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| caption = This 1886 engraving was the most widely reproduced image of the Haymarket massacre. It shows Methodist pastor [[Samuel Fielden]] speaking, the bomb exploding, and the riot beginning simultaneously; in reality, Fielden had finished speaking before the explosion.<ref>[http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth], 2000, ''The Dramas of Haymarket'', Chicago Historical Society</ref>
| map_type = United States Chicago Central
| map_caption = Haymarket
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|53|5.6|N|87|38|38.9|W|type:event_scale:100000_region:US-IL|display=inline,title}}
| goals = Eight-hour work day
| methods = {{hlist | Strikes
| status =
| result =
| concessions =
| side1 = [[Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions]]
| side2 = [[Chicago Police Department]]
| leadfigures1 = [[August Spies]]{{Executed}}<br /> [[Albert Parsons]]{{Executed}}<br /> [[Samuel Fielden]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Carter Harrison
| casualties1 = '''Deaths''': 8 (including 4 who were executed)<br />'''Injuries''': 70+<br />'''Arrests''': 100+
| casualties2 = '''Deaths''':
| casualties_label = Casualties and arrests
| sidebox = {{Campaignbox US Labor strikes}} {{Campaignbox general strikes}}
}}
The '''Haymarket affair''', also known as the '''Haymarket massacre''', the '''Haymarket riot''', the '''Haymarket Square riot''', or the '''Haymarket Incident''', was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at [[Haymarket Square (Chicago)|Haymarket Square]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofchicago.org/Landmarks/S/SiteHaymarket.html |title=Originally at the corner of Des Plaines and Randolph |publisher=Cityofchicago.org |access-date=March 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506053947/http://www.cityofchicago.org/Landmarks/S/SiteHaymarket.html |archive-date=May 6, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The rally began peacefully in support of workers striking for an [[eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]], the day after the events at the [[Mccormick Harvesting Machine Company|McCormick Harvesting Machine Company]], during which one person was killed and many workers injured.<ref name="eb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Haymarket-Riot|title=Haymarket Riot {{!}} History, Outcome, & Knights of Labor|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at the police as they acted to disperse the meeting, and the bomb blast and ensuing retaliatory gunfire by the police caused the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; dozens of others were wounded.<ref name="eb"/>
Eight [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchists]] were charged with the bombing. The eight were convicted of conspiracy in the internationally publicized legal proceedings.
In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchists]] were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it, and only two of the eight were at the Haymarket at the time.<ref>Timothy Messer-Kruse, ''The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks'' (2012)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Carl|title=Act III: Toils of the Law|url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas//act3/act3.htm|work=The Dramas of Haymarket|publisher=Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>See generally, {{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/transcript/volumek/401-450/K405-497.htm |title=Testimony of Harry L. Gilmer, Illinois vs. August Spies et al. |access-date=December 30, 2017 |last=Gilmer |first=Harry L. |date=July 28, 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref><ref>See generally, {{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/transcript/volumek/301-350/K312-361.htm |title=Testimony of Malvern M. Thompson, Illinois vs. August Spies et al. |access-date=December 30, 2017 |last=Thompson |first=Malvern M. |date=July 27, 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref> Seven were sentenced to death and one to a term of 15 years in prison. Illinois Governor [[Richard J. Oglesby]] commuted two of the sentences to terms of life in prison; another died by suicide in jail before his scheduled execution. The other four were hanged on November 11, 1887.<ref name="eb"/> In 1893, Illinois Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]] pardoned the remaining defendants and criticized the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-gildedage:24061 |title=Reasons for Pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab |last=Altgeld |first=John P. |date=June 26, 1893 |website=digital.lib.niu.edu |access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>▼
The Haymarket
▲
The site of the incident was designated a Chicago landmark in 1992,<ref name=Chicago-Landmark>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/S/SiteHaymarket.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714210245/http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/S/SiteHaymarket.html |archive-date=July 14, 2006 |title=Site of the Haymarket Tragedy |access-date=January 19, 2008 |publisher=City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division |year=2003 }}</ref> and a sculpture was dedicated there in 2004. In addition, the ''[[Haymarket Martyrs' Monument]]'' was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 at the defendants' burial site in [[Forest Park, Illinois|Forest Park]].<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/listsofNHLs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709054740/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/listsofNHLs.htm |archive-date=2008-07-09 |title=Lists of National Historic Landmarks |access-date=January 19, 2008 |date=March 2004 |work=[[National Historic Landmark|National Historic Landmarks Program]] |publisher=[[National Park Service]] }}</ref>
==Background==
Following the Civil War, particularly following the [[Long Depression]],
During the economic slowdown between 1882 and 1886, socialist and anarchist organizations were active. Membership of the [[Knights of Labor]], which rejected socialism and radicalism but supported the eight-hour work day, grew from 70,000 in 1884 to over 700,000 by 1886.<ref>Kemmerer, Donald L.; Edward D. Wickersham (January 1950). "Reasons for the Growth of the Knights of Labor in 1885–1886". Industrial and Labor Relations Review 3 (2): 213–220.</ref> In Chicago, the anarchist movement of several thousand, mostly immigrant, workers centered
===May Day parade and strikes===
In October 1884, a convention held by the [[Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions]] unanimously set May 1, 1886, as the date by which the [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]] would become standard.<ref name='How May Day Became a Workers Holiday-resolution'>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A627662 |title=How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday |access-date=January 19, 2008 |date=October 4, 2001 |work=The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything |publisher=BBC |quote=(It is) Resolved ... that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labor from and after May 1, 1886, and that we recommend to labor organizations throughout this district that they so direct their laws so as to conform to this resolution by the time named. }}</ref> As the chosen date approached, U.S. labor unions prepared for a [[general strike]] in support of the eight-hour day.<ref name='How May Day Became a Workers Holiday-strike'>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A627662 |title=How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday |access-date=January 19, 2008 |date=October 4, 2001 |work=The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything |publisher=BBC }}</ref>
On Saturday, May 1, thousands of workers who went on strike and attended rallies
{{multiple image
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}}
Speaking to a rally outside the [[West Side, Chicago]], [[McCormick reaper]] plant on May 3, August Spies advised the striking workers to "hold together, to stand by their union, or they would not succeed".<ref name=greenMcCormick/> Well-planned and coordinated, the general strike to this point had mainly remained
Outraged by this act of [[police violence]], local anarchists quickly printed and distributed fliers calling for a rally the following day at Haymarket Square (also called the Haymarket), which was then a bustling commercial center near the corner of Randolph Street and Desplaines Street. Printed in German and English, the fliers stated that the police had murdered the strikers on behalf of business interests and urged workers to seek justice. The first
===Rally at Haymarket Square===
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<blockquote>
There seems to prevail the opinion in some quarters that this meeting has been called
Following Spies' speech, the crowd was addressed by Parsons, the Alabama-born editor of the radical English-language weekly ''[[The Alarm (newspaper)|The Alarm]].''<ref name=Nelson188>Nelson, ''Beyond the Martyrs'', p. 188.</ref> The crowd was so calm that Mayor [[Carter Harrison Sr.]], who had stopped by to watch, walked home early. Parsons spoke for almost an hour before standing down in favor of the last speaker of the evening, the English-born
A ''New York Times'' article, with the dateline May 4, and headlined "Rioting and Bloodshed in the Streets of Chicago ... Twelve Policemen Dead or Dying", reported that Fielden spoke for 20 minutes, alleging that his words grew "wilder and more violent as he proceeded".<ref name=NYTMay5 /> Another ''New York Times'' article, headlined "Anarchy's Red Hand" and dated May 6, opens with: "The villainous teachings of the Anarchists bore bloody fruit in Chicago tonight and before daylight at least a dozen stalwart men will have laid down their lives as a tribute to the doctrine of Herr [[Johann Most]]."
====Bombing and gunfire====
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A home-made [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation bomb]]<ref name=NYTBomb>{{cite news|title=Chicago's Deadly Missile|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E0DF1738E533A25756C1A9639C94679FD7CF|access-date=February 28, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 14, 1886}}</ref><ref name=LaborBomb>{{cite journal |last1=Messer-Kruse |first1=Timothy |last2=Eckert |first2=James O. |last3=Burckel |first3=Pannee |last4=Dunn |first4=Jeffrey |title=The Haymarket Bomb: Reassessing the Evidence |journal=Labor |date=1 May 2005 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=39–52 |doi=10.1215/15476715-2-2-39 }}</ref> was thrown into the path of the advancing police, where it exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Flinn |first1=John Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yYDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA322 |title=History of the Chicago Police: From the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time, Under Authority of the Mayor and Superintendent of the Force |last2=Wilkie |first2=John Elbert |date=1887 |publisher=Under the Auspices of the Police Book Fund |pages=320–323 |language=en}}</ref> and severely wounding many of the other policemen.<ref name=NYTMay5>{{cite news|title=Rioting and Bloodshed in the Streets of Chicago|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F1EF83D5C10738DDDAC0894DD405B8684F0D3|access-date=February 29, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 5, 1886|format=PDF}} This is the same article datelined May 4, reproduced elsewhere.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hallwas |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6UfAQAAIAAJ |title=Illinois Literature: The Nineteenth Century |date=1986 |publisher=Illinois Heritage Press |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>
Witnesses maintained that immediately after the bomb blast, there was an exchange of gunshots between police and demonstrators.<ref name = "Riot" >Schaack, ''Anarchy and Anarchists'', pp. 146–148.</ref> It is unclear who fired first.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Law |first=Randall D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyP3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188 |title=Terrorism: A History |date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-7456-9093-3 |pages=188 |language=en |quote=whether the first shot was fired by police or workers is unclear.}}</ref> Historian [[Paul Avrich]] maintains that "nearly all sources agree that it was the police who opened fire", reloaded and then fired again, killing at least four and wounding as many as 70 people.<ref>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', p. 209</ref> In less than five minutes, the square was empty except for the casualties. According to the May 4 ''New York Times'', demonstrators began firing at the police, who then returned fire.<ref name="NYTMay5" /> In his report on the incident, Inspector Bonfield wrote that he "gave the order to cease firing, fearing that some of our men, in the darkness, might fire into each other".<ref name="John Bonfield report">{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P020 |title=Inspector John Bonfield report to Frederick Ebersold, General Superintendent of Police |access-date=December 30, 2017 |last=Bonfield |first=John |date=May 30, 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref> An anonymous police official told the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', "A very large number of the police were wounded by each other's revolvers. ... It was every man for himself, and while some got two or three squares away, the rest emptied their revolvers, mainly into each other."<ref>''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', June 27, 1886, quoted in Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', p. 209.</ref>
In all, seven policemen and at least four workers were killed. Avrich said that most of the police deaths were from police gunfire.<ref>Avrich (1984), p. 208.</ref> Historian [[Timothy Messer-Kruse]] argues that, although it is impossible to rule out lethal friendly fire, several policemen were probably shot by armed protesters.<ref name=":0" /> Another policeman died two years after the incident from complications related to injuries received that day.<ref name="the bomb">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here |access-date=December 30, 2017 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref> Police captain [[Michael Schaack]] later wrote that the number of wounded workers was "largely in excess of that on the side of the police".<ref name="Schaack">{{cite book |last=Schaack |first=Michael J. |title=Anarchy and Anarchists. A History of the Red Terror and the Social Revolution in America and Europe. Communism, Socialism, and Nihilism in Doctrine and in Deed. The Chicago Haymarket Conspiracy, and the Detection and Trial of the Conspirators |url=http://homicide.northwestern.edu/pubs/anarchy/ |access-date=January 19, 2008 |year=1889 |publisher=F. J. Schulte & Co |location=Chicago |oclc=185637808 |chapter=The Dead and the Wounded |chapter-url=http://homicide.northwestern.edu/docs_fk/homicide/AAA/Anarchy.09.pdf |quote=After the moment's bewilderment, the officers dashed on the enemy and fired round after round. Being good marksmen, they fired to kill, and many revolutionists must have gone home, either assisted by comrades or unassisted, with wounds that resulted fatally or maimed them for life. ... It is known that many secret funerals were held from Anarchist localities in the dead hour of night. |page=155 }}</ref> The ''Chicago Herald'' described a scene of "wild carnage" and estimated at least fifty dead or wounded civilians lay in the streets.<ref>''Chicago Herald'', May 5, 1886, quoted in Avrich (1984), pp. 209–210.</ref> It is unclear how many civilians were wounded since many were afraid to seek medical attention, fearing arrest. They found aid where they could.<ref name="NYTMay5" /><ref name="Dead and Wounded">Schaack, Michael J. (1889), ''Anarchy and Anarchists'', pp. 149–155.</ref><ref>Nelson, ''Beyond the Martyrs'', pp. 188–189.</ref>
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===Aftermath and red scare===
[[File:Mathias J. Degan (ca. 1886).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Engraving of police officer Mathias J. Degan, who was killed by the bomb blast]]
A harsh anti-union clampdown followed the Haymarket incident and the Great Upheaval subsided. Employers regained control of their workers and traditional workdays were restored to ten or more hours a day.<ref>Winik, Jay. The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800. New York: HarperCollins, 2007 p. 238</ref> There was a massive outpouring of community and business support for the police and many thousands of dollars were donated to funds for their medical care and to assist their efforts. The entire labor and immigrant community, particularly Germans and Bohemians, came under suspicion. Police raids were carried out on homes and offices of suspected anarchists. Dozens of suspects, many only remotely related to the Haymarket Affair, were arrested. Ignoring legal requirements such as for search warrants, Chicago police squads subjected the labor activists of Chicago to an eight-week shakedown, ransacking their meeting halls and places of business. The emphasis was on the speakers at the Haymarket rally and the newspaper ''Arbeiter-Zeitung''. A small group of anarchists were
Newspaper reports declared that anarchist agitators were to blame for the "riot", a view adopted by an alarmed public. As time passed, press reports and illustrations of the incident became more elaborate. Coverage was national, then international. Among property owners, the press, and other elements of society, a consensus developed that suppression of anarchist agitation was necessary while for their part, union organizations such as The Knights of Labor and craft unions were quick to disassociate themselves from the anarchist movement and to repudiate violent tactics as self-defeating.<ref name = "Repercussions" >David, ''The History of the Haymarket Affair'' (1936), pp. 178–189</ref> Many workers, on the other hand, believed that industry-hired men of the [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton agency]] were responsible because of the agency's tactic of secretly infiltrating labor groups and its sometimes violent methods of strike breaking.<ref name=Pinkerton>{{cite book |last=Morn |first=Frank |title=The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency |year=1982 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=0-253-32086-0 |page=99 }}</ref>
==Legal proceedings==
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The police assumed that an anarchist had thrown the bomb as part of a planned conspiracy; their problem was how to prove it. On the morning of May 5, they raided the offices of the ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'', arresting its editor August Spies and his brother, who was not charged. Also arrested were editorial assistant Michael Schwab and Adolph Fischer, a typesetter. A search of the premises resulted in the discovery of the "Revenge Poster" and other evidence considered incriminating by the prosecution.<ref name = "Core" >Schaack, [http://homicide.northwestern.edu/docs_fk/homicide/AAA/Anarchy.10.pdf "Core of the Conspiracy"], ''Anarchy and Anarchists'', pp. 156–182.</ref>
On May 7, police searched the premises of [[Louis Lingg]] where they found a number of bombs and bomb-making materials.<ref name = "Connection" >Schaack, [http://homicide.northwestern.edu/docs_fk/homicide/AAA/Anarchy.11.pdf "My Connection with the Anarchist Cases"], ''Anarchy and Anarchists'', pp, 183–205.</ref> Lingg's landlord William Seliger was also arrested, but cooperated with police, identified Lingg as a bomb-maker, and was not charged.<ref name = "Nest" >Messer-Kruse, Timothy (2011), p. 21</ref> An associate of Spies, Balthazar Rau, suspected as the bomber, was traced to Omaha and brought back to Chicago. After interrogation, Rau offered to cooperate with police. He alleged that the defendants had experimented with dynamite bombs and accused them of having published what he said was a code word, "Ruhe" ("peace"), in the ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' as a call to arms at Haymarket Square.<ref name = "Core" /><ref>{{
===Defendants===
Rudolf Schnaubelt, the police's lead suspect as the bomb thrower, was arrested twice early on and released. By May 14, when it became apparent he had played a significant role in the event, he had fled the country.<ref name = "Core" /><ref name="Messer-Kruse 2011, pp. 18–21">Messer-Kruse (2011), pp. 18–21.</ref> William Seliger, who had turned state's evidence and testified for the prosecution, was
<blockquote>Charged with making an unlawful, willful, felonious and with malice aforethought assault on the body of Mathias J. Degan causing him mortal wounds, bruises, lacerations and contusions upon his body.</blockquote>See [http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/transcript/volume1/000-050/1003B-022.htm Grand jury indictments for murder, 1886 June 4.| Chicago Historical Society, Haymarket Affair Digital Collection.]</ref> Of these, only two had been present when the bomb exploded. Spies and Fielden had spoken at the peaceful rally and were stepping down from the speaker's wagon in compliance with police orders to disperse just before the bomb went off. Two others had been present at the beginning of the rally but had left and were at Zepf's Hall, an anarchist rendezvous, at the time of the explosion. They were ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' typesetter [[Adolph Fischer]], and the well-known activist [[Albert Parsons]], who had spoken for an hour at the Haymarket rally before going to Zepf's. Parsons, who believed that the evidence against them all was weak, subsequently voluntarily turned himself in, in solidarity with the accused.<ref name = "Core" /> A third man, Spies's assistant editor [[Michael Schwab]] (who was the brother-in-law of Schnaubelt) was arrested, as he had been speaking at another rally at the time of the bombing; he was also later pardoned. Not directly tied to the Haymarket rally, but arrested for their militant radicalism were [[George Engel]], who had been at home playing cards on that day, and [[Louis Lingg]], the hot-headed bomb-maker denounced by his associate, Seliger. Another defendant who had not been present that day was [[Oscar Neebe]], an American-born citizen of German descent who was associated with the ''Arbeiter-Zeitung'' and had attempted to revive it in the aftermath of the Haymarket riot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://famous-trials.com/haymarket/1175-defendants |title=Meet the Haymarket Defendants |publisher=University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law |access-date=December 30, 2017 }}</ref>
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[[File:Lingg bomb.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A unexploded dynamite bomb with fuse.|Exhibit 129a from the Haymarket trial: Chemists testified that the bombs found in Lingg's apartment, including this one, resembled the chemical signature of shrapnel from the Haymarket bomb.]]
Police investigators under Captain [[Michael Schaack]] had a lead fragment removed from a policeman's wounds chemically analyzed. They reported that the lead used in the casing matched the casings of bombs found in Lingg's home.<ref name=LaborBomb /> A metal nut and fragments of the casing taken from the wound also roughly matched bombs made by Lingg.<ref name = "Core" /> Schaack concluded, on the basis of interviews, that the anarchists had been experimenting for years with dynamite and other explosives, refining the design of their bombs before coming up with the effective one used at the Haymarket.<ref name = "Core" />
At the last minute, when it was discovered that instructions for manslaughter had not been included in the submitted instructions, the jury was called back, and the instructions were given.<ref>Messer-Kruse (2011). pp. 123–128</ref>
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===Executions===
[[File:Chicagi 1887.jpg|thumb|right|Execution of defendants—Engel, Fischer, Parsons, and Spies]]
The next day (November 11, 1887) four defendants—Engel, Fischer, Parsons, and Spies—were taken to the gallows in white robes and hoods. They sang the ''[[La Marseillaise|Marseillaise]]'', then the anthem of the international revolutionary movement. Family members including [[Lucy Parsons]], who attempted to see them for the last time, were arrested and searched for bombs (none was found). According to witnesses, in the moments before the men were [[hanged]], Spies shouted, "The time will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today."<ref name=Avrich393>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', p. 393.</ref> In their last words, Engel and Fischer called out, "Hurrah for anarchism!" Parsons then requested to speak, but he was cut off when the signal was given to
===Identity of the bomber===
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Among supporters of the labor movement in the United States and abroad and others, the trial was widely believed to have been unfair, and even a serious [[miscarriage of justice]]. Prominent people including novelist [[William Dean Howells]], celebrated attorney [[Clarence Darrow]],<ref>John A. Farrell, ''Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011), p. 5 and passim.</ref> poet and playwright [[Oscar Wilde]], playwright [[George Bernard Shaw]], and poet [[William Morris]] strongly condemned it. On June 26, 1893, Illinois governor [[John Peter Altgeld]], the progressive governor of Illinois, himself a German immigrant, signed pardons for Fielden, Neebe, and Schwab,<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 1893 |title=Anarchists Pardoned |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19766055/3_men_pardoned_for_haymarket_bombing/ |newspaper=Port Huron Daily Times |location=Port Huron, Michigan |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173145/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19766055/3_men_pardoned_for_haymarket_bombing/ |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> calling them victims of "hysteria, packed juries, and a biased judge" and noting that the state "has never discovered who it was that threw the bomb which killed the policeman, and the evidence does not show any connection whatsoever between the defendants and the man who threw it".<ref>Quoted in Stanley Turkel, ''Heroes of the American Reconstruction: Profiles of Sixteen Educators'' (McFarland, 2009) p. 121.</ref> Altgeld also faulted the city of Chicago for failing to hold Pinkerton guards responsible for repeated use of lethal violence against striking workers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morn |title=The Eye That Never Sleeps |page=99 |isbn=0-253-32086-0 |year=1982 |publisher=Indiana University Press }} On April 9, 1885, Pinkertons shot and killed an elderly man at the McCormick Harvester Company Works in Chicago. On October 19, 1886, they shot and killed a man in Chicago's packinghouse district. [[Labor spies#A historical overview|More info]].</ref> Altgeld's actions concerning labor were used to defeat his reelection.<ref>[http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act5/absolutePardon/theFriendOfMadDogs_f.htm ''ACT V Raising the dead: Absolute Pardon,''] Chicago Historical Society (2000)</ref><ref>[http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_illinois/col2-content/main-content-list/title_altgeld_john.html ''Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld''] National Governors Association (2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_debs_bio_altgeld.html ''The Debs Case: Labor, Capital, and the Federal Courts of the 1890s, Biographies, John Peter Altgeld''] Federal Judicial Center.</ref>
Soon after the trial, anarchist [[Dyer Lum]] wrote a history of the trial critical of the prosecution. In 1888, George McLean, and in 1889, police captain Michael
Christopher Thale writes in the ''[[Encyclopedia of Chicago]]'' that lacking credible evidence regarding the bombing, "...the prosecution focused on the writings and speeches of the defendants."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Thale|first=Christopher|title=Haymarket and May Day|url=http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Chicago|publisher=Chicago History Museum, Newberry Library and Northwestern University|access-date=April 1, 2012}}</ref> He further notes that the conspiracy charge was legally unprecedented, the judge was "partisan," and all the jurors admitted prejudice against the defendants. Historian Carl Smith writes, "The visceral feelings of fear and anger surrounding the trial ruled out anything but the pretense of justice right from the outset."<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Carl|title=Act III: Toils of the Law|url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act3/act3.htm|work=The Dramas of Haymarket|publisher=Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref> Smith notes that scholars have long considered the trial a "notorious" "miscarriage of justice".<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Carl|title=Introduction|url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/overview/main.htm|work=The Dramas of Haymarket|publisher=Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref> In a review somewhat more critical of the defendants, historian Jon Teaford concludes that "[t]he tragedy of Haymarket is the American justice system did not protect the damn fools who most needed that protection... It is the damn fools who talk too much and too wildly who are most in need of protection from the state."<ref name="Teaford" /> Historian [[Timothy Messer-Kruse]] revisited the digitized trial transcript and argued that the proceedings were fair for their time, a challenge to the historical consensus that the trial was a travesty.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mann |first1=Leslie |title=Reworking infamous Haymarket trial |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=2011-09-14 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-09-14/entertainment/ct-ent-0915-museum-general-haymarket-20110915_1_separate-trials-haymarket-square-haymarket-incident |access-date=2017-11-01 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
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The association of May Day with the Haymarket martyrs has remained strong in Mexico. [[Mary Harris Jones|Mary Harris "Mother" Jones]] was in Mexico on May 1, 1921, and wrote of the "day of 'fiestas'" that marked "the killing of the workers in Chicago for demanding the eight-hour day".<ref>Roediger, Dave, "Mother Jones & Haymarket", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., ''Haymarket Scrapbook'', p. 213.</ref> In 1929, ''[[The New York Times]]'' referred to the May Day parade in [[Mexico City]] as "the annual demonstration glorifying the memory of those who were killed in Chicago in 1887".<ref>Foner, ''May Day'', p. 104.</ref> ''The New York Times'' described the 1936 demonstration as a commemoration of "the death of the martyrs in Chicago".<ref>Foner, ''May Day'', p. 118.</ref> In 1939, Oscar Neebe's grandson attended the May Day parade in Mexico City and was shown, as his host told him, "how the world shows respect to your grandfather".<ref>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', p. 436.</ref>
The influence of the Haymarket Affair was not limited to the celebration of May Day. [[Emma Goldman]], the activist and political theorist, was attracted to anarchism after reading about the incident and the executions, which she later described as "the events that had inspired my spiritual birth and growth". She considered the Haymarket martyrs to be "the most decisive influence in my existence," and was powerfully moved by attending the famous socialist speaker [[Johanna Greie]]'s speech on the subject, expressing that "at the end of Greie's speech I knew what I had surmised all along: the Chicago men were innocent."<ref name="livingmylife">{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Goldman |title=Living My Life |orig-year=1931 |year=1970 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-486-22543-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingmylife02gold/page/7 7–10, 508] |title-link=Living My Life }}</ref> Her associate, [[Alexander Berkman]] also described the Haymarket anarchists as "a potent and vital inspiration".<ref name=Avrich434>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', p. 434.</ref> Others whose commitment to anarchism, or revolutionary socialism, crystallized as a result of the Haymarket Affair included [[Voltairine de Cleyre]] and [[Bill Haywood|"Big Bill" Haywood]], a founding member of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]].<ref name=Avrich434/> Goldman wrote to historian [[Max Nettlau]] that the Haymarket Affair had awakened the social consciousness of "hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people".<ref>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', pp. 433–434.</ref>
==Suspected bombers==
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[[File:Schnaubelt.jpg|thumb|upright|Rudolph Schnaubelt was indicted but fled the country. From this photograph, a prosecution witness identified Schnaubelt as the bomber.]]
* '''Rudolph Schnaubelt''' (1863–1901) was an activist and the brother-in law of Michael Schwab. He was at the Haymarket when the bomb exploded. [[General Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department]] [[Frederick Ebersold]] issued a handwritten bulletin for his arrest for murder and inciting a riot on June 14, 1886.<ref>{{cite web |title=i006216 |url=https://images.chicagohistory.org/asset/3949/ |website=Chicago History Museum |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Baumann |first1=Edward |title=The Haymarket Bomber|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-04-27-8601300383-story.html |website=chicagotribune.com |publisher=Chicago
* '''George Schwab''' was a German shoemaker who died in 1924. German anarchist Carl Nold claimed he learned Schwab was the bomber through correspondence with other activists, but no proof ever emerged. Historian [[Paul Avrich]] also suspected him but noted that while Schwab was in Chicago, he had only arrived days before. This contradicted statements by others that the bomber was a well-known figure in Chicago.<ref>David, ''The History of the Haymarket Affair'', p. 428.</ref><ref>Avrich, ''The Haymarket Tragedy'', pp. 444–445.</ref>
* '''George Meng''' (b. around 1840) was a German anarchist and teamster who owned a small farm outside of Chicago where he had settled in 1883 after emigrating from [[Bavaria]]. Like Parsons and Spies, he was a delegate at the Pittsburgh Congress and a member of the IWPA. Meng's granddaughter, Adah Maurer, wrote Paul Avrich a letter in which she said that her mother, who was 15 at the time of the bombing, told her that her father was the bomber. Meng died some time before 1907 in a saloon fire. Based on his correspondence with Maurer, Avrich concluded that there was a "strong possibility" that the little-known Meng may have been the bomber.<ref>Avrich, Paul, "The Bomb-Thrower: A New Candidate", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., ''Haymarket Scrapbook'', pp. 71–73.</ref>
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* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Harris |title=The Bomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2YRAAAAYAAJ |year=1908 |publisher=John Long |location=London |oclc=2380272 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hucke |first=Matt |author2=Ursula Bielski |title=Graveyards of Chicago: The People, History, Art, and Lore of Cook County Cemeteries |year=1999 |publisher=Lake Claremont Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-9642426-4-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kvaran |first=Einar Einarsson |title=Haymarket
* Lieberwitz, Risa, "The Use of Criminal Conspiracy Prosecutions to Restrict Freedom of Speech: The Haymarket Trial," in Marianne Debouzy (ed.), ''In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880–1920.'' Urbana
* {{cite book |last=Lum |first=Dyer |title=A Concise History of the Great Trial of the Chicago Anarchists in 1886 |year=2005 |orig-year=1887 |publisher=
* {{cite book |last=McLean |first=George N. |title=The Rise and Fall of Anarchy in America |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924062284462 |year=1890 |publisher=R.G. Badoux & Co |location=Chicago }}
* {{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Lucy |author-link=Lucy Parsons |title=Life of Albert R. Parsons : with brief history of the labor movement in America |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofalbertrpar00pars |year=1889 |publisher=L. E. Parsons|location=Chicago }}
* {{cite book |last=Riedy |first=James L. |title=Chicago Sculpture: Text and Photographs |year=1979 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Carl |title=Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman |year=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-76416-8 }}
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* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ichihtml/hayhome.html Chicago Anarchists on Trial: Evidence from the Haymarket Affair 1886–1887], [[American Memory]], [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121128083358/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/gildedage/haymarket/index.html The Haymarket Bomb in Historical Context], [[Northern Illinois University]] Libraries
* [http://internationalmayday.org/the-haymarket-frame-up-and-the-origins-of-may-day/ The Haymarket frame-up and the origins of May Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503060726/http://internationalmayday.org/the-haymarket-frame-up-and-the-origins-of-may-day/ |date=May 3, 2014 }}. [[World Socialist Web Site]]
* [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.haymarkt|Haymarket Affair Collection]]. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
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[[Category:Anti-anarchism in the United States]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Chicago]]
[[Category:
[[Category:History of anarchism]]
[[Category:History of labor relations in the United States]]
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