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| combatants_header =
| combatant1 =[[Image:Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of England]]
| combatant2 =[[File:Blason pays fr
| combatant3 =
| commander1 =[[File:Arms of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster.svg|20px]] [[Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster|Henry, Earl of Derby]]<br />[[File:Stafford arms.svg|20px]] [[Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford|Ralph, Earl of Stafford]]
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The '''Gascon campaign of 1345''' was conducted by [[Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster|Henry, Earl of Derby]], as part of the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The whirlwind campaign took place between August and November 1345 in [[Gascony]], an [[Kingdom of England|English]]-controlled territory in south-west [[Kingdom of France|France]]. Derby, commanding an Anglo-Gascon force, oversaw the first successful English land campaign of the war. He twice defeated large French armies in battle, taking many noble and knightly prisoners. They were ransomed by their captors, greatly enriching Derby and his soldiers in the process. Following this campaign, morale and prestige swung England's way in the border region between English-occupied Gascony and French-ruled territory, providing an influx of taxes and recruits for the English armies. As a result, France's ability to raise tax money and troops from the region was much reduced.
[[Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford|Ralph, Earl of Stafford]], had sailed for Gascony in February 1345 with an advance force and, following conventional practice, laid siege to two French strongholds. Derby arrived in August and immediately concentrated available Anglo-Gascon forces and headed directly for the largest French force, which was gathering at [[Bergerac, Dordogne|Bergerac]], {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of [[Bordeaux]]. Bergerac had good river supply links to Bordeaux and would provide a suitable forward base from which to carry the war to the French. He [[Battle of Bergerac|decisively defeated]] the French there, before moving to besiege the provincial capital of [[Périgueux]]. By this time the French had diverted their main effort to the south
The French army started to disintegrate: men were unpaid, even unfed; there was a lack of fodder for the horses; desertion was rife; and troops were selling their equipment. John lost heart on hearing of the defeat at Auberoche. The French abandoned all of their ongoing sieges of other Anglo-Gascon garrisons and retreated to Angoulême, where John disbanded his army, possibly because the French had run out of money. Derby moved back to the [[Garonne]] valley, captured the strong and well garrisoned town of [[La Réole]], all of the French outposts downstream of it, and other strong French positions in the area. In November Derby paid off his army and overwintered in La Réole. Various small Anglo-Gascon groups maintained the pressure on the French, capturing several significant fortified places between December 1345 and March 1346.
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===Exploitation===
[[File:JeanIIdFrance.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|alt=profile of a bearded man with long red hair|{{center|A contemporary portrait of the Duke of Normandy (later King of France)}}]]
The Duke of Normandy lost heart on hearing of the defeat. There are accounts that he resigned his command and returned to Paris, only to be reinstated and sent back by his father, the King.{{sfn|Burne|1999|p=117}} The French abandoned all of their ongoing sieges of other Anglo-Gascon strongpoints.{{sfn|Wagner|2006}} There were reports of the French army disintegrating: men unpaid, even unfed; lack of fodder for the horses; desertion; troops selling their equipment. Despite heavily outnumbering the Anglo-Gascon force the Duke of Normandy retreated to Angoulême and disbanded his army, possibly because the French had run out of
Derby moved south after his victory, falling back on his communications as winter weather was setting in. He started clearing French fortifications from the border of English territory: the small castle at [[Pellegrue]] surrendered; that at Monségur was stormed. He then moved on the large, strongly fortified town of [[La Réole]]. This occupied a key position on the north bank of the Garonne river, only {{Convert|35|mi|km|0}} from Bordeaux. The town had been English until captured by the French twenty-one years earlier. It had enjoyed considerable autonomy and lucrative trading privileges, which it had lost under the French. After negotiations with Derby, on 8{{nbsp}}November the citizens distracted the large French garrison and opened a gate for the English. The garrison fled to the citadel, which was considered exceptionally strong; the English proceeded to [[Mining (military)|mine]] it.{{sfn|Burne|1999|pp=114–115}} The garrison agreed a provisional surrender; if they were not relieved within five weeks they would leave. They were allowed to communicate this to the Duke of Normandy, but as he had just disbanded his army, and it was anyway mid-winter, there was little he could do. In early January 1346 the garrison left and the English replaced them. The town regained its previous privileges.{{sfn|Fowler|1961|pp=206–207}} Derby spent the rest of the winter there.{{sfn|Sumption|1990|pp=474, 476}}
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* {{cite book |last=DeVries |date=1996 |first=Kelly |title=Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology |publisher=Boydell Press |place=Woodbridge, UK |isbn=978-0-85115-567-8 |url={{googlebooks|CDcDhz7uDTgC|plainurl=yes}} |author-link=Kelly DeVries }}
* {{cite thesis|type=PhD thesis|last=Fowler|first=Kenneth|date=1961|title=Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2597/1/Fowler_K_History_PhD_1961.pdf|location=Leeds|publisher= University of Leeds}}
* {{cite book|last=Fowler|first=Kenneth Alan|title=The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingslieutenanth00fowl|url-access=registration| location=New York|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1969|isbn=978-0-389-01003-6 |oclc=164491035}}
* {{cite book|last=Gribit |first=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yYbDQAAQBAJ&q=Henry+of+Lancaster's+Expedition+to+Aquitaine+1345%E2%80%9346 |title=Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46 |year=2016 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-1-78327-117-7}}
* {{cite book
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