Gascon campaign of 1345: Difference between revisions

| place = [[Gascony]], South-west France

| combatant2 =[[File:Blason pays fr FranceAncienFrance ancien.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of France]]

BetweenThe August'''Gascon andcampaign Novemberof 1345''' was conducted by [[Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster|Henry, Earl of Derby]], conductedas apart of the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The whirlwind campaign took place between August and November 1345 in [[Gascony]], an [[Kingdom of England|English]]-controlled territory in south-west France. The campaign was part of the [[HundredKingdom Years'of WarFrance|France]], and. Derby, commanding an Anglo-Gascon force, oversaw the first successful English land campaign of the war. He twice defeated large French armies in battle, taking many noble and knightly prisoners. They were ransomed by their captors, greatly enriching Derby and his soldiers in the process. Following this campaign, morale and prestige swung England's way in the border region between English-occupied Gascony and French-ruled territory, providing an influx of taxes and recruits for the English armies. As a result, France's ability to raise tax money and troops from the region was much reduced.

[[Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford|Ralph, Earl of Stafford]], had sailed for Gascony in February 1345 with an advance force and, following conventional practice, laid siege to two French strongholds. Derby arrived in August and immediately concentrated available Anglo-Gascon forces and headed directly for the largest French force, which was gathering at [[Bergerac, Dordogne|Bergerac]], {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of [[Bordeaux]]. Bergerac had good river supply links to Bordeaux and would provide a suitable forward base from which to carry the war to the French. He [[Battle of Bergerac|decisively defeated]] the French there, before moving to besiege the provincial capital of [[Périgueux]]. By this time the French had diverted their main effort to the south- west, under the overall command of [[John II of France|John, Duke of Normandy]], the son and [[heir apparent]] of King [[Philip VI of France]]. Unable to take Périgueux, and threatened by John's much larger force, Derby left garrisons blockading it and withdrew. One garrison, at Auberoche, was besieged by the French. Derby advanced with a small force, launched a [[Battle of Auberoche|surprise attack]] against the much larger French army and won another decisive victory.

Since the [[Norman conquest]] of England in 1066, [[English monarchs]] had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them [[vassal]]s of the [[kings of France]]. The status of the English king's French [[fief]]s was a major source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the [[Middle Ages]]. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose.{{sfn|Prestwich|2007|p=394}} Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, but by 1337 only [[Gascony]] in south-western France and [[Ponthieu]] in northern France were left.{{sfn|Harris|1994|p=8}} The independent-minded Gascons had their own customs and claimed to have a separate [[Gascon language|language]]; they preferred their relationship with a distant English king who left them alone, to one with a French king who would interfere in their affairs.{{sfn|Crowcroft|Cannon|2015|p=389}} Following a series of disagreements between [[Philip VI of France]] ({{reign|1328|1350}}) and [[Edward III of England]] ({{reign|1327|1377}}), on 24 May 1337 Philip's [[Conseil du Roi|Great Council]] agreed that the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]], effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the [[Hundred Years' War]], which was to last 116 years.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=184}}

Before the war commenced, wellat overleast 1,000 ships a year departed Gascony for England. Among their cargoes were over 80,000 [[Tun (volume)|tuns]] of locally produced wine.{{convertsfn|200000000Rodger|imppt|l uspt2004|sigfig=2|abbrpp=off 79}}{{efn|The of[[Tun locally(volume)|tun]] producedwas a wine [[cask]] used as a standard measure, and contained 252 [[wine gallon|gallons]] (954 litres) of wine. {{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=xix–xx, 79}} 80 thousand tuns of wine equates to {{sfnconvert|Curry76320000|2002L|pimpgal usgal|sigfig=4|abbr=off}}|group=40note}} The duty levied by the English Crown on wine from [[Bordeaux]] wasraised more money than all other customs duties combined and was by far the largest source of state income.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=79–80}} Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, grew rich on this trade; it had a population of over 50,000, greater than London's,{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=39–40}} and Bordeaux was possibly richer. By this time English Gascony had become so truncated by French encroachments that it relied on imports of food, largely from England. Any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve Gascony and financially cripple England, and; the French were well aware of this.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=79–80}}

There was no formal border between English and French territory. Many landholders owned a patchwork of widely separated estates, perhaps owing [[fealty]] to a different overlord for each. Each small estate was likely to have a [[tower house]], larger estates havinghad castles. [[Fortifications]] were also constructed at transport [[choke point]]s, to collect tolls and to restrict military passage; fortified towns grew up alongside all bridges and most fords over the many rivers in the region. Military forces could support themselves by foraging so long as they moved on at frequent intervals. If they wished to remain in one place for any length of time, as was necessary to besiege a castle, then access to water transport was essential for supplies of food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment.{{sfn|Vale|1999|pp=75, 78}} Warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points, and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility; the region had been in a state of flux for centuries and many local lords served whichever country was stronger, regardless of national ties.{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=100}}{{sfn|Vale|1999|pp=72–73, 76}}

By 1345, after eight years of war, English-controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from Bordeaux to [[Bayonne]], and isolated strongholds further inland. The French had strong fortifications throughout what had once been English -controlled Gascony. Several directly threatened Bordeaux: [[Libourne]], {{convert|20|mi|km}} to the east allowed French armies to assemble a day's march from Bordeaux; the strongly fortified town of [[Blaye]] was situated on the north bank of the [[Gironde]] {{convert|25|mi|km}} downstream of Bordeaux and in a position to interdict its vital seaborne communications;{{sfn|Fowler|1961|p=136}} the fortress of [[Langon, Gironde|Langon]], {{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bordeaux, blocked upstream communication along the [[Garonne]], and facilitated the supply of any French force advancing on Bordeaux.{{sfn|Gribit|2016|p=113}}

[[File:Map of Gascon campaign of 1345.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=A map of south-west France in 1345 showing the main movements of troops between August and November|{{center|The main troop movements in south-west France between August and November 1345}}<br />Red arrows – Derby's advance to Bergerac and Périgueux<br />Orange arrow – Derby's withdrawal<br />Blue arrows – Louis of Poitiers' advance to Périgueux and Auberoche<br />Pink arrow – Derby's return to Auberoche<br />Green arrow – Derby's move back to Gascony and La Réole]]

Edward determined early in 1345 to attack France on three fronts. The [[William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton|Earl of Northampton]] would lead a small force to [[Brittany]], a slightly larger force would proceed to Gascony under the command of the [[Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster|Henry, Earl of Derby]] and the main force would accompany Edward to either northern France or [[County of Flanders|Flanders]].{{sfn|Guizot|1870s}}{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=453}}{{sfn|Prestwich|2007|p=314}} The previous [[Seneschal of Gascony]], [[Nicholas de la Beche]], was replaced by the more senior [[Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford|Ralph, Earl of Stafford]], who sailed for Gascony in February with an advance force. Derby was appointed the King's Lieutenant in Gascony on 13 {{nbs}}March 1345{{sfn|Gribit|2016|p=63}} and received a contract to raise a force of 2,000 men in England, and further troops in Gascony itself.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=455}} The highly detailed contract of [[indenture]] had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward to extend it for a further six months on the same terms.{{sfn|Gribit|2016|pp=37–38}} Derby was given a high degree of autonomy, for example his strategic instructions were: "si guerre soit, et a faire le bien q'il poet" (...{{nbsp}}if there is war, do the best you can{{nbsp}}...).{{sfn|Gribit|2016|pp=113, 251}}

French intelligence had uncovered the English plan for offensives in the three [[Theater (warfare)|theatres]], but theyFrance did not have the money to raise an army in each. TheyThe French anticipated, correctly, that the English planned to make their main effort in northern France. Thus they directed what resources they had there, planning to assemble their main army at [[Arras]] on 22 {{nbs}}July. South-western France was encouraged to rely on its own resources, but as the [[Truce of Malestroit]], signed in early 1343, was still in effect, the local lords were reluctant to spend money, and little was done.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=455–457}}

Derby's force embarked at [[Southampton]] at the end of May. Bad weather forced his fleet of 151 ships to shelter in [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] for several weeks en route, finally departing on 23 {{nbs}}July.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=94}}{{sfn|Fowler|1961|pp=131–132}} The Gascons, primed by Stafford to expect Derby's arrival in late May and sensing the French weakness, took the field without him. The Gascons captured the large, weakly garrisoned castles of Montravel and Monbreton on the [[Dordogne (river)|Dordogne]] in early June; both were taken by surprise and their seizure broke the tenuous Truce of Malestroit.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=457}} Stafford carried out a short march north to besiege Blaye with his advance party and perhaps 1,000 [[men-at-arms]] and 3,000 infantry of the Gascon lords. Having established the siege he left the Gascons to prosecute it and proceeded to Langon, south of Bordeaux, and set up a second siege. The Anglo-Gascon forces at both sieges could be readily supplied by ship.{{sfn|Gribit|2016|pp=61, 113}} The French issued an urgent call to arms.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=457}}

Edward's main army sailed on 29 June. They anchored off [[Sluys]] in Flanders until 22 {{nbs}}July, while Edward attended to diplomatic affairs.{{sfn|Guizot|1870s}}{{sfn|Lucas|1929|pp=519–524}} When they sailed, probably intending to land in [[Normandy]], they were scattered by a storm and found their way to English ports over the following week. After more than five weeks on board ship the men and horses had to be disembarked. There was a further week's delay while the King and [[Curia regis|his council]] debated what to do, by which time it proved impossible to take any action with the main English army before winter.{{sfn|Prestwich|2007|p=315}} Aware of this, Philip despatched reinforcements to Brittany and Gascony. The [[Peter I, Duke of Bourbon|Peter, Duke of Bourbon]] was appointed commander-in-chief of the south-west front on 8{{nbsp}}August.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=461–463}}

On 9 {{nbs}}August 1345 Derby arrived in Bordeaux with 500 men-at-arms, 1,500 English and Welsh [[English longbow|archers]], 500 of them mounted on ponies to increase their mobility,{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=95}} and ancillary and support troops, such as a team of 24 [[Mining (military)|miners]].{{sfn|Fowler|1961|p=178}} A high proportion of the archers and some of the men-at-arms were convicted felons promised pardons if they served for the duration of the campaign, but the majority, including many of the felons, were veterans of other campaigns.{{sfn|Gribit|2016|p=59}} After two weeks of further recruiting and organising Derby marched his army to Langon, rendezvoused with Stafford and took command of the combined force. While Stafford had to this point pursued a cautious strategy, Derby's intention was quite different. Rather than continue a war of sieges he was determined to strike directly at the French before they could concentrate their forces.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=97}} The French forces in the region were under [[Bertrand I of L'Isle-Jourdain|Bertrand de l'Isle-Jourdain]], since the Duke of Bourbon had not yet arrived.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=89}} Hearing of Derby's arrival, he decided to fall back to the communications centre and strategically important town of Bergerac, {{convert|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of Bordeaux, where there was an important bridge over the Dordogne River. This was a convenient place to concentrate French forces and assimilate reinforcements.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=96}}{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=102}}

[[File:Combat d'Auberoche, October 1345.jpg|upright|thumb|left|alt=A colourful fourteenth -century depiction of the siege of Auberoche, showing a man being fired back into the castle (by a trebuchet).|{{center|Miniature from Froissart's ''Chronicle'' illustrating his fanciful account of a messenger from Auberoche being fired back into the castle by a trebuchet.}}]]

Derby moved rapidly and took the French army at Bergerac by surprise on 26 {{nbs}}August, decisively beating them in [[Battle of Bergerac|a running battle]]. The exact details of the battle are confused and there are contradictions between the original sources, which is reflected in the modern accounts. Clifford Rogers provides a summary of the contemporary accounts, their discrepancies, and the treatment of these by modern historians.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|pp=90–94, 98–104}} In any event, French casualties were heavy, many being killed or captured. Prisoners included [[Henri de Montigny]], [[Seneschal of Périgord]], ten other senior noblemen and many lesser nobles.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=465}} Derby's share of the ransoms and the loot was estimated at £34,000 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|34000|1345|r=-6}}|0}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}} terms{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|group=note}}), approximately four times the annual income from his lands.{{efn|For comparison, Edward III's annual income was often less than £50,000.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=90, n. 7}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=105}} The survivors of the French field army rallied around de l'Isle and retreated north to [[Périgueux]].{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=466}} Within days of the battle, Bergerac fell to an Anglo-Gascon assault and was subsequently [[looting|sacked]].{{sfn|Burne|1999|pp=104–105}} Strategically, the Anglo-Gascon army had secured an important base for further operations. Politically, local lords who had been undecided in their allegiance had been shown that the English were again a force to be reckoned with.{{sfn|Rogers|2004|p=91}}

Derby consolidated and reorganised for two weeks, left a large garrison in the town and moved north to the Anglo-Gascon stronghold of [[Mussidan]] in the [[Isle (river)|Isle]] valley with 6,000–8,000 men.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=465–467}} He then pushed west to Périgueux, the provincial capital of [[Périgord]],{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=189}} taking several strongpoints on the way.{{sfn|Fowler|1961|p=196}} Périgueux's defences were antiquated and derelict, but the size of the French force defending it prohibited an assault. Derby [[blockade]]d Périgueux and captured strongholds blocking the main routes into the city. [[John II of France|John, Duke of Normandy]], the son and heir of Philip VI, replaced the Duke of Bourbon, gathered an army reportedly numbering over 20,000 and manoeuvred in the area. In early October a very large detachment relieved the city and drove off Derby's force, which withdrew towards Bordeaux. Further reinforced, the French started besieging the English-held strongpoints.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=467–468}} A French force of 7,000, commanded by [[Louis of Poitiers (French Noble)|Louis of Poitiers]], besieged the castle of Auberoche, {{convert|9|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of Périgueux. Auberoche perches on a rocky promontory completely commanding the River [[Auvézère]].{{sfn|Wagner|2006}} The French encampment was divided in two, the majority of the soldiers camped close to the river between the castle and village while a smaller force was situated to prevent any relief attempts from the north.{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=107}} The chronicler [[Froissart]] tells an improbable tale that a soldier attempting to reach the English lines with a letter requesting help was captured and returned to the castle via a [[trebuchet]].{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=105}} A messenger did get through to Derby, who was already returning to the area with a scratch force of 1,200 English and Gascon soldiers: 400 men-at-arms and 800 mounted archers.{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=107}}

After a night march Derby [[Battle of Auberoche|attacked the French camp]] on 21 {{nbs}}October while they were at dinner, taking them by surprise and causing heavy initial casualties. The French rallied and there was a protracted hand-to-hand struggle, which ended when the commander of the small English garrison in the castle sortied and fell upon the rear of the French. They broke and fled. Derby's mounted men-at-arms pursued them relentlessly. French casualties are uncertain, but were heavy. They are described by modern historians as "appalling",{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=469}} "extremely high",{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=189}} "staggering",{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=112}} and "heavy".{{sfn|Wagner|2006}} Many French nobles were taken prisoner; lower ranking men were, as was customary,{{sfn|King|2002|pp=269–270}} put to the sword. The French commander, Louis of Poitiers, died of his wounds. Surviving prisoners included the second in command, Bertrand de l'Isle-Jourdain, two counts, seven viscounts, three barons, the seneschals of [[Clermont-Ferrand|Clermont]] and [[Toulouse]], a nephew of the Pope and so many [[knights]] that they were not counted.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=469}} The ransoms alone made a fortune for many of the soldiers in Derby's army, as well as Derby himself, who was said to have made at least £50,000 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|50000|1345|r=-6}}|0}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}} terms) from the day's captives.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=470}} Over the following year Philip paid large amounts from the royal treasury as contributions towards the captives' ransoms.{{sfn|Wagner|2006|p=97}}

[[File:JeanIIdFrance.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|alt=profile of a bearded man with long red hair|{{center|A contemporary portrait of the Duke of Normandy (later King of France)}}]]

The Duke of Normandy lost heart on hearing of the defeat. There are accounts that he resigned his command and returned to Paris, only to be reinstated and sent back by his father, the King.{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=117}} The French abandoned all of their ongoing sieges of other Anglo-Gascon strongpoints.{{sfn|Wagner|2006}} There were reports of the French army disintegrating: men unpaid, even unfed; lack of fodder for the horses; desertion; troops selling their equipment. Despite heavily outnumbering the Anglo-Gascon force the Duke of Normandy retreated to Angoulême and disbanded his army, possibly because the French had run out of moneyfunds.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=470}} Derby was left almost completely unopposed for five months.{{sfn|Fowler|1961|pp=197–198}}{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=470–471}}

While this was happening the main Gascon forces disbanded. Many of the English soldiers took ship for home. After the main forces had gone home for the winter, small groups of Anglo-Gascons remained active. They cleared the valley of the Garonne downstream of La Réole of French presence, and raided the poorly fortified towns and weakly garrisoned French castles and smaller fortifications within their reach. Langon, which had resisted Stafford in the summer, was taken. Frequently Derby negotiated trade concessions or privileges with towns, or reinstated previous ones, to encourage them to open their gates to the English forces. The towns could more readily participate in the lucrative export trade through Bordeaux if under English rule, and Derby's performance lessened their fear of French retribution. Derby had considerable success with this approach, which also allowed the towns to avoid the possible dangers of a siege or sack.{{sfn|Fowler|1969|pp=62–63}} The citizens of several French garrisoned towns persuaded the soldiers to withdraw, so that they could pre-emptively surrender to Derby. In at least one case they seized the French soldiers in their beds and expelled them. A letter from a committee of French garrison commanders sent to Philip {{nbs}}VI in November claimed that towns were defecting to the English on a "daily" basis, and to Anglo-Gascon forces of trivial size. The French defenders were thoroughly demoralised.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=476–478}}

Edward III was meanwhile assembling a large army in England. The French were aware of this, but anticipated that it would sail to Gascony and attempt to relieve Aiguillon.{{sfn|Fowler|1961|p=234}} Instead it landed in Normandy in July, achieving strategic surprise and starting the [[Crécy campaign]].{{sfn|Rodger|2004|p=103}} Philip VI ordered his son to abandon the siege and march north; after several delays John did, arriving in Picardy two weeks after Philip's army had been decisively beaten at the [[Battle of Crécy]] with very heavy losses.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=526–531}} The areas facing Derby were left effectively defenceless,{{sfn|Sumption|1990|p=539}} and he sent local Gascon forces to besiege the few major strongholds in the region still held by the French. Taking a force of approximately 2,000 Derby set out from La Réole on a grand ''[[chevauchée]]'', a great mounted raid. During the following two months this was [[Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346|devastatingly successful]]. Not only Gascony, but much of the Duchy of Aquitaine was left securely in English hands. It was to be held until formally ceded by the French in 1360 in the [[Treaty of Brétigny]].{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=541–549}}

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* {{cite book|last=Sumption|first=Jonathan|title=Trial by Battle|volume=I|series=The Hundred Years' War|location=London|publisher=Faber and Faber|dateyear=1990|isbn=978-0-571-20095-5|author-link=Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Vale |first1=Malcolm |year=1999 |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.ukcom/books?id=qmDNPvqETscC&pg=PA69&dqq=Malcolm+Vale,+The+War+in+Aquitaine&hlpg=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic5N-XkpPeAhVOy6QKHU8RCYUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Malcolm%20Vale%2C%20The%20War%20in%20Aquitaine&f=falsePA69|chapter= The War in Aquitaine|pages=69–82|title=Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|editor1-last=Curry|editor1-first=Anne|editor2-last=Hughes|editor2-first=Michael|editor1-link=Anne Curry|ref=harv|isbn=978-0-85115-755-9}}

* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wagner|first=John A.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War|title=Auberoche, Battle of (1345)|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|publisher=Greenwood|date=2006|pppages=35–36|isbn=978-0-313-32736-0|ref=harv}}