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{{Short description|GhaziArabic isterm for a military unit or warrior and champion for the Islamic realmsraider}}
 
{{hatnote|"Ghazw" redirects here; for related terms, see [[Razzia (disambiguation)]]. "Ghazis" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Ghazi (disambiguation)]]. "Gazi" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Gazi (disambiguation)]]. "Ghaza" redirects here; for the city in the [[Gaza Strip]], see [[Gaza City]].}}
[[File:Murad II and Władysław III of Poland.jpg|thumb|right|The "Ghazi Sultan" [[Murad II]] and [[Władysław III of Poland]].]]
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
A '''''ghazi''''' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, {{IPA|ar|ɣaːziː}}, plural ''ġuzāt'') is an individual who participated in '''''ghazw''''' ({{lang|ar|غزو}}, ''[[wikt:ghazwa|{{transl|ar|DIN|ġazw}}]]''), meaning military expeditions or raiding. The latter term was applied in early Islamic literature to expeditions led by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], and later taken up by Turkic military leaders to describe their wars of conquest.<ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref>
 
In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the [[Caucasus]], starting as early as the late 18th century's [[Sheikh Mansur]]'s resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' ({{lang|ru|газават}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullberg |first=Anssi |date=1 Oct 2003 |title=The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance |url=http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-2.htm |website=The Eurasian Politician}}</ref><ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref> ▼
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'''''Ghazi''''' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, {{IPA-ar|ɣaːziː}}), is an individual military unit a warrior or champion strategically originating from the Islamic realms, the word ''Ghazi'' can also be an umbrella term for warriors that defend the cause of [[Islam]], to protect its territories and its inhabitants and their assets.
 
▲In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the [[Caucasus]], starting as early as the late 18th century's [[Sheikh Mansur]]'s resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' ({{lang|ru|газават}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullberg |first=Anssi |date=1 Oct 2003 |title=The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance |url=http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-2.htm |website=The Eurasian Politician}}</ref><ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref>
In English-language literature, the ''ghazw'' often appears as ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'', a borrowing through French from [[Maghrebi Arabic]].
 
In modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], ''gazi'' is used to refer to [[Veteran|veterans]], and also as a title for Turkic Muslim champions such as [[Ertuğrul]] and [[Osman I]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sozluk.gov.tr/|title=Gazi - Türk Dil Kurumu {{!}} Sözlük|website=sozluk.gov.tr|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arasindakifark.net/sehit-ve-gazi-farki-nedir-nasil/|title=Şehit ve Gazi farkı nedir|date=2014-11-19|website=Arasındaki Fark|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>
== Ghazwa as raid—razzia ==
In pre-Islamic [[Bedouin]] culture, ghazw[a] was a form of limited warfare verging on [[brigandage]] that avoided head-on confrontations and instead emphasized raiding and looting, usually of livestock (see [[cattle raiding]]). The [[Umayyad]]-period Bedouin poet [[al-Kutami]] wrote the oft-quoted verses: "Our business is to make raids on the enemy, on our neighbor and our own brother, in the event we find none to raid but a brother."<ref name="Wheatley2001">{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|title=The places where men pray together: cities in Islamic lands, 7th through the 10th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tFvlaM1LmgC&pg=PA11|year=2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-89428-7|page=11}}</ref><ref name="Cameron1973">{{cite book|author1=A. J. Cameron|title=Abû Dharr al-Ghifârî: an examination of his image in the hagiography of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRuJf6TDOxYC&pg=PA9|year=1973|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society : [distributed] by Luzac|isbn=978-0-7189-0962-8|page=9}}</ref> [[William Montgomery Watt]] hypothesized that [[Muhammad]] found it useful to divert this continuous internecine warfare toward his enemies, making it the basis of his war strategy;<ref name="WattCachia1996">{{cite book|author1=William Montgomery Watt|author2=Pierre Cachia|title=A history of Islamic Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzWIgNm1NRYC&pg=PA6|year=1996|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0847-8|pages=6–7}}</ref> according to Watt, the celebrated [[battle of Badr]] started as one such [[Razzia (military)|razzia]].<ref name="LambtonLewis1978">{{cite book|editor1=Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton |editor2=Bernard Lewis |title=The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the first world war|chapter=Muhammad|author=William Montgomery Watt|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA45|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|page=45}}</ref> As a form of warfare, the ''[[razzia (military)|razzia]]'' was then mimicked by the Christian states of [[Iberia]] in their relations with the [[taifa]] states;<ref name="Nolan2006">{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC&pg=PA724|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33734-5|page=724}}</ref> rough synonyms and similar tactics are the Iberian ''cavalgada'' and the Anglo-French ''[[chevauchée]]''.<ref name="Nolan2006b">{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC&pg=PA718|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33734-5|page=718}}</ref>
 
The word ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'' was used in French colonial context particularly for raids to plunder and capture slaves from among the people of [[West Africa|Western]] and [[Central Africa]], also known as ''rezzou'' when practiced by the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]. The word was adopted from ''ġaziya'' of [[Algerian Arabic]] vernacular and later became a figurative name for any act of pillage, with its verb form ''razzier''.<ref name="Sessions 2017 p. 227">{{cite book | last=Sessions | first=J.E. | title=By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria | publisher=Cornell University Press | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-8014-5446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtBqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT227 |page=227}}</ref>
 
== Ghazwa as raid—razzia ==
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==Historical development==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Mughal Troops Chase the Armies of Da'ud.jpg|thumb|Young [[Akbar]] assumed the title ''Badshah Ghazi'' after leading a [[Mughal Army]] of 70,000 during the ''Second Battle of Panipat'', against 30,000 mainly [[Hindu]] adversaries led by [[Hemu]].]]
[[File:1396-Battle of Nicopolis.jpg|thumb|Ottoman Ghazis defeat the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] during the [[Battle of Nicopolis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lokman |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |title=Battle of Nicopolis (1396) |year=1588 |work=Hünernâme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529094441/http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |archive-date=2013-05-29 }}</ref>]]
 
''Ghazi'' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ġāzī}}'') is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word, the [[active participle]] of the verb ''ġazā'', meaning 'to carry out a military expedition or raid'; the same verb can also mean 'to strive for' and ''Ghazi'' can thus share a similar meaning to [[Mujahid]] or "one who struggles". The [[verbal noun]] of ''ġazā'' is ''ġazw'' or ''ġazawān'', with the meaning 'raiding'. A derived [[singulative]] in ''ġazwah'' refers to a single battle or raid. The term ''ghāzī'' dates to at least the [[Samanid dynasty|Samanid period]], where he appears as a [[mercenary]] and frontier fighter in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]]. Later, up to 20,000 of them took part in the Indian campaigns of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].
 
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{{Further information|Caucasian War}}
In the 19th century, Muslim fighters in [[North Caucasus]] who were resisting the Russian military operations declared a ''gazawat'' (understood as holy war) against the Russian Orthodox invasion. Although it is not known for certain, it is believed that [[Dagestan]]i Islamic scholar [[Muhammad Yaragskii|Muhammad al-Yaraghi]] was the ideologist of this holy war. In 1825, a congress of [[ulema]] in the village of [[Yarag]] declared ''gazawat'' against the Russians. Its first leader was [[Ghazi Muhammad]]; after his death, [[Imam Shamil]] would eventually continue it.<ref name="Yemelianova2002">{{cite book|author=Galina M. Yemelianova|title=Russia and Islam: a historical survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92NRaeiYdnAC&pg=PA50|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-68354-5|page=50}}</ref>
 
[[PNS Ghazi]] was a [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] submarine.
 
After the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks on Paris in November 2015]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] group is said to have referred to its actions as "ghazwa".<ref>{{cite news | last=Ibrahim | first=Ayman S. | title=4 ways ISIS grounds its actions in religion, and why it should matter (COMMENTARY) | newspaper=Washington Post | date=16 November 2015 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/4-ways-isis-grounds-its-actions-in-religion-and-why-it-should-matter-commentary/2015/11/16/d7e31278-8ca0-11e5-934c-a369c80822c2_story.html | access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
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==Notable examples==
* [[AkbarAbdallah theal-Battal|Battal GreatGhazi]], 16th8th century, emperor andArab military commander from "Greater India".
* [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], 16th century general and Imam of the [[Adal Sultanate]]
* [[Belek Ghazi]], Bey of the [[Artuqids]]
* [[Gazi Gümüshtigin]], second ruler of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Danishmend Gazi]] 12th century, founder of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Gazi]] (13th century), leader of the [[Kayı tribe]], father of [[Osman I]]
* [[Osman I|Osman Gazi]] (1299–1326), founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Orhan|Orhan Gazi]] (1281–1362), second Ottoman Sultan
* [[Murad II|Gazi Sultan Murad]], sixth Ottoman Sultan
* [[Mehmet II|Gazi Sultan Mehmed]], [[Fall of Constantinople|conqueror of]] [[Constantinople]]
* [[Gazi Chelebi|Gazi Çelebi]] (14th century), pirate and ruler of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]], Turkey
* [[Gazi Evrenos]] (1288–1417), Ottoman military commander
* [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]], a military commander during the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Haydar Ghazi]], second wazir of Sylhet who fought in the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]], 14th-century Sultan of [[Sonargaon]]
* [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Shahzada Danyal Dulal Ghazi]], Prince of Bengal who fought in the 1498 [[Conquest of Kamata]]
* [[Gazi Husrev Bey|Gazi Hüsrev Bey]], an Ottoman bey of [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] origin (1480–1541)
* [[Ghazi Khan]], 15th century Baloch Chief from Dera Ghazi Khan, India
* [[Ğazı I Giray]], 16th century Crimean Tatar khan
* [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Gazi Osman Pasha]] (1832–1897), Ottoman field marshal
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] (1014–1034), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu]] (early 11th century), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Gazi Mustafa Kemal]] (1881–1938), Turkish field marshal, first president of [[Turkey]]
* [[Amanullah Khan|Ghazi Amanullah Khan]], [[Barakzai dynasty|King]] who launched [[emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence war]] in 1919, resulting in the first independence of a country from [[British Empire|Britain]] since the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution of 1776]]
* [[Umra Khan|Ghazi Umra Khan of Jandol]], ''"Afghan Napoleon"'' who led the famous [[Chitral Expedition|rebellion from Chitral]] against the [[British Empire]]
* [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Ghazi Wazir Akbar Khan]], Afghan Royal General who led battle against the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Regime]] at [[battle of Jamrud|Jamrud]] and fought to Victory against the [[British Raj|British Empire]] in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]]
* [[Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan]], Victor of the [[Battle of Maiwand]]
* [[Mir Zaman Khan|Ghazi Mir Zaman Khan]], War Hero of the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War of Independence]]
* [[Nasir I of Kalat]], 18th-century King of [[Balochistan]] with surname ''Ghazi-e-Din''
* [[Abdul Rashid Ghazi]], [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] and [[Vice-chancellor|Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Faridia|Faridia University]].
 
==Related terms==
* ''[[BadishahAkinji|Akıncı]]'': could(Turkish) be"raider", thea kinglater ofreplacement thefor [[Ghazi]] units.''ghāzī''
* ''[[al-'Awasim|al-'Awāsim]]'': the Syrio-[[Anatolia]]n frontier area between the Byzantine and various caliphal empires
* ''[[ribat|ribāt]]'': fortified convent used by a militant religious order; most commonly used in North Africa
* ''[[thughur|thughūr]]'': an advanced/frontier fortress
* ''uc'': Turkish term for frontier; ''uc [[bey|beği]]'' (frontier lord) was a title assumed by early Ottoman rulers; later replaced by ''serhadd'' (frontier)
* ''[[Mujahideen]]''
 
==See also==
* [[Shi'aGaza IslamThesis]]
* [[Jihad]]([[Jihadism|ism]])
* [[IslamFedayeen]]▼
* [[Janissary]]
* [[Spread of Islam]]
* [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]
▲* [[Islam]]
* [[Battle of MarjHamra Dabiqal-Asad]]
* [[Anatolian Beyliks]]
 
==References==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)"