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{{Short description|Artificial gravel of angular shape, used as construction aggregate}}
{{Redirect|Crushed rock|the quarry in Nigeria|Crushed Rock, Mpape}}
[[Image:20mm-aggregate.jpg|thumb|{{convert|20 [[millimetre]]|mm|in|abbr=on}} crushed stone, used for [[construction aggregate]] and [[landscape design|landscape]] usesapplications]]
 
'''Crushed stone''' or '''angular rock''' is a form of [[construction aggregate]], typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using [[crusher]]s. It is distinct from naturally occurring [[gravel]], which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has a more rounded shape.
 
==UsesUse==
[[Image:Hanson Aggregates Bellefonte PA.jpg|thumb|right|Crushed [[limestone]] [[quarry]] near [[Bellefonte, Pennsylvania]].]]▼
Angular crushed stone is the key material for [[macadam]] road construction which depends on the interlocking of the individual stones' angular faces for its strength.<ref name="isbn90-5699-159-0">{{cite book |author=Max Lay |title=Handbook of Road Technology (Transportation Studies) |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Washington, DC |year= 1998|pages= 28|isbn=90-5699-159-0 | quote = The strength and stiffness of the course of compacted angular stone came from the mechanical interlock which developed between individual pieces of stone. The principle is still used in modem road construction and since 1820 McAdam's name has been remembered by the term macadam used to describe the courses of unbound angular stone which he introduced.}}</ref> Crushed natural stone is also used similarly without a binder for [[riprap]], railroad [[track ballast]], and [[filter stone]]. It may be used with a binder in a [[composite material]] such as [[concrete]], [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]], or [[asphalt concrete]].<ref name="isbn0-8247-2605-7">{{cite book |author1=Cunningham, William D. |author2=McKetta, John J. |title=Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |location=New York, N.Y |year=1976 |pages= 284 |isbn=0-8247-2605-7 | quote = Crushed stone can be used without binder for a variety of construction or industrial applications, or it may be mixed with a matrix binding material, such as bituminous or portland cement.}}</ref>▼
 
▲* Angular crushed stone is the key material for [[macadam]] road construction, which depends on the interlocking of the individual stones' angular faces for its strength.<ref name="isbn90-5699-159-0">{{cite book |author=Max Lay |title=Handbook of Road Technology (Transportation Studies) |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Washington, DC |year= 1998|pages= 28|isbn=90-5699-159-0 | quote = The strength and stiffness of the course of compacted angular stone came from the mechanical interlock which developed between individual pieces of stone. The principle is still used in modem road construction and since 1820 McAdam's name has been remembered by the term macadam used to describe the courses of unbound angular stone which he introduced.}}</ref> Crushed natural stone is also used similarly without a binder for [[riprap]], railroad [[track ballast]], and [[filter stone]]. It may be used with a binder in a [[composite material]] such as [[concrete]], [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]], or [[asphalt concrete]].<ref name="isbn0-8247-2605-7">{{cite book |author1=Cunningham, William D. |author2=McKetta, John J. |title=Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |location=New York, N.Y |year=1976 |pages= 284 |isbn=0-8247-2605-7 | quote = Crushed stone can be used without binder for a variety of construction or industrial applications, or it may be mixed with a matrix binding material, such as bituminous or portland cement.}}</ref>
▲[[Image:Hanson Aggregates Bellefonte PA.jpg|thumb|right|Crushed [[limestone]] [[quarry]] near [[Bellefonte, Pennsylvania]].]]
* As [[riprap]]
* As railroad [[track ballast]]
* As [[filter stone]].
* As [[composite material]] (with a binder) in [[concrete]], [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]], and [[asphalt concrete]].<ref name="isbn0-8247-2605-7">{{cite book |author1=Cunningham, William D. |author2=McKetta, John J. |title=Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |location=New York, N.Y |year=1976 |pages= 284 |isbn=0-8247-2605-7 | quote = Crushed stone can be used without binder for a variety of construction or industrial applications, or it may be mixed with a matrix binding material, such as bituminous or portland cement.}}</ref>
Crushed stone* orIn '[[road metallandscaping]]' is used in [[landscape design]] and gardening for gardens, parks, and municipal and private projects as a [[groundcover]], [[walkway]], path, and [[driveway]] pavement, and cell infill for modular [[permeable paving|permeable pavers]] units. As a mineral groundcoveritsgroundcover its benefits include erosion control, water conservation, weed suppression, and aesthetic qualitiesaesthetics. It is often seen used in [[rock garden]]s and [[cactus garden]]s.<ref>[http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#stone Cornell University: Gardening Resources - mulches]. accessed 5.10.2011</ref><ref>[http://landscaping.about.com/od/drivewaysandwalkways1/f/gravel_driveway.htm AboutGardens: Crushed stone driveways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722204803/http://landscaping.about.com/od/drivewaysandwalkways1/f/gravel_driveway.htm |date=2011-07-22 }}. accessed 5.10.2011</ref>▼
 
==Background==
Crushed stone is one of the most accessible [[natural resource]]s, and is a major basic [[raw material]] used by [[construction]], agriculture, and other industries. Despite the low value of its basic products, the crushed stone industry is a major contributor to and an indicator of the [[Measures of national income and output|economic well-being of a nation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/ |title=USGS Minerals Information: Crushed Stone |access-date=2007-11-11 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
The demand for crushed stone is determined mostly by the level of construction activity, and, therefore, the demand for construction materials.<ref name=Tepordei>{{cite web |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/stat/ |title= Statistical Compendium - Crushed Stone|access-date=2007-11-11 | date=1997-11-04 | first = Valentin V. | last = Tepordei |publisher = U.S. Geological Survey |work= Minerals Information}}</ref>
 
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[[Image:CrushedStoneBarge.jpg|thumb|A crushed stone [[barge]] in [[China]]]]
[[Image:2d Av subway crush stone 72 jeh.jpg|thumb|Crushed stone being laid toas underlie a road surfacebase]]
 
Crushed stone is a high-volume, low-value [[commodity]]. The industry is highly competitive and is characterized by many operations serving local or regional markets. Production costs are determined mainly by the cost of labor, equipment, energy, and water, in addition to the costs of compliance with [[Environmental law|environmental]] and [[Occupational safety and health|safety]] regulations. These costs vary depending on geographic location, the nature of the deposit, and the number and type of products produced. Crushed stone has one of the lowest average by weight values of all mineral commodities. The average unit price increased from US$1.58 per metric ton, f.o.b. plant, in 1970 to US$4.39 in 1990. However, the unit price in constant 1982 dollars fluctuated between US$3.48 and US$3.91 per metric ton for the same period. Increased [[productivity]] achieved through increased use of [[automation]] and more efficient equipment was mainly responsible for maintaining the prices at this level.<ref name=Tepordei/>
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==United States statistical data==
According to the [[United States Geological Survey]], 1.72&nbsp;billion tonnestons of crushed stone worth $13.8&nbsp;billion was sold or used in 2006, of which 1.44&nbsp;billion tonnestons was used as [[construction aggregate]], 74.9&nbsp;million tonnestons used for cement manufacture, and 18.1&nbsp;million tonnestons used to make [[lime (material)|lime]]. Crushed [[marble]] sold or used totaled 11.8&nbsp;million tonnestons, the majority of which was ground very fine and used as [[calcium carbonate]].
 
In 2006, 9.40&nbsp;million tonnestons of crushed stone (almost all [[limestone]] or dolomite) was used for [[soil]] treatment, primarily to reduce [[soil acidity]]. Soils tend to become acidic from heavy use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, unless a [[soil conditioner]] is used. Using aglime or [[agricultural lime]], a finely-ground limestone or dolomite, to change the soil from acidic to nearly neutral particularly benefits crops by maximizing availability of plant nutrients, and also by reducing aluminum or [[manganese]] toxicity, promoting soil microbe activity, and improving the soil structure.
 
In 2006, 5.29&nbsp;million tonnestons of crushed stone (mostly limestone or dolomite) was used as a flux in [[blast furnaces]] and in certain steel furnaces to react with [[gangue]] minerals (i.e. [[silica]] and silicate impurities) to produce liquid [[slag]] that floats and can be poured off from the much denser molten metal (i.e., iron). The slag cools to become a stone-like material that is commonly crushed and recycled as construction aggregate.
 
In addition, 4.53&nbsp;million tonnestons of crushed stone was used for fillers and extenders (including asphalt fillers or extenders), 2.71&nbsp;million tonnestons for sulfur oxide removal-mine dusting-acid water treatment, and 1.45&nbsp;million tonnestons sold or used for poultry grit or mineral food.
 
Crushed stone is recycled primarily as construction aggregate or concrete.
[[File:Huntington Desert Garden, May 2009.jpg|thumb|225px|Mulch at the [[Huntington Desert Garden]], California.]]
 
== Terminology and variations ==
==Landscape use==
The term "high performance bedding" (HPB) is used to refer to 1/4" and 3/8" crushed rock.
▲Crushed stone or '[[road metal]]' is used in [[landscape design]] and gardening for gardens, parks, and municipal and private projects as a [[groundcover]], [[walkway]], path, and [[driveway]] pavement, and cell infill for modular [[permeable paving]] units. As a mineral groundcoverits benefits include erosion control, water conservation, weed suppression, and aesthetic qualities. It is often seen used in [[rock garden]]s and [[cactus garden]]s.<ref>[http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#stone Cornell University: Gardening Resources - mulches]. accessed 5.10.2011</ref><ref>[http://landscaping.about.com/od/drivewaysandwalkways1/f/gravel_driveway.htm AboutGardens: Crushed stone driveways]. accessed 5.10.2011</ref>
 
Granular A, Granular B, and Granular C, all represent crushed rock mixed with sand in which Granular A has the least amount of sand, and Granular B has the most amount of sand. "Granular A" is also referred to as "angular crushed down to fines" or "minus" gravel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Best Base for Pavers - How to Hardscape |url=https://howtohardscape.com/best-base-for-pavers/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Huntington Desert Garden, May 2009.jpg|thumb|Crushed stone simulating a natural deposit at the [[Huntington Desert Garden]], California]]
 
==See also==
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