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{{Short description|
{{hatnote|"Ghazw" redirects here; for related terms, see [[Razzia (disambiguation)]]. "Ghazis" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Ghazi (disambiguation)]]. "Gazi" redirects here; for other uses, see [[Gazi (disambiguation)]]. "Ghaza" redirects here; for the city in the [[Gaza Strip]], see [[Gaza City]].}}
[[File:Murad II and Władysław III of Poland.jpg|thumb|right|The "Ghazi Sultan" [[Murad II]] and [[Władysław III of Poland]].]]
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
A '''''ghazi''''' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, {{IPA|ar|ɣaːziː}}, plural ''ġuzāt'') is an individual who participated in '''''ghazw''''' ({{lang|ar|غزو}}, ''[[wikt:ghazwa|{{transl|ar|DIN|ġazw}}]]''), meaning military expeditions or raiding. The latter term was applied in early Islamic literature to expeditions led by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], and later taken up by Turkic military leaders to describe their wars of conquest.<ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref>
In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the [[Caucasus]], starting as early as the late 18th century's [[Sheikh Mansur]]'s resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' ({{lang|ru|газават}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullberg |first=Anssi |date=1 Oct 2003 |title=The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance |url=http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-2.htm |website=The Eurasian Politician}}</ref>
▲In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the [[Caucasus]], starting as early as the late 18th century's [[Sheikh Mansur]]'s resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' ({{lang|ru|газават}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kullberg |first=Anssi |date=1 Oct 2003 |title=The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance |url=http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-2.htm |website=The Eurasian Politician}}</ref><ref>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC ''Islamic Rulings on Warfare'']", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, {{ISBN|1-4289-1039-5}} pg. 6.</ref>
In English-language literature, the ''ghazw'' often appears as ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'', a borrowing through French from [[Maghrebi Arabic]].
In modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], ''gazi'' is used to refer to [[Veteran|veterans]], and also as a title for Turkic Muslim champions such as [[Ertuğrul]] and [[Osman I]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sozluk.gov.tr/|title=Gazi - Türk Dil Kurumu {{!}} Sözlük|website=sozluk.gov.tr|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arasindakifark.net/sehit-ve-gazi-farki-nedir-nasil/|title=Şehit ve Gazi farkı nedir|date=2014-11-19|website=Arasındaki Fark|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>
== Ghazwa as raid—razzia ==
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==Historical development==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Mughal Troops Chase the Armies of Da'ud.jpg|thumb|Young [[Akbar]] assumed the title ''Badshah Ghazi'' after leading a [[Mughal Army]] of 70,000 during the ''Second Battle of Panipat'', against 30,000 mainly [[Hindu]] adversaries led by [[Hemu]].]]
[[File:1396-Battle of Nicopolis.jpg|thumb|Ottoman Ghazis defeat the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] during the [[Battle of Nicopolis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lokman |url=http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |title=Battle of Nicopolis (1396) |year=1588 |work=Hünernâme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529094441/http://warfare.atwebpages.com/Ottoman/Ottoman.htm |archive-date=2013-05-29 }}</ref>]]
''Ghazi'' ({{lang-ar|غازي}}, ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ġāzī}}'') is an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word, the [[active participle]] of the verb ''ġazā'', meaning 'to carry out a military expedition or raid'; the same verb can also mean 'to strive for' and ''Ghazi'' can thus share a similar meaning to [[Mujahid]] or "one who struggles". The [[verbal noun]] of ''ġazā'' is ''ġazw'' or ''ġazawān'', with the meaning 'raiding'. A derived [[singulative]] in ''ġazwah'' refers to a single battle or raid. The term ''ghāzī'' dates to at least the [[Samanid dynasty|Samanid period]], where he appears as a [[mercenary]] and frontier fighter in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]]. Later, up to 20,000 of them took part in the Indian campaigns of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].
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: For political reasons the Ottoman Sultans — also being the last dynasty of [[Caliph]]s — attached the greatest importance to safeguarding and strengthening the reputation which they enjoyed as ''ghāzīs'' in the Muslim world. When they won victories in the ''ghazā'' in the Balkans they used to send accounts of them (singular, ''feth-nāme'') as well as slaves and booty to eastern Muslim potentates. Christian knights captured by [[Bayezid I|Bāyezīd I]] at his victory over the Crusaders at [[Battle of Nicopolis|Nicopolis]] in 1396, and sent to Cairo, Baghdad and Tabriz were paraded through the streets, and occasioned great demonstrations in favour of the Ottomans. (''Cambridge History of Islam'', p. 290)
''Ghazi'' was also used as a title of honor in the Ottoman Empire, generally translated as the Victorious, for military officers of high rank, who distinguished themselves in the field against non-Moslem enemies; thus it was conferred on [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Osman Pasha]] after his famous [[Siege of Plevna|defence]] of [[Pleven|Plevna]] in Bulgaria<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ghazi|volume=11|page=916}}</ref> and on [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] (later known as
Some Muslim rulers (in Afghanistan) personally used the subsidiary style [[Padshah-i-Ghazi]].
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{{Further information|Caucasian War}}
In the 19th century, Muslim fighters in [[North Caucasus]] who were resisting the Russian military operations declared a ''gazawat'' (understood as holy war) against the Russian Orthodox invasion. Although it is not known for certain, it is believed that [[Dagestan]]i Islamic scholar [[Muhammad Yaragskii|Muhammad al-Yaraghi]] was the ideologist of this holy war. In 1825, a congress of [[ulema]] in the village of [[Yarag]] declared ''gazawat'' against the Russians. Its first leader was [[Ghazi Muhammad]]; after his death, [[Imam Shamil]] would eventually continue it.<ref name="Yemelianova2002">{{cite book|author=Galina M. Yemelianova|title=Russia and Islam: a historical survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92NRaeiYdnAC&pg=PA50|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-68354-5|page=50}}</ref>
After the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|terrorist attacks on Paris in November 2015]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] group is said to have referred to its actions as "ghazwa".<ref>{{cite news | last=Ibrahim | first=Ayman S. | title=4 ways ISIS grounds its actions in religion, and why it should matter (COMMENTARY) | newspaper=Washington Post | date=16 November 2015 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/4-ways-isis-grounds-its-actions-in-religion-and-why-it-should-matter-commentary/2015/11/16/d7e31278-8ca0-11e5-934c-a369c80822c2_story.html | access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
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==Notable examples==
* [[
* [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], 16th century general and Imam of the [[Adal Sultanate]]
* [[Belek Ghazi]], Bey of the [[Artuqids]]
* [[Gazi Gümüshtigin]], second ruler of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Danishmend Gazi]] 12th century, founder of the [[Danishmendids]]
* [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Gazi]] (13th century), leader of the [[Kayı tribe]], father of [[Osman I]]
* [[Osman I|Osman Gazi]] (1299–1326), founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Orhan|Orhan Gazi]] (1281–1362), second Ottoman Sultan
* [[Murad II|Gazi Sultan Murad]], sixth Ottoman Sultan
* [[Mehmet II|Gazi Sultan Mehmed]], [[Fall of Constantinople|conqueror of]] [[Constantinople]]
* [[Gazi Chelebi|Gazi Çelebi]] (14th century), pirate and ruler of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]], Turkey
* [[Gazi Evrenos]] (1288–1417), Ottoman military commander
* [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]], a military commander during the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Haydar Ghazi]], second wazir of Sylhet who fought in the 1303 [[Conquest of Sylhet]]
* [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]], 14th-century Sultan of [[Sonargaon]]
* [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Shahzada Danyal Dulal Ghazi]], Prince of Bengal who fought in the 1498 [[Conquest of Kamata]]
* [[Gazi Husrev Bey|Gazi Hüsrev Bey]], an Ottoman bey of [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] origin (1480–1541)
* [[Ghazi Khan]], 15th century Baloch Chief from Dera Ghazi Khan, India
* [[Ğazı I Giray]], 16th century Crimean Tatar khan
* [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Gazi Osman Pasha]] (1832–1897), Ottoman field marshal
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] (1014–1034), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu]] (early 11th century), Ghaznavid military commander
* [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Gazi Mustafa Kemal]] (1881–1938), Turkish field marshal, first president of [[Turkey]]
* [[Amanullah Khan|Ghazi Amanullah Khan]], [[Barakzai dynasty|King]] who launched [[emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence war]] in 1919, resulting in the first independence of a country from [[British Empire|Britain]] since the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution of 1776]]
* [[Umra Khan|Ghazi Umra Khan of Jandol]], ''"Afghan Napoleon"'' who led the famous [[Chitral Expedition|rebellion from Chitral]] against the [[British Empire]]
* [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Ghazi Wazir Akbar Khan]], Afghan Royal General who led battle against the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Regime]] at [[battle of Jamrud|Jamrud]] and fought to Victory against the [[British Raj|British Empire]] in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]]
* [[Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan]], Victor of the [[Battle of Maiwand]]
* [[Mir Zaman Khan|Ghazi Mir Zaman Khan]], War Hero of the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan War of Independence]]
* [[Nasir I of Kalat]], 18th-century King of [[Balochistan]] with surname ''Ghazi-e-Din''
* [[Abdul Rashid Ghazi]], [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] and [[Vice-chancellor|Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Faridia|Faridia University]].
==Related terms==
* ''[[Akinji|Akıncı]]'': (Turkish) "raider", a later replacement for ''ghāzī''
* ''[[al-'Awasim|al-'Awāsim]]'': the Syrio-[[Anatolia]]n frontier area between the Byzantine and various caliphal empires
* ''[[ribat|ribāt]]'': fortified convent used by a militant religious order; most commonly used in North Africa
* ''[[thughur|thughūr]]'': an advanced/frontier fortress
* ''uc'': Turkish term for frontier; ''uc [[bey|beği]]'' (frontier lord) was a title assumed by early Ottoman rulers; later replaced by ''serhadd'' (frontier)
* ''[[Mujahideen]]''
==See also==
* [[
* [[Jihad]]([[Jihadism|ism]])
* [[Janissary]]
* [[Spread of Islam]]
* [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]
▲* [[Islam]]
* [[Battle of
* [[Anatolian Beyliks]]
==References==
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