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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|thumb|262px|alt=A color photograph of the Stonewall Inn, taken in the summer of 2016; the doorway and windows are decorated with rainbow flags|The [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[gay village]] of [[Greenwich Village]], [[LGBT culture in New York City|Manhattan]], site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]], a landmark event in the struggle for [[LGBT rights]] in the [[LGBT rights in the Americas|United States]], which opened the door for the advancement of LGBT
|title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement|author=Eli Rosenberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=June 25, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=GayGreenwichVillage3>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>]]
{{LGBT sidebar|history}}
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As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=Julian |last2=Bellini |first2=Christine |title=Addressing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Issues in Teacher Education: Teacher Candidates' Perceptions |journal=Alberta Journal of Educational Research |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=444–460 |doi=10.55016/ojs/ajer.v58i3.55632 |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ajer/article/view/55632 }}</ref> There is debate over the extent that lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender people, [[intersex]] people, and others share common interests and a need to work together. Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s, '80s and '90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians, feminine [[gay men]], transgender people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.<ref>Bull, C., and J. Gallagher (1996) Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s. New York: Crown.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> Roffee and Waling (2016) documented that LGBT people experience microaggressions, bullying and anti-social behaviors from other people within the LGBT community. This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails "LGBT". For example, transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding toward their own, individual, specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions, and this could cause health risks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Richard G. |title=Sexuality, Health, and Human Rights |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=June 2007 |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=972–973 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.113365 |pmid=17463362 |pmc=1874191 }}</ref> Additionally, bisexual people found that lesbian or gay people were not understanding or appreciative of bisexual sexuality. Evidently, even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community, there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBT community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roffee |first1=James A. |last2=Waling |first2=Andrea |title=Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth |journal=Safer Communities |date=October 10, 2016 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=190–201 |doi=10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004 }}</ref>
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of [[identity politics]] that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a [[minority group]] or groups, and this is very common among LGBT communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balsam |first1=Kimberly F. |last2=Molina |first2=Yamile |last3=Beadnell |first3=Blair |last4=Simoni |first4=Jane |last5=Walters |first5=Karina |title=Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=April 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1037/a0023244 |pmid=21604840 |pmc=4059824 }}</ref> Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and [[equal opportunity]], and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society.<ref>One example of this approach is: [[Andrew Sullivan|Sullivan, Andrew]] (1997). ''Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con''. New York: Vintage.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> In arguing that [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian, and bisexual people into heterosexuals ("[[conversion therapy]]") are generally opposed by the LGBT community. Such attempts are often based on [[religious beliefs]] that perceive gay, lesbian, and bisexual activity as immoral. Religion has, however, never been univocal opposed to either homosexuality, bisexuality or transgenderism, usually treating sex between men and sex between women differently. As of today, numerous religious communities and many believers in
However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the [[queer]] movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to [[Deconstruction|deconstruct]] those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the non heterosexual as inferior."<ref>Bernstein (2002)</ref>
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{{Main|Gay Liberation}}
{{See also|1970s in LGBT rights}}
The [[new social movements]] of the sixties, such as the [[Black Power]] and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam war]] movements in the US, the May 1968 insurrection in France, and [[Feminist movement|Women's Liberation]] throughout the Western world, inspired many LGBT activists to become more radical,<ref name="matzner" /> and the [[Gay Liberation]] movement emerged towards the end of the decade. This new radicalism is often attributed to the [[Stonewall riots]] of 1969, when a group of gay men, lesbians, drag queens and transgender women at a bar in New York City resisted a police raid.<ref name="when" />
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[[Eric Rofes]] author of the book, ''A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer?'', argues that the inclusion of teachings on homosexuality in public schools will play an important role in transforming public ideas about lesbian and gay individuals.<ref name="Rofes">Rofes, Eric E. "Chapter 2: Candy from Strangers: Queer Teachers and the (Im)Moral Development of Children." A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer. Ed. Eric E. Rofes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 15–37. Print.</ref> As a former teacher in the public school system, Rofes recounts how he was fired from his teaching position after making the decision to come out as gay. As a result of the stigma that he faced as a gay teacher he emphasizes the necessity of the public to take [[political radicalism|radical]] approaches to making significant changes in public attitudes about homosexuality.<ref name="Rofes" /> According to Rofes, radical approaches are grounded in the belief that "something fundamental needs to be transformed for authentic and sweeping changes to occur. "The radical approaches proposed by Rofes have been met with strong opposition from [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay rights]] activists such as [[John Briggs (politician)|John Briggs]]. Former California senator, John Briggs proposed [[Briggs Initiative|Proposition 6]], a [[ballot initiative]] that would require that all California state public schools fire any gay or lesbian teachers or counselors, along with any faculty that displayed support for gay rights in an effort to prevent what he believe to be "the corruption of the children's minds".<ref name="Fetner">Fetner, Tina. 2008. How the Religious Rights Shaped Lesbian and Gay Activism. University of Minnesota Press.</ref> The exclusion of homosexuality from the sexual education curriculum, in addition to the absence of sexual counseling programs in public schools, has resulted in increased feelings of isolation and alienation for gay and lesbian students who desire to have gay counseling programs that will help them come to terms with their sexual orientation.<ref name="Rofes" /> Eric Rofes founder of youth homosexual programs, such as [[Out There (youth program)|Out There]] and [[Committee for Gay Youth]], stresses the importance of having support programs that help youth learn to identify with their sexual orientation.
[[David Campos]], author of the book, ''Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook'', illuminates the argument proposed by proponents of sexual education programs in public schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1247C|title=Sex, Youth, and Sex Education|website=abc-clio.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> Many gay rights supporters argue that teachings about the diverse sexual orientations that exist outside of [[heterosexuality]] are pertinent to creating students that are well informed about the world around them. However, Campos also acknowledges that the sex education curriculum alone cannot teach youth about factors associated with sexual orientation but instead he suggests that schools implement policies that create safe school learning environments and foster support for LGBT youth.<ref name="Campos">{{cite book|author=Campos, David|title=Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKmVUwbUlGgC|isbn=978-1-57607-776-4}}</ref> It is his belief that schools that provide unbiased, factual information about sexual orientation, along with supportive counseling programs for these homosexual youth will transform the way society treats homosexuality.<ref name="Campos" />
Many opponents of LGBT social movements have attributed their indifference toward homosexuality as being a result of the immoral values that it may instill in children who are exposed to homosexual individuals.<ref name="Fetner" /> In opposition to this claim, many proponents of increased education about homosexuality suggest that educators should refrain from teaching about [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] in schools entirely. In her book entitled "Gay and Lesbian Movement," [[Margaret Cruikshank]] provides statistical data from the [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris and Yankelovich polls]] which confirmed that over 80% of American adults believe that students should be educated about sexuality within their public school. In addition, the poll also found that 75% of parents believe that homosexuality and abortion should be included in the curriculum as well. An assessment conducted on California public school systems discovered that only 2% of all parents actually disapproved of their child being taught about sexuality in school.<ref name="Darder">{{cite book|editor1=Darder, Antoninia|editor2=Marta Baltodano|editor3=Raldolfo Torres|name-list-style=amp|title=The Critical Pedagogy Reader|location=New York, NY|publisher=Routledge Falmer|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2bvKJ6S-L8C&pg=PA496|isbn=978-0-415-92261-6}}</ref>
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