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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|thumb|262px|alt=A color photograph of the Stonewall Inn, taken in the summer of 2016; the doorway and windows are decorated with rainbow flags|The [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[gay village]] of [[Greenwich Village]], [[LGBT culture in New York City|Manhattan]], site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]], a landmark event in the struggle for [[LGBT rights]] in the [[LGBT rights in the Americas|United States]], which opened the door for the advancement of LGBT
|title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement|author=Eli Rosenberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=June 25, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=GayGreenwichVillage3>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>]]
{{LGBT sidebar|history}}
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== Overview ==
[[File:Kiss (19165072846).jpg|thumb|alt=Two men kissing in front of the US Supreme Court. One is wearing a t-shirt with the words, Legalize Gay|Marriage Equality Decision Day Rally in front of the US Supreme Court, Washington DC, 2015]]
[[File:Day of Kisses in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Russian LGBT activists protesting anti-gay law at the [[State Duma]] in [[Moscow]] were attacked, detained, 2013]]
{{Rights |By claimant}}
[[Sociologist]] Mary Bernstein writes: "For the lesbian and gay movement, then, cultural goals include (but are not limited to) challenging dominant constructions of [[masculinity]] and [[femininity]], [[homophobia]], and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual [[nuclear family]] ([[heteronormativity]]). Political goals include changing laws and policies to gain new rights, benefits, and protections from harm
As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=Julian |last2=Bellini |first2=Christine |title=Addressing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Issues in Teacher Education: Teacher Candidates' Perceptions |journal=Alberta Journal of Educational Research |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=444–460 |doi=10.55016/ojs/ajer.v58i3.55632 |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ajer/article/view/55632 }}</ref> There is debate over
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of [[identity politics]] that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a [[minority group]] or groups, and this is very common among LGBT communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balsam |first1=Kimberly F. |last2=Molina |first2=Yamile |last3=Beadnell |first3=Blair |last4=Simoni |first4=Jane |last5=Walters |first5=Karina |title=Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=April 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1037/a0023244 |pmid=21604840 |pmc=4059824 }}</ref> Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and [[equal opportunity]], and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society.<ref>One example of this approach is: [[Andrew Sullivan|Sullivan, Andrew]] (1997). ''Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con''. New York: Vintage.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> In arguing that [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian, and bisexual people into heterosexuals ("[[conversion therapy]]") are generally opposed by the LGBT community. Such attempts are often based
However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the [[queer]] movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to [[Deconstruction|deconstruct]] those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the non heterosexual as inferior."<ref>Bernstein (2002)</ref>
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[[File:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (from Kennedy).jpg|thumb|[[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]], German gay rights activist of the 1860s]]
<!-- It seems that the information regarding Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Karl Maria Kertbeny was removed without any adequate replacement. -->
In many ways, social attitudes to homosexuality became more hostile during the late [[Victorian era]]. In 1885, the [[Labouchere Amendment]] was included in the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885|Criminal Law Amendment Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Library|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885|access-date=2021-10-27|website=www.bl.uk|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019180417/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-criminal-law-amendment-act-1885|url-status=dead}}</ref> which criminalized 'any act of gross indecency with another male person'; a charge that was successfully invoked to convict playwright [[Oscar Wilde]] in 1895 with the most severe sentence possible under the Act.
The first person known to describe himself as a [[drag queen]] was [[William Dorsey Swann]], born enslaved in [[Hancock, Maryland]]. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the [[LGBTQ community]]'s [[right to assemble]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Channing Gerard|date=31 January 2020|title=The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave|journal=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/drag-queen-slave-ball/|access-date=4 February 2020|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> During the 1880s and 1890s, Swann organized a series of [[drag balls]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Swann was arrested in police raids numerous times, including in the first documented case of arrests for female impersonation in the United States, on April 12, 1888.<ref name=Wood>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/picador-buys-extraordinary-tale-first-drag-queen-824311 |title='Extraordinary' tale of 'first' drag queen to Picador |author=Heloise Wood |date=July 9, 2018 |publisher=The Bookseller |access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref>
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=== Homophile movement (1945–1969) ===
{{Main|Homophile movement}}
[[File:The Ladder, October 1957.jpg|thumb|upright 0.75|Cover of U.S. lesbian publication ''[[The Ladder (magazine)|The Ladder]]'' from October 1957. The motif of masks and unmasking was prevalent in the [[homophile movement|homophile]] era, prefiguring the political strategy of [[coming out]] and giving the [[Mattachine Society]] its name.]]
Immediately following [[World War II]], a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world, in Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries and the United States. These groups usually preferred the term ''homophile'' to ''homosexual'', emphasizing love over sex. The homophile movement began in the late 1940s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, [[Arcadie (French homophile organization)|France]], Britain and elsewhere. [[ONE, Inc.]], the first public homosexual organization in the U.S.,<ref name="before">Percy, William A. & William Edward Glover, 2005, [http://williamapercy.com/pub-Comments-PercyGlover.htm Before Stonewall], November 5, 2005 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621122142/http://williamapercy.com/pub-Comments-PercyGlover.htm |date=June 21, 2008 }}</ref> was bankrolled by the wealthy transsexual man [[Reed Erickson]]. A U.S. transgender rights journal, ''Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress'', also published two issues in 1952.
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The homophile movement lobbied to establish a prominent influence in political systems of social acceptability. Radicals of the 1970s would later disparage the homophile groups for being [[Cultural assimilation|assimilationist]]. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite.<ref name="matzner">Matzner, 2004, "[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/stonewall_riots.html Stonewall Riots] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116051051/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/stonewall_riots.html |date=January 16, 2006 }}"</ref> By 1969, there were dozens of homophile organizations and publications in the U.S.,<ref>Percy, 2005, "[http://williamapercy.com/BeforeStonewallReview.htm Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827185054/http://williamapercy.com/BeforeStonewallReview.htm |date=August 27, 2008 }}</ref> and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media. A 1965 gay march held in front of [[Independence Hall]] in Philadelphia, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, the LGBT youth organization Vanguard was formed by Adrian Ravarour to demonstrate for equality, and Vanguard members protested for equal rights during the months of April–July 1966, followed by the August 1966 Compton's riot, where transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of [[Tenderloin, San Francisco, California|Tenderloin]] rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, [[Compton's Cafeteria riot|Gene Compton's Cafeteria.]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernadicou |first1=August |title=Adrian Ravarour |url=https://www.augustnation.com/adrian-ravarour |website=August Nation |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |access-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627121016/https://www.augustnation.com/adrian-ravarour |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Wolfenden Report]] was published in Britain on September 4, 1957, after publicized convictions for homosexuality of well-known men, including [[Edward Montagu-Scott, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu]]. Disregarding the conventional ideas of the day, the committee recommended that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence". All but James Adair were in favor of this and, contrary to some medical and psychiatric witnesses' evidence at that time, found that "homosexuality cannot legitimately be regarded as a disease, because in many cases it is the only symptom and is compatible with full mental health in other respects." The report added, "The law's function is to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive or injurious, and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others
The report eventually led to the introduction of the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967|Sexual Offences Bill 1967]] supported by [[labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Roy Jenkins]], then the Labour [[Home Secretary]]. When passed, the [[Sexual Offences Act|Sexual Offenses Act]] decriminalized homosexual acts between two men over 21 years of age ''in private'' in England and [[Wales]]. The seemingly innocuous phrase 'in private' led to the prosecution of participants in sex acts involving three or more men, e.g. the [[Bolton 7]] who were so convicted as recently as 1998.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/02/tories-out-in-force-gay-pride "Pride 2010: From
Bisexual activism became more visible toward the end of the 1960s in the United States. In 1966 bisexual activist [[Stephen Donaldson (activist)|Robert A. Martin (also known as Donny the Punk)]] founded the Student Homophile League at Columbia University and New York University. In 1967 Columbia University officially recognized this group, thus making them the first college in the United States to officially recognize a gay student group.<ref name="binetusa">{{cite web|url=http://www.binetusa.org/bihealth.html|title=
=== Gay Liberation movement (1969–1974) ===
{{Main|Gay Liberation}}
{{See also|1970s in LGBT rights}}
The [[new social movements]] of the sixties, such as the [[Black Power]] and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam war]] movements in the US, the May 1968 insurrection in France, and [[Feminist movement|Women's Liberation]] throughout the Western world, inspired many LGBT activists to become more radical,<ref name="matzner" /> and the [[Gay Liberation]] movement emerged towards the end of the decade. This new radicalism is often attributed to the [[Stonewall riots]] of 1969, when a group of gay men, lesbians, drag queens and transgender women at a bar in New York City resisted a police raid.<ref name="when" />
Immediately after Stonewall, such groups as the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) and the [[Gay Activists' Alliance]] (GAA) were formed. Their use of the word ''gay'' represented a new unapologetic defiance—as an antonym for ''straight'' ("respectable sexual behavior"), it encompassed a range of non-normative sexuality and sought ultimately to free the bisexual potential in everyone, rendering obsolete the categories of homosexual and heterosexual.<ref>[[Dennis Altman|Altman, D.]] (1971). ''Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation''. New York: Outerbridge & Dienstfrey.</ref><ref>Adam, B. D. (1987). ''The rise of a gay and lesbian movement''. Boston: Twayne Publishers.</ref> According to Gay Lib writer [[Toby Marotta]], "their Gay political outlooks were not homophile but liberationist".<ref>{{cite book|last = Marotta|first = Toby|title =The Politics of Homosexuality|location = Boston|page = 68|publisher = Houghton Mifflin|date = 1981|isbn = 9780395294772}}</ref> "Out, loud and proud," they engaged in colorful [[street theatre|street theater]].<ref>{{cite web|last1= Gallagher|first1= John |last2= Bull|first2= Chris|date = 1996|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/perfectenemies.htm |title = Perfect Enemies|website = WashingtonPost.com}}</ref> The GLF's "A Gay Manifesto" set out the aims for the fledgling gay liberation movement, and influential intellectual [[Paul Goodman]] published "[[The Politics of Being Queer]]" (1969). Chapters of the GLF were established across the U.S. and in other parts of the Western world. The [[Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire]] was formed in 1971 by lesbians who split from the [[Mouvement Homophile de France]].
[[File:Nu gay lib demo 03.jpg|thumb|Gay liberation demonstration in Washington, D.C., in the early 1970s]]The [[Gay liberation]] movement overall, like the gay community generally and historically, has had varying degrees of gender nonconformity and assimilationist platforms among its members. Early marches by the Mattachine society and Daughters of Bilitis stressed looking "respectable" and mainstream, and after the Stonewall Uprising the Mattachine Society posted a sign in the window of the club calling for peace. Gender nonconformity has always been a primary way of signaling homosexuality and bisexuality, and by the late 1960s and mainstream fashion was increasingly incorporating what by the 1970s would be considered "unisex" fashions. In 1970, the [[drag queen]] caucus of the GLF, including [[Marsha P. Johnson]] and [[Sylvia Rivera]], formed the group [[Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries]] (STAR), which focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens".<ref name=ACTUP>Shepard, Benjamin Heim and Ronald Hayduk (2002) ''From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization''. Verso. pp.156–160 {{ISBN|978-1859-8435-67}}</ref><ref name=feinberg>{{cite web |url=http://www.workers.org/2006/us/lavender-red-73/ |title=Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries |work=[[Workers World Party]] |quote="Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha "Pay It No Mind" Johnson ... Both were self-identified drag queens." |author=Feinberg, Leslie |date=September 24, 2006 |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Stryker 2018 68, 77, 110">{{Cite book|title=Transgender History: the roots of today's revolution|last=Stryker|first=Susan|publisher=Seal Press|year=2018|isbn=9781580056892|edition= Second |location=New York, NY|pages=68, 77, 110|oclc=990183211}}</ref> In 1969, [[Lee Brewster]] and Bunny Eisenhower formed the [[Queens Liberation Front]] (QLF), partially in protest to the treatment of the drag queens at the first [[Christopher Street Liberation Day|Christopher Street Liberation Day March]].<ref name="Stryker 2018 68, 77, 110"/>
One of the values of the movement was [[gay pride]]. Within weeks of the Stonewall Riots, [[Craig Rodwell]], proprietor of the [[Oscar Wilde Bookshop|Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop]] in lower Manhattan, persuaded the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) to replace the Fourth of July Annual Reminder at Independence Hall in Philadelphia with a first commemoration of the Stonewall Riots. Liberation groups, including the Gay Liberation Front, Queens, the Gay Activists Alliance, [[Radicalesbians]], and Street Transvestites Action Revolutionaries (STAR) all took part in the first Gay Pride Week. Los Angeles held a big parade on the first Gay Pride Day. Smaller demonstrations were held in San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waters|first=Michael|title=The First Pride Marches, in Photos|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/first-pride-marches-photos-1-180972379/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaufman|first=David|date=2020-06-16|title=How the Pride March Made History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/gay-lgbt-pride-march-history.html|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:Ink glf cover.jpg|thumb|
In the United Kingdom the GLF had its first meeting in the basement of the [[London School of Economics]] on October 13, 1970. [[Bob Mellors]] and Aubrey Walter had seen the effect of the GLF in the United States and created a parallel movement based on revolutionary politics and alternative lifestyle.<ref name=Lucas98>{{citation | last=Lucas | first=Ian | year=1998 | title=OutRage!: an oral history | publisher=Cassell | isbn=978-0-304-33358-5 |pages=2–3}}</ref>
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In 1977, [[Harvey Milk]] was elected to the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] becoming the first openly gay man in the State of California to be elected to public office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-12-11/the-first-openly-gay-person-to-win-an-election-in-america-was-not-harvey-milk|title=The First Openly Gay Person to Win an Election in America Was Not Harvey Milk|website=bloomberg.com|access-date=|first = Steve|last = Friess|date = 11 December 2015}}</ref> Milk was assassinated by a former city supervisor [[Dan White]] in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/10/22/dan-white-commits-suicide/590322ca-f461-4a98-9c5f-348648f7ac66/?noredirect=on |title=Dan White Commits Suicide|date=October 22, 1985|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref>
In 1977, a former Miss America contestant and orange juice spokesperson, [[Anita Bryant]], began a campaign "Save Our Children",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timeline.com/anita-bryant-anti-gay-dade-county-christian-conservative-video-history-e026fd5bfad8|title=Watch: The singer who helped launch the anti-gay rights movement|last=|date=December 14, 2017|website=
In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of ''being homosexual,'' in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the [[National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)|National Board of Health and Welfare]]. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in the world to remove homosexuality as an illness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quistbergh.se/view/514 |language=sv |title=Jag känner mig lite homosexuell idag |trans-title=I feel a little gay today |access-date=December 12, 2009 |year=2001 |first=Frederick Quist |last=Bergh}}</ref>
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[[Mark Segal]], often referred to as the dean of American gay journalism, disrupted the CBS evening news with [[Walter Cronkite]] in 1973,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queerty.com/the-time-gay-activists-interrupted-walter-cronkite-on-the-cbs-evening-news-20120605|title=The Time Gay Activists Interrupted Walter Cronkite On The CBS Evening News|last=Avery|first=Dan|date=June 5, 2012|website=queerty.com|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> an event covered in newspapers across the country and viewed by 60% of American households, many seeing or hearing about homosexuality for the first time.
Another setback in the United States occurred in 1986, when the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] upheld a Georgia anti-sodomy law in the case ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]''. (This ruling would be overturned two decades later in
==== 1987–2000 ====
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==== 21st century ====
===== Same-sex marriage =====▼
[[File:Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory.svg|thumb|right|350px|'''Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory,''' {{Circa|2015}}▼
[[File:Discussions at the same sex marriage vote in the Minnesota Senate (8737747090).jpg|thumb|left|Demonstrations at the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] during debate on a same sex marriage bill]]{{World homosexuality laws map|align=right|size=350px}}
▲[[File:Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory.svg|thumb|right|350px|'''Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory
{{legend|#800080|Legal identity change, surgery not required}}
{{legend|#ff00ff|Legal identity change, surgery required}}
{{legend|#FF0000|No legal identity change}}
{{legend|#CCCCCC|Unknown/Ambiguous}}]]
{{as of|
▲===== Same-sex marriage =====
▲{{as of|2023}}, same-sex marriages are recognized in the [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Same-sex marriage in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Same-sex marriage in Spain|Spain]], [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|Canada]], [[Same-sex marriage in South Africa|South Africa]], [[Same-sex marriage in Norway|Norway]], [[Same-sex marriage in Sweden|Sweden]], [[Same-sex marriage in Portugal|Portugal]], [[Same-sex marriage in Iceland|Iceland]], [[Same-sex marriage in Argentina|Argentina]], [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico|Mexico]], [[Same-sex marriage in Denmark|Denmark]], [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|Brazil]], [[Same-sex marriage in France|France]], [[Same-sex marriage in Uruguay|Uruguay]], [[Same-sex marriage in New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Same-sex marriage in Ireland|Ireland]], [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|the United States]], [[Same-sex marriage in Colombia|Colombia]], [[Same-sex marriage in Finland|Finland]], [[Same-sex marriage in Germany|Germany]], [[Same-sex marriage in Malta|Malta]], [[Same-sex marriage in Australia|Australia]], [[Same-sex marriage in Austria|Austria]], [[Same-sex marriage in Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Same-sex marriage in Ecuador|Ecuador]], [[Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[Same-sex marriage in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Same-sex marriage in Chile|Chile]], [[Same-sex marriage in Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Same-sex marriage in Cuba|Cuba]], and [[Same-sex marriage in Andorra|Andorra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Marriage Equality Around the World |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/marriage-equality-around-the-world |website=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
The Netherlands was the first country to allow [[same-sex marriage]] in 2001. Following with Belgium in 2003 and Spain and Canada in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/same-sex-marriage-in-canada/|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Canada|first=Margrit|last=Eichler}}</ref> South Africa became the first African nation to legalize same-sex marriage in 2006, and is currently the only African nation where same-sex marriage is legal.<ref name="ESFFoundingRelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringspirits.org/PRDocServer/Passage_of_NH_Marriage_Equality_Bill_060309.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722160745/http://www.empoweringspirits.org/PRDocServer/Passage_of_NH_Marriage_Equality_Bill_060309.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |title=Empowering Spirits Foundation Applauds Passage of NH Marriage Equality Bill |publisher=Empowering Spirits Foundation Press Release |date=June 3, 2009 |access-date=June 4, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="toesland2017">{{cite magazine|last1=Toesland |first1=Finbarr |title=Fighting for LGBT Rights in Nigeria |url=https://pocketmags.com/us/diva-magazine/april-2017/articles/89420/fighting-for-lgbt-rights-in-nigeria |access-date=November 12, 2018 |magazine=DIVA Magazine |date=April 2017}}</ref> Despite this uptick in tolerance of the LGBT community in South Africa, so-called corrective rapes have become prevalent in response, primarily targeting the poorer women who live in townships and those who have no recourse in responding to the crimes because of the notable lack of police presence and prejudice they may face for reporting assaults.<ref name="toesland2017"/>
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President Biden signed an executive order barring LGBTQ discrimination on his first day in office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation/ |title=Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation |author-link=Joe Biden |date=January 20, 2021 |website=[[White House]] |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref> Later the same year, Biden reversed a [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-era policy of banning transgender people from the military, authorized embassies to fly the pride flag, and officially recognized June as Pride Month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-formally-recognizes-june-as-lgbtq-pride-month-2021-6 |title=Biden formally recognizes LGBTQ Pride Month, restarting a tradition that Trump abandoned |last=Seddiq |first=Oma |date=June 1, 2021 |website=Business Insider |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref>
==
{{See also|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality|LGBT rights opposition}}▼
[[File:Our 37th straight year (9179641399).jpg|thumb|37th Annual "Straights For Gay Rights" in Berkeley, California, in 2013]]▼
LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations.<ref>Strauss, Lehman, Litt.D., F.R.G.S. [http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 "Homosexuality: The Christian Perspective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203635/http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 |date=April 15, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm "Roman Catholics and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006)</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family?lang=eng "Teaching about Procreation and Chastity: Homosexuality"], The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints. Home & Family.</ref><ref>Shafran, Rabbi Avi. [http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html "Jewish Law: Marital Problems"]. Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues, and Secular Law.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm "Islam and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055607/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2005).</ref> They may have a personal, political or religious prejudice to gay rights, homosexual relations or gay people. Opponents say same-sex relationships are not marriages,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217232402/http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|title=THE CASE AGAINST SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVILUNIONS |date=January 2008 |publisher=COALITION TO SAVE MARRIAGE IN NEW YORK }}</ref> that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|title=Why Marriage Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205429/http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> that it is unnatural<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1731F937A35753C1A964958260 |title=Anti-Gay Backlashes Are on 3 States' Ballots |date=October 4, 1992 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | first=Timothy | last=Egan}}</ref> and that it encourages unhealthy behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm|title=BalancedPolitics.org – Same Sex Marriages (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages)|author=Joe Messerli|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | title=A BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVIL UNIONS | publisher=The Association of Politically Active Christians | date=2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072704/http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | archive-date=April 9, 2008}}</ref> Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermines the traditional family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527022204/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|title=First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<ref name = DMD>{{cite magazine |last=Brownback |first=Sam |title=Defining Marriage Down — We need to protect marriage. |magazine=[[National Review]] |date=July 9, 2004 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710092937/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-date=July 10, 2004 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family-proclamation "The Family: A Proclamation to the World"], lds.org.</ref> As society in some countries (mostly in Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Taiwan) has become more accepting of homosexuality, there therefore has also been the emergence of many groups that desire to end homosexuality; during the 1990s, one of the best known groups that was established with this goal is the [[ex-gay]] movement.▼
[[File:2008 Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco in 2008]]▼
Some people worry that gay rights conflict with individuals' freedom of speech,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece|newspaper=The Times |title=I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison|date=December 24, 2002 |first=Michael |last=Gove |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299
Line 242 ⟶ 235:
|title=LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision |date=May 15, 2008 |first=Carrie |last=Moore |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193325/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C700226242%2C00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2009 }}</ref>
[[Freedom of religion]] may, however, also protect LGBT people. As pointed out at the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in the 2023 formal report of the [[United Nations Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity]] on the basis of the explanation in a 2020 article by human rights expert [[Dag Øistein Endsjø]], adherents of denominations and belief systems who embrace LGBT-equality "can claim that anti-LGBT manifestations of religion (such as criminalization and discrimination) not only impinge upon the right of LGBT people to be free from violence and discrimination based on SOGI [sexual orientation and gender identity], but also violate the [pro-LGBT] denominations' own rights of freedom of religion". As pointed out in this article, freedom of religion also generally protects LGBT people against religious oppression, as freedom of religion also protects the “freedom ... not to hold religious beliefs and ... not to practise a religion”.<ref>[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] ''[https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5337-report-independent-expert-protection-against-violence-and|A/HRC/53/37 Freedom of religion or belief, and freedom from violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity: Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]'', 7 June 2023, § 162; [[Dag Øistein Endsjø]] “[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961 The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights]”, ''The International Journal of Human Rights'' 24:10 (2020), pp. 1686-88; Buscarini and Others v. San Marino (1999), 24645/94, European Court of Human Rights, § 34; cf. United Nation Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 22, 1993, 2.</ref> As the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief]] noted in 2017, “in certain States where religion has been given ‘official’ or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.”<ref>United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, ''Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief'', A/HRC/34/50, 17 January 2017, § 45.</ref>
[[Eric Rofes]] author of the book, ''A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer?'', argues that the inclusion of teachings on homosexuality in public schools will play an important role in transforming public ideas about lesbian and gay individuals.<ref name="Rofes">Rofes, Eric E. "Chapter 2: Candy from Strangers: Queer Teachers and the (Im)Moral Development of Children." A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer. Ed. Eric E. Rofes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 15–37. Print.</ref> As a former teacher in the public school system, Rofes recounts how he was fired from his teaching position after making the decision to come out as gay. As a result of the stigma that he faced as a gay teacher he emphasizes the necessity of the public to take [[political radicalism|radical]] approaches to making significant changes in public attitudes about homosexuality.<ref name="Rofes" /> According to Rofes, radical approaches are grounded in the belief that "something fundamental needs to be transformed for authentic and sweeping changes to occur. "The radical approaches proposed by Rofes have been met with strong opposition from [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay rights]] activists such as [[John Briggs (politician)|John Briggs]]. Former California senator, John Briggs proposed [[Briggs Initiative|Proposition 6]], a [[ballot initiative]] that would require that all California state public schools fire any gay or lesbian teachers or counselors, along with any faculty that displayed support for gay rights in an effort to prevent what he believe to be " the corruption of the children's minds".<ref name="Fetner">Fetner, Tina. 2008. How the Religious Rights Shaped Lesbian and Gay Activism. University of Minnesota Press.</ref> The exclusion of homosexuality from the sexual education curriculum, in addition to the absence of sexual counseling programs in public schools, has resulted in increased feelings of isolation and alienation for gay and lesbian students who desire to have gay counseling programs that will help them come to terms with their sexual orientation.<ref name="Rofes" /> Eric Rofes founder of youth homosexual programs, such as [[Out There (youth program)|Out There]] and [[Committee for Gay Youth]], stresses the importance of having support programs that help youth learn to identify with their sexual orientation.▼
== Public opinion ==
▲{{See also|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality|LGBT rights opposition}}
▲[[File:Our 37th straight year (9179641399).jpg|thumb|37th Annual "Straights For Gay Rights" in Berkeley, California, in 2013]]
▲LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations.<ref>Strauss, Lehman, Litt.D., F.R.G.S. [http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 "Homosexuality: The Christian Perspective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203635/http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 |date=April 15, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm "Roman Catholics and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006)</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family?lang=eng "Teaching about Procreation and Chastity: Homosexuality"], The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints. Home & Family.</ref><ref>Shafran, Rabbi Avi. [http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html "Jewish Law: Marital Problems"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006153527/http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html |date=October 6, 2016 }}. Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues, and Secular Law.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm "Islam and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055607/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2005).</ref> They may have a personal, political or religious prejudice to gay rights, homosexual relations or gay people. Opponents say same-sex relationships are not marriages,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217232402/http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|title=THE CASE AGAINST SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVILUNIONS |date=January 2008 |publisher=COALITION TO SAVE MARRIAGE IN NEW YORK }}</ref> that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|title=Why Marriage Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205429/http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> that it is unnatural<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1731F937A35753C1A964958260 |title=Anti-Gay Backlashes Are on 3 States' Ballots |date=October 4, 1992 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | first=Timothy | last=Egan}}</ref> and that it encourages unhealthy behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm|title=BalancedPolitics.org – Same Sex Marriages (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages)|author=Joe Messerli|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | title=A BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVIL UNIONS | publisher=The Association of Politically Active Christians | date=2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072704/http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | archive-date=April 9, 2008}}</ref> Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermines the traditional family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527022204/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|title=First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<ref name = DMD>{{cite magazine |last=Brownback |first=Sam |title=Defining Marriage Down — We need to protect marriage. |magazine=[[National Review]] |date=July 9, 2004 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710092937/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-date=July 10, 2004 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family-proclamation "The Family: A Proclamation to the World"], lds.org.</ref> As society in some countries (mostly in Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Taiwan) has become more accepting of homosexuality, there therefore has also been the emergence of many groups that desire to end homosexuality; during the 1990s, one of the best known groups that was established with this goal is the [[ex-gay]] movement.
▲[[File:2008 Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco in 2008]]
▲[[Eric Rofes]] author of the book, ''A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer?'', argues that the inclusion of teachings on homosexuality in public schools will play an important role in transforming public ideas about lesbian and gay individuals.<ref name="Rofes">Rofes, Eric E. "Chapter 2: Candy from Strangers: Queer Teachers and the (Im)Moral Development of Children." A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer. Ed. Eric E. Rofes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 15–37. Print.</ref> As a former teacher in the public school system, Rofes recounts how he was fired from his teaching position after making the decision to come out as gay. As a result of the stigma that he faced as a gay teacher he emphasizes the necessity of the public to take [[political radicalism|radical]] approaches to making significant changes in public attitudes about homosexuality.<ref name="Rofes" /> According to Rofes, radical approaches are grounded in the belief that "something fundamental needs to be transformed for authentic and sweeping changes to occur. "The radical approaches proposed by Rofes have been met with strong opposition from [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay rights]] activists such as [[John Briggs (politician)|John Briggs]]. Former California senator, John Briggs proposed [[Briggs Initiative|Proposition 6]], a [[ballot initiative]] that would require that all California state public schools fire any gay or lesbian teachers or counselors, along with any faculty that displayed support for gay rights in an effort to prevent what he believe to be "
[[David Campos]], author of the book, ''Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook'', illuminates the argument proposed by proponents of sexual education programs in public schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1247C|title=Sex, Youth, and Sex Education|website=abc-clio.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 28, 2019}}</ref> Many gay rights supporters argue that teachings about the diverse sexual orientations that exist outside of [[heterosexuality]] are pertinent to creating students that are well informed about the world around them. However, Campos also acknowledges that the sex education curriculum alone cannot teach youth about factors associated with sexual orientation but instead he suggests that schools implement policies that create safe school learning environments and foster support for LGBT youth.<ref name="Campos">{{cite book|author=Campos, David|title=Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKmVUwbUlGgC|isbn=978-1-57607-776-4}}</ref> It is his belief that schools that provide unbiased, factual information about sexual orientation, along with supportive counseling programs for these homosexual youth will transform the way society treats homosexuality.<ref name="Campos" />
Many opponents of LGBT social movements have attributed their indifference toward homosexuality as being a result of the immoral values that it may instill in children who are exposed to homosexual individuals.<ref name="Fetner" /> In opposition to this claim, many proponents of increased education about homosexuality suggest that educators should refrain from teaching about [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] in schools entirely. In her book entitled "Gay and Lesbian Movement," [[Margaret
[[File:Warszawa.ParadaRówności2006.5407.jpg|thumb|Anti-gay demonstrators in [[Poland]] in 2006]]
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