundmann, R., Reckermann, M., & Weisse, R. (2011): [http://www.hzg.de/imperia/md/content/klimabuero/publikationen/zfu_1-2011_1-15.pdf Regional Climate Services illustrated with experiences from Northern Europe.] Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik und Umweltrecht, 34(1), 1-15.
== Positions and activities ==
</ref> His work challenges widespread believes in global success or failure of environmental policy as result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title = Book Review Essay: Science, Politics and International Environmental Policy|journal = Global Environmental Politics|date = August 1, 2002|issn = 1526-3800|pages = 118–123|volume = 2|issue = 3|doi = 10.1162/152638002320310554|first = Judith A.|last = Layzer|s2cid = 57559809}}</ref> In contrast, he shows the relevance of transnational [[Business networking|policy networks.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Walter Rösch: Review of Reiner Grundmann: Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. Frankfurt a. M./New York: 1999, in: Portal für Politikwissenschaft (political science portal), http://pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820, published on 01.01.2006.|url = http://www.pw-portal.de/rezension/9996-transnationale-umweltpolitik-zum-schutz-der-ozonschicht_11820|website = www.pw-portal.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref>
Grundmann has contributed to three areas of research: social theory, sustainability topics, and the relation between knowledge and decision making. In most of his work he uses a comparative methodology. He received research grants on topics such as urban habitat sustainability (most recently from the [[Leverhulme Trust]]), climate change reporting in the media, the ozone controversy in science and society, and the future of the automobile.
 
== Social theory ==
Grundmann started his academic career with an analysis of the legacy of Marx’s theory for the understanding of environmental problems. This work was a direct product of his PhD research which he performed at the EUI in Florence, in the late 1980s under the supervision of [[Steven Lukes]]. The thesis was published by Oxford University Press in 1991 and a related article appeared in the same year in the New Left Review.<ref>‘The Ecological Challenge to Marxism’ New Left Review 187 (May–June), 103-120</ref>. Whilst the book received some praise and critical attention at the time, it was published at a difficult historical juncture—after the fall of communism there was little appetite for theoretical frameworks inspired by Marx. In subsequent years this has changed, and the forthcoming Chinese translation indicates a growing interest in the topic. In his book he concluded "that the pursuit of productivity and the development of a healthy environment need not be mutually exclusive."<ref>[http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/24716 Entry of the doctorate at Cadmus]</ref>
 
=== Marxist view on Ecology ===
In the years that followed, Grundmann moved away from social theory and started engaging with issues about environmental sustainability through the lens of science and technology studies. This move was inspired by the insight of Marx that technology reveals the active transformation of nature, performed by humans and their social forms of organization.
Grundmann started his academic career with an analysis of the legacy of Marx's theory for the understanding of environmental problems. This work was a direct product of his PhD research at the EUI in Florence, in the late 1980s under the supervision of [[Steven Lukes]]. Grundmann described ecology as being no longer confined to the realms of biology since the 1970s. The term, as it had been coined in the 1870s by [[Ernst Haeckel]], a German biologist and [[monism|monist]], was about a branch of biology dealing with the interaction of organisms and their surroundings. The current use of the term started to put the interaction of pollution in a political context and was later to describe a political movement as well. The thesis was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1991 and a related article by Grundmann himself<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Grundmann | first = Reiner | title = The ecological challenge to Marxism | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 103–120 | date = May–June 1991 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/187/reiner-grundmann-the-ecological-challenge-to-marxism }} [https://www.academia.edu/161499/The_Ecological_Challenge_to_Marxism Available online.]</ref> and an answer and review of the study by Ted Benton appeared the following year in the [[New Left Review]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Benton | first = Ted | title = Ecology, socialism and the mastery of nature: a reply to Reiner Grundmann | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = I | issue = 194 | pages = 62–64 | date = July–August 1992 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/194/ted-benton-ecology-socialism-and-the-mastery-of-nature-a-reply-to-reiner-grundmann }}</ref> The basic approach used [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]]'s ''Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie''<ref>[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy|A Contribution to the Critique of Political Ecology]], the title being a pun on a famous Marx study</ref> published in 1973 in the German [[Kursbuch]]<ref>[[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]] (1973), Zur Kritik der politischen Ökologie', Kursbuch, 33 I</ref> It has been translated in English in Ted Bentonќs ''Greening of Marxism'' in the 1990s.<ref>Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1973): A Critique of Political Ecology, in: T. Benton (Hg.), ''The Greening of Marxism'', New York, 1996, S. 17-49.</ref>
 
Grundmann saw orthodox Мarxist thinking being caught between Marx's disrespect for the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|idiocy of rural life]]'' and his belief in a resurrection of nature. He attempted to identify problems which could be still dealt with convincingly with Marx's thought and approach. Grundmann dealt in detail with Marx and Engels' discourse on the 'domination over nature', which he claims of being of value. Grundmanns explicit advocacy of the term is exemptional <ref>The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea, A new framework for environmental analysis, Jae-Yong Chung, Richard J. Kirkby, Routledge, 25.07.2005, p. 10.</ref> and his introduction into the topic has been quoted as late as 2010 by leading Chinese Scholars as being ''wonderful.''<ref name=":2">{{citation | last = Han | first = Lixin | contribution = 'Realisation of Purpose' and 'Domination of Nature' | editor-last = Huan | editor-first = Qingzhi | title = Eco-socialism as politics: rebuilding the basis of our modern civilisation | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | location = Dordrecht New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9789048137442 | postscript = .}}
The study of science and technology related issues led him to research large technical systems, which he did during his time at the [[Social Science Research Center Berlin]] (WZB) in the early 1990s. His special interest was focused on the future of automobility. In the mid 1990s he spent three years at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]] in Cologne where he studied the efforts to protect the ozone layer. This research was based on interviews with scientists, policy makers, and experts, in the USA and Germany. It was published in German in 1999 and in 2001 in English. This work is unique in its challenge to widespread historical accounts which tend to explain the success of ozone policies either as a result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power. The successful [[Montreal Protocol]] is often taken as an exemplar case which serves as the model for an (so far elusive) climate treaty. Grundmann claims that several problematic lessons have been drawn from this case.<ref>[http://sth.sagepub.com/content/31/1/73.abstract]{(2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101.</ref>
* ''Online as'': {{Cite book | last = Han | first = Lixin | title = Eco-socialism as Politics | chapter = Marxism and Ecology: Marx's Theory of Labour Process Revisited | journal = Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation (Book) | pages = 15–31 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_2 | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-90-481-3744-2 }}</ref> Grundmann avoided depicting the domination as being a precondition of destruction, but allowed for interpretations as mastery or stewardship.<ref name=":2" /> Grundmann's defence of 'mastery over nature' as a metaphor in ''ecologically informed socialism'' was however not in line with [[Ted Benton]]'s interpretation of the domination term used by Marx. Benton was positive about Grundmann cutting through ''a lot of sloppy thinking in the 'ecocentric' camp.'' <ref name=":1" /> He furthermore acknowledged that Grundmann's interpretation of Marx view of our relation to nature is insofar specific compared to e.g. [[Francis Bacon]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], since in Marx's view that 'man should make an impact on the world'. Such mastery, according to Grundmann, would be better interpreted as in mastering a musical instrument.<ref name=":1" /> Grundmann concluded "that the pursuit of productivity and the development of a healthy environment need not be mutually exclusive," arguing that only specific technologies, not technology as such, lead to environmental degradation.<ref>[http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/24716 Entry of the doctorate at Cadmus] Reiner Grundmann: Marxism and Ecology
Oxford, Clarendon Press/New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, Marxist introductions URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24716 {{ISBN|0198273142}}</ref>
 
Whilst the book received some praise and critical attention at the time, it was published at a difficult historical juncture—after the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] there was little enthusiasm for theoretical frameworks inspired by Marx. This has changed, and the forthcoming Chinese translation and recent reviews and papers about Grundmann's marxist ecology published in China<ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=WHKS201003009&DbName=CJFD2010&DbCode=CJFD 控制自然与历史唯物主义的重构——格伦德曼的生态马克思主义思想述评]
A partial return to social theory was prompted by the co-operation with Nico Stehr with whom Grundmann worked together since the late 1990s. Their common work on Werner Sombart led to a re-evaluation of the legacy of this pioneering German sociologist, examining in particular his low salience in the postwar period.<ref>‘Why is Werner Sombart not part of the core of classical sociologists? From fame to (near) oblivion’ Journal of Classical Sociology 1 (2): 257–287 Grundmann and Nico Stehr).</ref> Together with Stehr, Grundmann published various pieces on the role of knowledge and expertise in modern societies. Two monographs in 2012 are testament to these efforts.
Cai Huajie, Lin Meiping: Reconstruction of nature control and historical materialism:a review of Reiner Grundmann's ecological Marxist thought,
Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition), 2010(03), in Chinese
</ref><ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=WHDS200906013&DbName=CJFD2009&DbCode=CJFD 格伦德曼对马克思自然观的阐释——兼论马克思主义和生态学] Xiong Min (School of Marxism, Zhongnan University of Economics & Law, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China) Grundmann's Interpretation of Marxist Nature-view Wuhan University Journal (2009/06)
</ref><ref>[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=FDMX201011001015&DbName=CPFD2011&DbCode=CPFD 英国生态学马克思主义关于马克思的"自然极限"理论的阐释]
[http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=FDMX201011001015&DbName=CPFD2011&DbCode=CPFD] Ni Ruihua (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law) British Eco-Marxism Interpreting Marx's Theory of Natural Limits, Conference, The National Research Base for World Marxism and Thought Trends at Fudan University, China 2010-11-18, in Chinese
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 知识搜索|url = http://search.cnki.com.cn/Search.aspx?q=Grundmann|website = search.cnki.com.cn|access-date = 2015-05-11|archive-date = 2016-03-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042455/http://search.cnki.com.cn/Search.aspx?q=Grundmann|url-status = dead}}</ref> indicate an ongoing interest in the topic.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 国外社会科学杂志-2010年06期-中国知网 Marx defended anthropocentrism - On Reiner Grundmann's Ecological Marxist Theory CNKI entry about a 国外社会科学 (Social Sciences abroad journal) 2010 06|url = http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/magadetail/GWSH201006.htm|website = mall.cnki.net|access-date = 2015-05-11|archive-date = 2015-05-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080719/http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/magadetail/GWSH201006.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
=== Sustainability and Werner Sombart ===
He examined, among other topics, the role of social sciences with regard to environmental challenges, namely the [[ozone depletion]] problem and [[climate change]]. He has provided contributions about transnational policy networks and the role of science activists and under the [[Post-politics]] inspired title "what may the sheep safely know?" referred to aspects of [[knowledge policy]] and democracy.
In the years that followed, he moved away from [[social theory]] and started engaging with issues about environmental [[sustainability]] from the viewpoint of [[science and technology studies]]. This move was inspired by the insight of [[Karl Marx]] that technology reveals the active transformation of nature, performed by humans and their social forms of organization.<ref>[http://readingcapitalsydney.wordpress.com/2010/03/15/chapter-15-machinery-and-large-scale-industry-sections-1-4-2/#_ftnref 'Technology reveals the active relation of man to nature, the direct process of the production of his life, and thereby it also lays bare the process of the production of the social relations of his life and of the mental conceptions that flow from these relations.'] Footnote 4 in Karl Marx, [[Das Kapital|Capital: A Critique of Political Economy]], Volume 1, trans. Ben Fowkes, Penguin Classics (London, New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 493.</ref>
 
A partial return to social theory was prompted by the co-operation with [[Nico Stehr]] with whom Grundmann worked since the late 1990s. Their common work on [[Werner Sombart]] led to a re-evaluation of the legacy of this pioneering German sociologist, examining in particular his low salience in the postwar period.<ref>'Why is Werner Sombart not part of the core of classical sociologists? From fame to (near) oblivion''' Journal of Classical Sociolog''y 1 (2): 257–287.</ref> Reviewer Lutz Kaelber from the [[University of Vermont]] referred to Stehrs and Grundmanns edition of Werner Sombart's ''Economic Life in the Modern Age'' as a ''valuable and accessible addition to the Anglo-American literature on Werner Sombart.''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Book Review: Sombart, Economic Life in the Modern Age|url = http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/sombart.html|website = www.cjsonline.ca|access-date = 2015-05-09|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20150512162825/http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/sombart.html|archive-date = 2015-05-12}}</ref>
Over the past years he has become very interested in the media discourse on climate change, taking up an earlier interest in the comparative analysis of media discourses.<ref>(2000) ‘National elites and transnational discourses in the Balkan war: a comparison between the French, German and British establishment press’ European Journal of Communication 15 (3): 299-320 (with Sue Wright and Dennis Smith).</ref> Together with computational linguists and sociologists he has started comparative analysis of climate change reporting in various countries.<ref>[http://pus.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/12/10/0963662512467732.abstract][Disputed climate science in the media: Do countries matter? Public Understanding of Science doi: 10.1177/0963662512467732]</ref>
 
=== Sustainability and large technical systems ===
Grundmann's interest in the role of expertise in modern society is influenced by frameworks such as [[Post-normal science]] and Roger Pielke's Honest broker. While he accepts the role of science as agenda setter in the political process, he doubts a direct influence of "certain knowledge" or "settled science" in political decision making.<ref name = RG>Grundmann [http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_book/mpifg_bd_39.pdf Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability)] in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182 [http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemFullPage.jsp;jsessionid=1F12495443EF6AC95BFF12F29F3C4829?itemId=escidoc%3A1235032%3A2&view=EXPORT book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft]</ref>
 
The study of science and technology related issues led him to research large technical systems, which he did during his time at the [[Social Science Research Center Berlin]] (WZB) in the early 1990s. His special interest was focused on the future of automobility.<ref name=":4">Grundmann, Reiner; Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (Ed.): Kommunikation und technische Infrastruktur: über Schienen, Straßen, Sand und Perlen. Berlin, 1993 (Schriftenreihe der Forschungsgruppe "Große technische Systeme" des Forschungsschwerpunkts Technik - Arbeit - Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung 93-501). URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-30922.</ref> In the mid 1990s he spent three years at the [[Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies]] in [[Cologne]] where he studied the efforts to protect the [[ozone layer]] (see as well [[ozone depletion and global warming]]). ''Transnational environmental policy - reconstructing Ozone'' was published in German in 1999 and in 2001 in English. It challenged widespread historical accounts which tend to explain the policies either as a result of scientific consensus, or as an outcome of corporate power.<ref name=":5"/> In contrast, it shows the relevance of transnational [[Business networking|policy networks.]]<ref name=":3"/> The successful [[Montreal Protocol]] is often taken as an exemplar case which serves as the model for an (so far elusive) climate treaty. Grundmann claims that several problematic lessons have been drawn from this case.<ref>(2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101 [http://sth.sagepub.com/content/31/1/73.abstract].</ref> The book entry quotes [[Jim Lovelock]] stating ''This readable book is the best treatment of the subject published so far'' and [[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F.Sherwood Rowland]] with ''Stimulating and thought-provoking.'' <ref>Grundmann, Reiner:Transnational environmental policy: reconstructing ozone Routledge studies in science, technology, and society, {{ISBN|0-415-22423-3}}, http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781134592241_sample_543801.pdf Page ii</ref>
He has been influenced by [[Niklas Luhmann]]'s system theory and [[Bruno Latour]]'s [[Actor–network theory]]. He remains ambivalent about both. His position has been discussed on the theoretical level in a controversy with Klaus Peter Japp about Luhmann's [[system theory]] and [[Ulrich Beck]]s [[risk society|risk sociology]].<ref>[http://www.zfs-online.org/index.php/zfs/article/viewFile/3009/2546 ZfS, Jg. 28, Heft 1 (1999) Wo steht die Risikosoziologie?] [ZfS, Jg. 28, Heft 4 (1999) [Wer hat Angst vor F. Nietzsche? Replik on Klaus-Peter Japp answer]</ref> However, in a recent contribution he has become more appreciative of Luhmann's analysis of risk society. <ref> [Ökologische Kommunikation, in: Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben - Werk – Wirkung, Oliver Jahraus/Armin Nassehi/Mario Grizelj/Irmhild Saake/Christian Kirchmeier/Julian Müller (eds.) ISBN: 3-476-02368-0}</ref>
 
== Science and technology Studies ==
He is a coauthor of [[The Hartwell Paper]] and togehter with [[Hans von Storch]] blogger at Klimazwiebel.<ref>[http://klimazwiebel.blogspot.de/2013/09/the-coming-crisis-of-climate-science.html Thursday, September 19, 2013, The coming crisis of climate science? by Reiner Grundmann]</ref>. He has provided guest entries on other blogs, e.g. [[Roger A. Pielke, Jr.]]<ref>[http://rogerpielkejr.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/ozone-histories-of-convenience.html Ozone Histories of Convenience: Grundmann on Sunstein, 13 November 2012 rogerpielkejr.blogspot.]</ref> Some knowledge topics were published in newspapers and popular science journals.<ref>E.g. ‘Wissenspolitik ist Macht’ [Knowledge Policy is Power] Grundmann in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 23 November 1999, 54.</ref>
Grundmann contributed to '''[[Science, technology and society]]''' ('''STS''') with books about the role of experts and the power of scientific knowledge. He sees a role of science as [[agenda setting|agenda setter]] in the political process but stays in line with basic STS assumptions about the failure of the linear model of science and policy interaction.<ref>Compare the discussion of Collins and Evans {{citation|periodical=Social Studies of Science|title=The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience |volume=32|issue=2 |pages=235–296 |issn=0306-3127|date= 1 April 2002 |language=de |doi=10.1177/0306312702032002003 |last1=Collins |first1=H.M. |last2=Evans |first2=Robert|s2cid=145135881 }}</ref> Roger Pielke's [[Honest broker|Honest Broker]] assumed with regard to climate studies, that the linear model still is overwhelmingly persistent. The assumption, that STS studies critical of the linear model would ''automatically translate into practice'' would echo the very linear model under scrutiny,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark B. Brown: Review of The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics by Roger S. Pielke, Jr., in Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy 46:4 (2008): 485-489.|url = http://www.csus.edu/indiv/b/brownm/Brown%20-%20Review%20of%20Pielke%20-%20The%20Honest%20Broker.pdf |access-date=2015-05-12 |work=www.csus.edu}}</ref> In a contribution to a volume in ''Knowledge and Democracy'' in 2015 Grundmann stated that those previous scholarly critiques already converted into governments attempting to improve management of public expectations on technological risk assessments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marc Brown: Review of Knowledge and Democracy: A 21st Century Perspective, edited by Nico Stehr, in Contemporary Sociology 38:5 (2009): 452-453.|url = http://www.csus.edu/indiv/b/brownm/Brown%20-%20Review%20of%20Stehr%20-%20Knowledge%20and%20Democracy.pdf |access-date=2015-05-12 |work=www.csus.edu}}</ref>
 
=== Role of Experts ===
His is very active in the peer review process, for many academic journals, publishing houses, and research funding organisations across various countries. His own experiences with peer review of a paper about the [[climategate]] issue are being described in an interview with [[Hans von Storch]].<ref name =hvSint>[http://klimazwiebel.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/interview-reiner-grundmann.html Tuesday, May 29, 2012 Interview with Reiner Grundmann by Hans von Storch]</ref> His paper ''Climategate and The Scientific Ethos'' faced severe resistance from social science journals before it was published in [[Science, Technology, & Human Values]]. Grundmann took the affair as reason to state a ''politization of climate science'' which makes [[Science, technology and society]] (STS) scholars feel uncomfortable with the topic of climate change.<ref name =rgclt>see Climate Change: What role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy</ref> Grundmanns states a problematic approach of climate scientists which believe to have a prerogative to make political suggestions in the field "which society at large should take up because scientists always know best"<ref name =hvSint/> combined with a basic lack of actual feasible solution proposals.<ref name =hvSint/> He sees climate change as a long term issue requiring more public involvement and debate, not less<ref name =hvSint/> and asks social scientists to study the interaction of policy or society with it.<ref name =rgclt/>
In their book on [[Expert|expert knowledge]] (English translation in 2011: ''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/CJS/article/download/11599/9022|title = Book Review/Compte rendu: Nico Stehr and Reiner Grundmann. Experts: The Know-ledge and Power of Expertise. Key Ideas. New York: Rout-ledge, 2011, 148 pp. $110.00 hardcover (978-0-415-60803-9)|last = Young|first = Nathan|date = 2011|journal = Canadian Journal of Sociology |volume=36 |issue=3 |access-date = 2015-05-05}}</ref> Grundmann and Stehr develop a specific concept of expertise. Contrary to common definitions that stress the centrality of scientists as experts, expertise is defined as mediating between knowledge production and knowledge application. With the expansion of knowledge intensive professions, ever more persons move into positions of experts—for some issues, some of the time. The rise of the [[knowledge society]] leads to a proliferation of knowledge sources which has not been sufficiently acknowledged by some dominant theories of expertise. A review in the ''[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]]'' pointed out that the book was published as part of Routledge's "Key Ideas" series and was among the best books in this series, which attempt to both critically review the field and present arguments that reach beyond existing works.<ref name=":0" />
He is member of different Social Science Associations and was President (2009–10) of the [[British Science Association]] Sociology and Social Policy Section.
 
''Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise'' got positive reviews e.g. in socialnet.de.<ref>Thorsten Benkel University of Passau) 10.15.2010 review of: Nico Stehr, Reiner Grundmann: Expertenwissen. Velbrück Wissenschaft (Weilerswist) 2010. In: socialnet Rezensionen, ISSN 2190-9245, http://www.socialnet.de/rezensionen/10190.php, access 09.05.2015.</ref> [[Perlentaucher]] mentioned e.g. a positive review of [[:de:Alexander Kissler|Alexander Kissler]] in [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], stating Stehr and Grundmann would have successfully started ''to plough a new field''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Reiner Grundmann / Nico Stehr: Expertenwissen. Die Kultur und die Macht von Experten, Beratern und Ratgebern - Perlentaucher|url = https://www.perlentaucher.de/buch/reiner-grundmann-nico-stehr/expertenwissen.html|website = www.perlentaucher.de|access-date = 2015-05-09}}</ref> Climate change is a prominent current case which highlights the question about knowledge and decision making. Grundmann thinks that there exists a mistaken belief that the presence of a [[scientific consensus]] will enable ambitious climate policies. He considers that a much praised study overstates the case for scientific consensus.<ref>Cook et al., [[Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature]] [http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024/article]</ref> Grundmann is in line with main STS scholars view that science hardly determines policy outcomes.<ref>{{citation |periodical=Social Studies of Science |title=The Third Wave of Science Studies Studies of Expertise and Experience |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=235–296 |issn=0306-3127|date=1 April 2002 |language=de |doi=10.1177/0306312702032002003 |last1=Collins |first1=H.M. |last2=Evans |first2=Robert|s2cid=145135881 }}</ref> Examples such [[acid rain]],<ref>Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, 1995. {{ISBN|9780198293330}}</ref> [[smoking ban|smoking regulations]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grundmann | first1 = Reiner | year = 2013 | title = Debunking sceptical propaganda - Book review | journal = BioSocieties | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 370–374 | doi = 10.1057/biosoc.2013.15 | s2cid = 145249396 }}</ref> [[ozone depleting]] substances, [[genetically modified foods]]<ref>Susan Wright, Molecular Politics: Developing American and British Regulatory Policy for Genetic Engineering, 1972-1982 (1994). {{ISBN|9780226910659}}</ref> show how cultural, economic and political issues exercised a strong influence. Conversely, the presence of an international science consensus (through the IPCC) has led to different national policies, none of which is on track to achieving the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that the [[IPCC Summary for Policymakers]] postulate as necessary.<ref>Reiner Grundmann (2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|title = IPCC Working group III|last = Schwarz|first = Susanne|date = 13 April 2014|access-date = 29 August 2014|archive-date = 3 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190458/http://www.ipcc14.de/berichte-1/ipcc-arbeitsgruppe-3/145-arbeitsgruppe-drei-veroeffentlicht-ergebnisse|url-status = dead}}</ref>
==Publications and books==
* (2012) The Power of Scientific Knowledge. From Research to Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107022-72-0 (with Nico Stehr).
* (2011) Die Macht der Erkenntnis. Berlin: Suhrkamp. ISBN 978-3-518-29590-8 (with Nico Stehr).
* (2010) Expertenwissen: Die Kultur und die Macht von Experten, Beratern und Ratgebern. Frankfurt am Main: Velbrueck. ISBN 978-3-938808-82-5 (with Nico Stehr). In English: Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-60803-9 (with Nico Stehr). A russian translation is in preparation.
* (2008) Society: Critical Concepts (4 vols.) London: Routledge. ISBN 0415426561 (edited with Nico Stehr).
* (2005) Knowledge: Critical Concepts (5 vols). London: Routledge. ISBN 0415317363 (edited with Nico Stehr).
* (2001) Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415224233
* (2001) Werner Sombart. Economic Life in the Modern Age, edited and introduced by Nico Stehr and Reiner Grundmann, New Brunswick, N.J.; Oxford: Transaction Books. ISBN 0765800306.
* (1999) Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. USA und Deutschland im Vergleich. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus. ISBN 3-593-36222-8
* (1991) Marxism and Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198273142, which has been translated into Korean (Dongnyok, Seoul 1995), Chinese translation is forthcoming
 
=== Climate change ===
== Examples of peer reviewed publications ==
He wrote about the legacy of the [[Climatic Research Unit email controversy]] and whether it revitalized or undermined climate science and climate policy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The legacy of climategate: revitalizing or undermining climate science and policy? |journal = Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change|doi=10.1002/wcc.166|volume=3|issue = 3|pages=281–288|year = 2012|last1 = Grundmann|first1 = Reiner| s2cid=142862122 |doi-access = free| bibcode=2012WIRCC...3..281G }}</ref> His own experiences with peer review of another paper about the issue are described in an interview with [[Hans von Storch]] on Storch's Klimazwiebel blog.<ref name="hvSint">[http://klimazwiebel.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/interview-reiner-grundmann.html Tuesday, May 29, 2012 Interview with Reiner Grundmann by Hans von Storch]</ref> According von Storch's intro, Grundmann's paper ''Climategate and The Scientific Ethos''<ref name="CSG">{{Cite journal|title = Climategate and the Scientific Ethos|last = Grundmann|first = Reiner|date = 2012|journal = Science, Technology, & Human Values|volume = 38|pages = 67–93|doi = 10.1177/0162243911432318|s2cid = 146731260}}</ref> faced severe resistance from social science journals before it was published in ''[[Science, Technology, & Human Values]]''.<ref name="hvSint" />
* (2012) ‘Climategate’ and the Scientific Ethos, Science, Technology & Human Values, DOI: 10.1177/0162243911432318.
* (2012) How does knowledge relate to political action? Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 25(1): 29-44 (with Nico Stehr).
* (2011) Regional Climate Services illustrated with experiences from Northern Europe. Zeitschrift für Umweltpolitik & Umweltrecht 1/2011, 1-15 (with von Storch, H., I. Meinke, N. Stehr, B. Ratter, W. Krauss, R.A. Pielke jr., M. Reckermann and R. Weisse).
* (2011) The Two “Limits” Debates: “Limits to Growth” and Climate Change, Futures 43:16–26 (with Josh Eastin and Aseem Prakash).
* (2010) Climate Change: What role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy, Current Sociology 58(6): 897–910 (with Nico Stehr).
* (2010) The Discourse of Climate Change: a corpus-based approach, Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines 4 (2): 113 – 133 (with Ramesh Krishnamurthy).
* (2009) The Role of Expertise in Governance Processes, Forest Policy and Economics 11: 398–403.
* (2007) Climate Change and Knowledge Politics, Environmental Politics 16 (3): 416 – 434.
* (2005) Ozone and Climate: Scientific consensus and leadership, Science, Technology, and Human Values 31(1): 73-101.
* (1998a) ‘Policy Networks and Global Ecological Problems: The Case of the Ozone Layer’ Law and State 58: 7-35.
* (1998b) ‘Technik als Problem für die Systemtheorie’ [Technology as a Problem for Systems Theory]. Swiss Journal of Sociology 24 (2): 327-346.
* (1998c) ‘The Strange Success of the Montreal Protocol: Why reductionist accounts fail’, International Environmental Affairs 10 (3): 197-220.
* (1997a) ‘Klima und Gesellschaft, Soziologische Klassiker und Außenseiter’ [Classical Social Science Discourse and the Impact of Climate on Society] Soziale Welt 47 (1), 85-100.
* (1997b) ‘Politiknetzwerke und globale ökologische Probleme: Der Fall der Ozonschicht’, [Policy Networks and Global Environmental Problems] Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 38 (2): 247-273.
* (1994) ‘Incanto, tecnica e rischio nel mondo moderno. Karl Marx e la seconda creazione’ [Enchantment, Technology, and Risk in Modern Societies. Karl Marx and Second Creation]. Iride [Italy], Vol 7: 402-411.
* (1991a) ‘Fundamentalist Intolerance or Civil Disobedience? Strange Loops in Liberal Theory’ Political Theory, Vol 19: 572-605 (with Christos Mantziaris).
* (1991b) ‘Natur und ‘blinder Fleck’. Zum Potential Marxscher Theorie für das Verständnis ökologischer Probleme’ [Nature and the ‘blind spot’. The Potential of Marx’s Theory for the Understanding of Ecological Problems]. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, Vol. 39: 1020-1042.
* (1991c) ‘The Ecological Challenge to Marxism’ New Left Review 187 (May–June), 103-120.
 
Grundmann and Stehr had themselves a controversy in the peer reviewed literature, when they clashed with Constance Lever-Tracy about the role of sociology in climate affairs. Grundmann stated a ''politicization of climate science'' which makes [[science, technology and society]] (STS) scholars feel uncomfortable with the topic of climate change.<ref name="rgclt" /> Grundmann identifies a problematic approach of climate scientists who believe to have a prerogative to make political suggestions in the field "which society at large should take up because scientists always know best"<ref name="hvSint" /> combined with a basic lack of actual<ref name="rgclt">{{cite journal | title=Climate Change: What role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy' | author=Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr | journal=[[Current Sociology]] | year=2010 | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=897–910 | doi=10.1177/0011392110376031| s2cid=143371210 }}</ref> feasible solution proposals.<ref name="hvSint" /> He sees climate change as a long term issue requiring more public involvement and debate, not less<ref name="hvSint" /> and asks social scientists to study the interaction between climate and society, Lever-Tracy was more about letting the climatologists having the lead.<ref name="rgclt" />
== Some book chapters ==
 
* (2012) Klimawandel und die Rolle der Sozialwissenschaften, in: Enger, Heike/Schmid, Martin (Hrsg.): Jenseits traditioneller Wissenschaft? Zur Rolle von Wissenschaft in einer vorsorgenden Gesellschaft, München: oekom verlag, 95-110 (with Markus Rhomberg and Nico Stehr).
[[Mike Hulme]] noted that Grundmann (2007) pointed out some of the problems, with the circulation of IPCC knowledge or that he suggested that improvements need to be made, for example in form of improved communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Hulme-Mahony-PiPG.pdf|title=Climate Change: what do we know about the IPCC?|author=Mike Hulme|year=2010}}</ref> Grundmann wrote that besides the IPCC knowledge, it resulted in inaction in the United States, and that political agenda and high visibility of sceptical scientists in the media based on 'balanced reporting' led to a bias in climate change coverage in advantage of sceptical arguments. In Germany instead, science messaging and warnings from well known scientists prevailed and resulted in climate action.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://stsclimate.soc.ku.dk/papers/grundmannclimatechangeandknowledgepolitics.pdf|title=Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics|journal = Environmental Politics|volume=16|issue=3|author=Reiner Grundmann|pages=414–432|year=2007|doi=10.1080/09644010701251656|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115142/http://stsclimate.soc.ku.dk/papers/grundmannclimatechangeandknowledgepolitics.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-26|citeseerx=10.1.1.535.4984|s2cid=153866225}}</ref>
* (2012) Ökologische Kommunikation, in: Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben - Werk – Wirkung, Oliver Jahraus/Armin Nassehi/Mario Grizelj/Irmhild Saake/Christian Kirchmeier/Julian Müller (eds.) ISBN 3-476-02368-0
 
* (2012) The Climate Change Debate, in W.S. Bainbridge (ed.) Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook, Sage, 480-487.
==Publications and books==
* (2011) Transnational Policy Networks and the Role of Advocacy Scientists: From Ozone Layer Protection to Climate Change, in: Global Activism Reader, Luc Reydams (ed.), Continuum Publishers,
* (1991) ''Marxism and Ecology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0198273142}}
* (2008) What may the Sheep safely know? in Knowledge and Democracy, ed. Nico Stehr. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, 85-104.
** Korean (Dongnyok, Seoul 1995), Chinese translation is forthcoming
* (1999) Transnationale Umweltpolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht. USA und Deutschland im Vergleich. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus. {{ISBN|3-593-36222-8}}
** (2001) Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415224233}}
* (2001) Werner Sombart. Economic Life in the Modern Age, edited and introduced by Nico Stehr and Reiner Grundmann, New Brunswick, N.J.; Oxford: [[Transaction Books]]. {{ISBN|0765800306}}.
* (2011) Die Macht der Erkenntnis. Berlin: [[Suhrkamp Verlag|Suhrkamp]]. {{ISBN|978-3-518-29590-8}} (with Nico Stehr).
** In English (2012) The Power of Scientific Knowledge. From Research to Public Policy. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-107022-72-0}} (with Nico Stehr).
** In Russian: Власть научного знания, Aletheia Publishers, Sankt Petersburg, {{ISBN|978-5-9905769-3-3}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.zu.de/universitaet/presse/publikationen/stehr-macht-wiss-erkenntnisse.php|title = Publikation auf Russisch erschienen!|website = Zeppelin university}}</ref>
* (2010) Expertenwissen: Die Kultur und die Macht von Experten, Beratern und Ratgebern. Frankfurt am Main: [[:de:Velbrück Wissenschaft|Velbrueck]]. {{ISBN|978-3-938808-82-5}} (with Nico Stehr).
** In English: Experts: The knowledge and power of expertise. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-60803-9}} (with Nico Stehr).<ref>{{cite journal | title=BOOK REVIEW/COMPTE RENDU. Nico Stehr and Reiner Grundmann. Experts: The Know- ledge and Power of Expertise. | author=Nathan Young |journal = Canadian Journal of Sociology |volume=36 | year=2011 | issue=3}}</ref>
* (2008) Society: Critical Concepts (4 vols.) London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|0415426561}} (edited with Nico Stehr).
* (2005) Knowledge: Critical Concepts (5 vols). London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415317363}} (edited with Nico Stehr).
 
== References ==
{{Reflistreflist}}
{{Authority control |VIAF= |LCCN=|GND=113610769}}
 
==External links ==
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
* {{DNB portal|113610769}}
| NAME = Reiner Grundmann
* [http://nottingham.ac.uk/Sociology/People/reiner.grundmann Grundmann at University of Nottingham website]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
 
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German sociologist
{{Authority control}}
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 September 1955
 
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Freudenstadt
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grundmann, Reiner}}
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reiner, Grundmann}}
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[[Category:German sociologists]]
[[Category:SociologyGerman indexmale writers]]
[[Category:Men sociologists]]
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