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The '''Orlov''' (sometimes spelled '''Orloff'''), also often considered to be the same diamond known as [[Great Mogul Diamond|The Great Mughal Diamond]], is a large [[diamond]] of Indian origin, currently displayed as a part of the [[Diamond Fund]] collection of [[Moscow]]'s [[Kremlin Armoury]]. It is described as having the shape and proportions of half a chicken's egg. In 1774, it was encrusted into the Imperial Sceptre of Russian Empress [[Catherine the Great]].<ref>{{cite web
|author = Manaev, G.
|url = https://www.rbth.com/history/331124-russias-symbols-monarchy-scepter-orb
|title = Where did Russia's symbols of monarchy come from?
|publisher = Russia Beyond the Headlines
|date = 2019-10-12
|access-date = 2020-01-29
|archive-date = 2020-02-21
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200221091626/https://www.rbth.com/history/331124-russias-symbols-monarchy-scepter-orb
|url-status = live
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The diamond was found in the 17th century in [[Golconda]], [[India]].{{sfn|Streeter|1855|loc=105}} According to one legend, a French soldier who had deserted during the [[Carnatic wars]] in [[Srirangam]] disguised himself as a [[Hindu]] convert in order to steal it in 1747, when it served as the eye of a temple deity Sriranganathar.{{sfn|Jaques| 2007| p= 928}}{{sfn|Erlich|Hausel| 2002| p= 66}}
 
The as yet unnamed stone passed from merchant to merchant, eventually appearing for sale in [[Amsterdam]]. Most modern scholars are now convinced that this stone was actually the [[Great Mogul Diamond]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38218308|title= Koh-i-Noor: Six myths about a priceless diamond|date=9 December 2016|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 November 2020|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38218308|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaffrass, an Iranian millionaire who then owned the diamond,<ref name="Hoiberg-Ramchandani">Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&dq=Catherine+the+Great+orlov+diamond&pg=PA134 ''Students' Britannica - India''], Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. p. 134. {{ISBN|0-85229-760-2}}</ref> found an eager buyer in [[Ivan Lazarevich Lazarev|Hovhannes Lazarian]] who acted on behalf of Count [[Grigory Grigorievich Orlov]].<ref>Dixon, Simon (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=vRbB_xAhdogC&dq=Orlov+impereal+septre+diamond&pg=PA171 ''Personality and Place in Russian Culture: Essays in Memory of Lindsey Hughes''], Modern Humanities Research Assn. p. 171. {{ISBN|1-907322-03-5}}</ref> The Count paid a purported 1.4 million [[Dutch guilder|Dutch florin]]s for it.{{sfn|Streeter|1855|loc=108}}
|date=9 December 2016|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 November 2020|lang=en}}</ref> Shaffrass, an Iranian millionaire who then owned the diamond,<ref name="Hoiberg-Ramchandani">Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&dq=Catherine+the+Great+orlov+diamond&pg=PA134 ''Students' Britannica - India''], Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. p. 134. {{ISBN|0-85229-760-2}}</ref> found an eager buyer in [[Ivan Lazarevich Lazarev|Hovhannes Lazarian]] who acted on behalf of Count [[Grigory Grigorievich Orlov]].<ref>Dixon, Simon (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=vRbB_xAhdogC&dq=Orlov+impereal+septre+diamond&pg=PA171 ''Personality and Place in Russian Culture: Essays in Memory of Lindsey Hughes''], Modern Humanities Research Assn. p. 171. {{ISBN|1-907322-03-5}}</ref> The Count paid a purported 1.4 million [[Dutch guilder|Dutch florin]]s for it.{{sfn|Streeter|1855|loc=108}}
 
Count Orlov had been romantically involved with [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia for many years, and he led the way in the [[dethronement]] of her husband in a [[coup d'état]] and the elevation of Catherine to power. Their relationship carried on for many years and produced an illegitimate child, but Catherine eventually forsook Count Orlov for [[Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin]]. Count Orlov was said to have tried to rekindle their romance by offering her the diamond, as it is said he knew she had wished for it.<ref>Malecka, Anna " Did Orlov buy the Orlov ?", Gems and Jewellery, July 2014, vol. 23, no. 6, pp.&nbsp;10–12.</ref> While he failed to regain her affections, Catherine did bestow many gifts upon Count Orlov; these gifts included the [[Marble Palace]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Catherine named the diamond after the Count, and she had her jeweller design a [[sceptre]] incorporating the diamond. Now known as the Imperial Sceptre, it was completed in 1774.
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[[File:Croquis du diamant d'Orloff.png|thumb|130px|Sketch of the Orlov diamond from the book ''Precious Stones'' by Max Bauer, 1904]]
A description was given by Eric Burton in 1986:
{{quoteblockquote|text=The sceptre is a burnished shaft in three sections set with eight rings of brilliant-cut diamonds, including some of about 30 carats (6 g) each and fifteen weighing about 14 carats (2.8 g) each. The Orlov is set at the top, with its domed top facing forward. Above it is a double-headed eagle with the [[Coat of Arms of Russia|Arms of Russia]] enameled on its breast.<ref>Burton, E. (1986). ''Legendary Gems or Gems That Made History'', pp.&nbsp;45–47. Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA</ref>}}
 
The Orlov is a rarity among historic diamonds, for it retains its original Indian rose-style cut (see [[diamond cut]]). Its colour is widely stated as white with a faint bluish-green tinge. Data released by the Kremlin gives the Orlov's measurements as 32 millimetres x 35 millimetres x 21 millimetres, its weight being 189.62 [[carat (mass)|carat]]s (37.924 g). The weight is just an estimate – it has not formally been weighed in many years.{{cncitation needed|date=May 2023}}[[Edward Twining|Lord Twining]]'s book ''A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe'' mentions how once, during a circa 1913 inspection of the crown jewels by the curator, the stone accidentally fell out of its sceptre. He weighed the stone, but did not write down its exact weight. He later said that it was about {{convert|190|carat|g}}, which corresponds to the measurement-based estimate.
 
==See also==
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* {{cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |title=Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8,500 battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 3 |year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA928 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=USA|isbn=978-0-313-33539-6}}
*Malecka, Anna (2014), "Did Orlov buy the Orlov ? ", Gems & Jewellery: The Gemmological Association of Great Britain, vol. 23 (6), July, pp.&nbsp;10–12.
*Malecka, Anna (2016), The Great Mughal and the Orlov: One and the Same Diamond? The Journal of Gemmology, vol. 35, no. 1, 56-6356–63.
*Shipley, Robert (1939). ''Famous Diamonds of the World'', pp.&nbsp;15–18. Gemological Institute of America, USA
*[[Edward Twining, Baron Twining|Twining, Lord Edward Francis]] (1960). ''A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe'', B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, England.
*{{cite book |last= Streeter|first= Edwin W.|date= 1882|title= The Great Diamonds Of The World: Their History And Romance|url= http://farlang.com/books/edwin-streeter-the-great-diamonds-of-the-world|location= London|pagepages= 103-115103–115}}
 
== External links ==
*[http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/orlovdiamond.html Images of the Orlov diamond in its sceptre at ''The World of Famous Diamonds'']
 
 
{{coord missing|Moscow}}
 
[[Category:Diamond Fund]]
[[Category:Individual diamonds]]
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