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{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Kuan-yan bodhisattva, Northern Sung dynasty, China, c. 1025, wood, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg
| piccap = [[Wood carving]] of Guanyin with [[Amitābha]] on its crown. [[Northern Song Dynasty
| s = 观音
| t = 觀音
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| lang1_content = Kabyeeb, Niam-Txiv Kabyeeb, Dabpog, Niam-Txiv Dabpog
| sin = නාථ දෙවියෝ
| tgl = Guanyin (
| tha = กวนอิม, พระอวโลกิเตศวรโพธิสัตว์
| rtgs = Kuan Im, Phra Avalokitesuan
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}}
'''Guanyin''' ({{zh|s=|t=|first=t|p=Guānyīn|c=觀音}}) is a [[Bodhisattva]] associated with [[Karuṇā|compassion]]. Guanyin is a common Chinese name for [[Avalokiteśvara]] ({{lang-sa|अवलोकितेश्वर}}) in [[Chinese Buddhism]] and has been appropriated by other Eastern religions, including [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]].{{NoteTag|For Details, see the [[#Role in other Eastern religions]].}}
Some Buddhists believe that when one of their adherents departs from this world, they are placed by Guanyin in the heart of a [[sacred lotus in religious art|lotus]] and then sent to the western [[pure land]] of [[Sukhāvatī]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Reginald |title = Buddhist China |year=2008 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=Soul Care Publishing |isbn=978-0-9680459-3-0 }}</ref>{{By whom|date=June 2024}} Guanyin is often referred to as the "most widely beloved Buddhist Divinity"<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web |url = https://global.britannica.com/topic/Avalokiteshvara |title = Avalokiteshvara – bodhisattva |date = 6 October 2023 }}</ref> with miraculous powers to assist all those who pray to her, as is mentioned in the
Several large temples in East Asia are dedicated to Guanyin, including [[Shaolin Monastery]], [[Longxing Temple]], [[Puning Temple (Hebei)|Puning Temple]], [[Nanhai Guanyin Temple]], [[Dharma Drum Mountain]], [[Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple]], [[Shitennō-ji]], [[Sensō-ji]], [[Kiyomizu-dera]], [[Sanjūsangen-dō]], and many others. Guanyin's abode and [[bodhimaṇḍa]] in India are recorded as being on [[Mount Potalaka]]. With the localization of the belief in Guanyin, each area adopted its own Potalaka. In [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Mount Putuo]] is considered the bodhimaṇḍa of Guanyin. [[Naksansa]] is considered to be the Potalaka of Guanyin in Korea. Japan's Potalaka is located at [[Fudarakusan-ji]]. Tibet's
There are several pilgrimage centers for Guanyin in East Asia.
==Etymology and usage==
===Avalokitasvara===
[[File:Shrine to a Tang dynasty (896 AD) stone statue of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (千手觀音 Qianshou Guanyin) in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺 Neijiang Shengshui-si) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China Picture 1.jpg|left|thumb|313x313px|Shrine to a [[Tang dynasty]] (896) carved [[Statue|stone statue]] of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: ''Qianshou Guanyin'') in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺) in [[Neijiang]], [[Sichuan]], China]]
''Guānyīn'' is a translation from the Sanskrit ''Avalokitasvara'', the name of the Mahāyāna bodhisattva. Another name for this bodhisattva is ''Guānzìzài'' ({{zh|s=观自在|t=觀自在|first=t|p=Guānzìzài}}), from Sanskrit ''[[Avalokiteśvara]]''. It was initially thought that early translators mistook ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Avalokitasvara'' and thus mistranslated ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Guānyīn'', which explained why [[Xuanzang]] translated ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Guānzìzài''. However, the original form was indeed ''Avalokitasvara'' which contained [[morpheme]] ''svara'' ("sound, noise") and was a compound meaning "sound perceiver", literally "he who looks down upon sound" (i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need
Direct translations from the Sanskrit name ''Avalokitasvara'' include:
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Direct translations from the Sanskrit name Avalokiteśvara include:
* {{zh|c=觀自在|p=Guānzìzài}}
* {{bo|t=
==Names in other Asian languages==
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[[File:Eleven-faced Goddess of Mercy edit.jpg|thumb|upright|Guanyin as a male [[bodhisattva]]. Eleven faced ''Ekādaśamukha'' form. Japan, 12th century|left]]
Representations of the bodhisattva in China prior to the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) were masculine in appearance. Images which later displayed attributes of both genders are believed to be in accordance with the Lotus Sutra, where Avalokitesvara has the supernatural power of assuming any form required to relieve suffering, and also has the power to grant children. Because this bodhisattva is considered the personification of compassion and kindness, a mother goddess and patron of mothers and seamen, the representation in China was further interpreted in an all-female form around the 12th century. On occasion, Guanyin is also depicted holding an infant in order to further stress the relationship between the bodhisattva, maternity, and birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/SS36617_36617_32424610;prevRouteTS=1543257931615|title=Artstor|last=Artstor|website=library.artstor.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012055906/http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p535#/asset/SS36617_36617_32424610;prevRouteTS=1543257931615|url-status=live}}</ref> In the modern period, Guanyin is most often represented as a beautiful, white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier ''Pandaravasini'' form.
In some Buddhist temples and monasteries, Guanyin's image is occasionally that of a young man dressed in Northern Song [[Kasaya (clothing)#Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist robes]] and seated gracefully. He is usually depicted looking or glancing down, symbolising that Guanyin continues to watch over the world.
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In Chinese mythology, Guanyin (觀音) is the goddess of mercy and considered to be the physical embodiment of compassion. She is an all-seeing, all-hearing being who is called upon by worshipers in times of uncertainty, despair, and fear. Guanyin is originally based on the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Avalokiteśvara's myth spread throughout China during the advent of Buddhism and mixed with local folklore in a process known as [[syncretism]] to become the modern day understanding of Guanyin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mythopedia.com/chinese-mythology/gods/guanyin/|title=Guanyin|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118062521/https://mythopedia.com/chinese-mythology/gods/guanyin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Localization of Guanyin in East Asia==
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===Manifestations of Guanyin===
According to the twenty-fifth chapter of the [[Lotus Sutra]], one of the most popular sacred texts in the Buddhist canon, describes thirty-three specific manifestations that Guanyin can assume to assist other beings seeking salvation. These forms encompass a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], a [[pratyekabuddha]], an [[arhat]], [[Brahma|King Brahma]], [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakra]] ([[Indra]]), [[Ishvara|Isvara]], [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Mahesvara]] ([[Shiva]]), a [[Teen Ta Tseang Keun|great heavenly general]], [[Vaiśravaṇa]], a [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Cakravartin]], a
<gallery>
File:観音と居士 Avalokitasvara and Householder.jpg|[[Householder (Buddhism)|householder]]
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The [[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]] also mentions thirty-two manifestations of Guanyin, which follow closely those in the [[Lotus Sutra]], with the omission of [[Vajrapani]], and the substitution of [[Vaiśravaṇa]] (Heavenly King of the North) with the [[Four Heavenly Kings]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Śūraṅgama sūtra : a new translation|date=2009|publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society|isbn=978-0-88139-962-2|location=Ukiah, CA|oclc=300721049}}</ref><ref name="Kieschnick 205"/> These manifestations of Guanyin have been nativized in China and Japan to form a traditional list of iconographic forms corresponding to each manifestation.<ref name="Kieschnick 205"/>[[File:Thousand-Hand Eleven-Headed Guanyin (千手觀音 Qianshou Guanyin and 十一面觀音 Shiyimian Guanyin) - Mount Putuo Guanyin Dharma Realm; Zhejiang, China.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Statue of the Eleven-Headed and Thousand-Armed Guanyin (''Qiānshǒu'' ''Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn'') with the 28 guardian [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] associated with this manifestation at her sides; located at the Guanyin Shrine on [[Mount Putuo]] Guanyin Dharma Realm in [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]], China]]
Guanyin is also venerated in various other forms. In the Chinese [[Tiantai]] and [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|Tangmi]] and the Japanese [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] traditions, Guanyin can take on six forms, each corresponding to a particular realm of samsara. This grouping originates from the ''[[Mohe Zhiguan]]'' ({{zh|c=摩訶止観|p=Móhē Zhǐguān}}) written by the [[Tiantai]] patriarch [[Zhiyi]] (538–597) and are attested to in various other textual sources, such as the Essential Record of The Efficacy of The Three Jewels ({{zh|c=三寶感應要略錄|p=Sānbǎo Gǎnyìng Yàolüèlù}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=智者大师摩诃止观原文_摩诃止观全文在线阅读 - 无量光明佛教网|url=https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=m.guang5.com|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142855/https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NTI Reader|url=http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=ntireader.org|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142851/http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They are:
# '''Guanyin as Great Mercy''' ({{zh|c=大慈觀音|p=Dàcí Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Noble Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=聖觀音|p=Shèng Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[preta]] realm.
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In both [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], Hayagriva Guanyin (lit. "Horse Headed Guanyin")<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=David S.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |journal=Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref> is venerated as a guardian protector of travel and transportation, especially for cars. His statue is placed at the entrance and exits of some Chinese Buddhist temples to bless visitors. In certain Chinese Buddhist temples, visitors are also allowed to have their license plates enshrined in front of an image of this deity to invoke his protection over their vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=车神殿牌位认捐供奉-白塔寺|url=http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.baitasi.net|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419044204/http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also counted as one of the 500 [[Arhat]]s, where he is known as Mǎtóu Zūnzhě 馬頭尊者 (lit. "The Venerable Horse Head"). In [[Taoism]], Hayagriva Guanyin was syncretized and incorporated within the [[Chinese gods and immortals|Taoist pantheon]] as the god Mǎ Wáng 馬王 (lit. Horse King), who is associated with fire. In this form, he is usually portrayed with six arms and a third eye on the forehead.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese and Tibetan esoteric Buddhism|date=2017|editor=Yael Bentor |editor2=Meir Shahar|isbn=978-90-04-34050-3|location=Leiden|oclc=967456890}}</ref>
[[File:寶殿 - Lingyin 2.jpg|left|thumb|291x291px|Statue of [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī Guanyin]] (''Zhǔntí Guānyīn'') with 18 arms from the [[Mahavira Hall]] of [[Lingyin Temple]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]], China]]
Guanyin's [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī]] manifestation is an esoteric form of Guanyin that is venerated widely in China and Japan. The first textual source of Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī is the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra]]'', a sūtra centered around the bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara]] that introduced the popular mantra ''[[Om mani padme hum|oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ]]''. This text is first dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.<ref name="Alexander. 2002">{{Cite book|last=Alexander.|first=Studholme |title=The origins of Oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ : a study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra|date=2002|publisher=State university of New York press|isbn=0-7914-5390-1|oclc=1045959191}}</ref> Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī are also featured in the [[Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra]], which was translated three times from Sanskrit into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] in the late 7th century and early 8th century by the Indian esoteric masters [[Divakara|Divākara]] (685 CE), [[Vajrabodhi]] (723 CE), and [[Amoghavajra]] (8th century).<ref name="Alexander. 2002"/> In iconographic form, she is depicted with eighteen arms, all wielding different implements and weaponry that symbolize skillful means of the Dharma, sitting on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]]. This manifestation is also referred to as the "Mother of the Seventy Million [Buddhas]" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 七俱胝佛母; [[pinyin]]: ''Qījùzhī fómǔ''). Her mantra, the Mahācundi Dhāraṇī ({{zh|c=準提神咒|p=Zhǔntí Shénzhòu}}), is one of the [[Mantra|Ten Small Mantras]] ({{zh|c=十小咒|p=Shí xiǎo zhòu}}), which are a collection of dharanis that are commonly recited in Chinese Buddhist temples during morning liturgical services specifically.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ten Small Mantras|url=http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhamountain.ca|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=What is Ten Small Mantras|url=https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhismtoronto.com|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Cintamanicakra (Ruyilun Guanyin) - Jade Buddha Temple; Shanghai, China.jpg|thumb|Shrine to [[Cintāmaṇicakra|Cintāmaṇicakra Guanyin]] (''Rúyìlún Guānyīn'') in the Hall of Great Compassion in [[Jade Buddha Temple]]; [[Shanghai]], China|293x293px]]
Guanyin's [[Cintāmaṇicakra]] manifestation is also widely venerated in China and Japan. In iconographic form, this manifestation is often portrayed as having six arms, with his first right hand touches the cheek in a pensive mudra, his second right hand holds a wish granting jewel (cintamani), his third right hand holds prayer beads, his first left hand holds Mount Meru, his second left hand holds a lotus flower and the third left hand holds a Dharma wheel (cakra).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=A Late Tang Dynasty Sculpture Bought at a Missouri Garage Sale for Less Than $100 Just Sold for $2.1 Million|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Artnet News|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510234756/https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|url-status=live}}</ref> Her mantra, the Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani ({{zh|c=如意寶輪王陀羅尼|p=Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní}}), is also one of the [[Mantra|Ten Small Mantras]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
In China, it is said that fishermen used to pray to her to ensure safe voyages. The titles ''Guanyin of the Southern Ocean'' ({{lang|zh|南海觀音}}) and "Guanyin (of/on) the Island" stem from this tradition.
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Finally in desperation he used his hands. Miaoshan, realising the fate that the executioner would meet at her father's hand should she fail to let herself die, forgave the executioner for attempting to kill her. It is said that she voluntarily took on the massive karmic guilt the executioner generated for killing her, thus leaving him guiltless. It is because of this that she descended into the Hell-like realms. While there, she witnessed first-hand the suffering and horrors that the beings there must endure, and was overwhelmed with grief. Filled with compassion, she released all the good karma she had accumulated through her many lifetimes, thus freeing many suffering souls back into Heaven and Earth. In the process, that Hell-like realm became a paradise. It is said that [[Yama (East Asia)|Yama]], the ruler of hell, sent her back to Earth to prevent the utter destruction of his realm, and that upon her return she appeared on Fragrant Mountain.
Another tale says that Miaoshan never died, but was in fact transported by a supernatural tiger,<ref>{{cite web |title=Legend of Miao Shan |url=http://www.purifymind.com/MiaoShan.htm |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905223005/http://www.purifymind.com/MiaoShan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> believed to be the Deity of the Mountain,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/canon/guanyin.htm |title=Biography of Great Compassionate Bodhisattva of Mount Xiang |access-date=
[[File:普陀山.不肯去观音院 - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|271x271px|Statue of Ekādaśamukha or the Eleven-Headed Guanyin (''Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn'') in {{ill|Bukenqu Guanyin Yard|zh|不肯去观音院|vertical-align=sup}} (不肯去觀音院) in [[Mount Putuo|Putuoshan]], [[Zhoushan]], [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]], China]]
The legend of Miaoshan usually ends with Miaozhuang Wang, Miaoshan's father, falling ill with [[jaundice]]. No physician was able to cure him. Then a monk appeared saying that the jaundice could be cured by making a medicine out of the arm and eye of one without anger. The monk further suggested that such a person could be found on Fragrant Mountain. When asked, Miaoshan willingly offered up her eyes and arms. Miaozhuang Wang was cured of his illness and went to the Fragrant Mountain to give thanks to the person. When he discovered that his own daughter had made the sacrifice, he begged for forgiveness. The story concludes with Miaoshan being transformed into the Thousand Armed Guanyin, and the king, queen and her two sisters building a temple on the mountain for her. She began her journey to a [[pure land]] and was about to cross over into heaven when she heard a cry of suffering from the world below. She turned around and saw the massive suffering endured by the people of the world. Filled with compassion, she returned to Earth, vowing never to leave till such time as all suffering has ended.
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[[File:An Altar of Guanyin Worship.jpg|300px|thumb|An Altar of Guanyin Worship]]
Legend has it that Shancai (also called ''[[Sudhana]]'' in [[Sanskrit]]) was a disabled boy from India who was very interested in studying the [[dharma]]. When he heard that there was a Buddhist teacher on the rocky island of Putuo, he quickly journeyed there to learn. Upon arriving at the island, he managed to find Guanyin despite his severe disability.
Guanyin, after having a discussion with Shancai, decided to test the boy's resolve to fully study the Buddhist teachings. She conjured the illusion of three sword-wielding pirates running up the hill to attack her. Guanyin took off and dashed to the edge of a cliff, the three illusions still chasing her. Shancai, seeing that his teacher was in danger, hobbled uphill. Guanyin then jumped over the edge of the cliff, and soon after this the three bandits followed. Shancai, still wanting to save his teacher, managed to crawl his way over the cliff edge.
Shancai fell down the cliff but was halted in midair by Guanyin, who now asked him to walk. Shancai found that he could walk normally and that he was no longer crippled. When he looked into a pool of water he also discovered that he now had a very handsome face. From that day forth, Guanyin taught Shancai the entire dharma.[[File:Guan She Yin statue of Sanggar Agung Temple, Surabaya-Indonesia.jpg|thumb|196x196px|20-meter-high Guanyin Bodhisattva statue flanked by Nagakanya and Sudhana (top) Lower level shows 4 Heavenly Kings at [[Sanggar Agung]], [[Surabaya]], Indonesia]]
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* Guanyin then disappeared, but she let some of her blood from her finger flow down the river. A woman named Ge Furen (葛妇人 Lady Ge), whose husband was from the Chen family, then drank some of Guanyin's blood from the water and became pregnant, giving birth to Chen Jinggu. Later Chen Jinggu would fight and kill the white demon snake.
* As for the merchant, he later reincarnated as Liu Qi (劉杞) and would marry Chen Jinggu.<ref name=":4" />
The story continues with how Chen Jinggu grew up, studied at Lüshan, and eventually saved Northern Fujian from drought while defeating the white demon snake, but at the cost of sacrificing her own child. It is said that she died of either [[miscarriage]] or [[hemorrhage]] from the self-abortion.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Clark, Hugh R. 2016. pp. 97-98">Clark, Hugh R. ''The Sinitic encounter in Southeast China through the first millennium CE''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 2016. pp. 97-98. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-5160-6}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oeg7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Journey+of+a+Goddess%22+gan+bao&pg=PA31 Journey of a Goddess: Chen Jinggu Subdues the Snake Demon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412013154/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oeg7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Journey+of+a+Goddess%22+gan+bao&pg=PA31 |date=12 April 2023 }}''. Translated, edited, and with an introduction by Fan Pen Li Chen. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2017. pp. 30-31. {{ISBN|978-14384-6-7078}}</ref>
Parallels have also been argued between the tale of [[Chen Jinggu]] and another Fujian legend, the tale of ''[[Li Ji slays the Giant Serpent]]''.<ref name="Clark, Hugh R. 2016. pp. 97-98"/><ref name="books.google.com"/>
===Quan Âm Thị Kính===
''Quan Âm Thị Kính'' ({{lang|vi-hani|觀音氏敬}}) is a Vietnamese verse recounting the life of a woman, Thị Kính. She was accused falsely of having intended to kill her husband, and when she disguised herself as a man to lead a religious life in a Buddhist temple, she was again falsely blamed for having committed sexual intercourse with a girl named Thị Mầu. She was accused of impregnating her, which was strictly forbidden by Buddhist law. However, thanks to her endurance of all indignities and her spirit of self-sacrifice, she could enter into Nirvana and became Goddess of Mercy (Phật Bà Quan Âm).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truyenviet.com/component/content/article/133-co-tich-viet-nam/9205-quan-am-thi-kinh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326164544/http://www.truyenviet.com/component/content/article/133-co-tich-viet-nam/9205-quan-am-thi-kinh|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|title=Truyện Việt|date=26 March 2014}}</ref> [[P. Q. Phan]]'s 2014 [[opera]] ''{{ill|The Tale of Lady Thị Kính|de}}'' is based on this story.<ref>[http://music.indiana.edu/events/program.php?eid=57594 ''The Tale of Lady Thị Kính''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304154218/http://music.indiana.edu/events/program.php?eid=57594 |date=4 March 2015 }}, program booklet, February 2014</ref>
[[File:Quan Âm Diệu Thiện.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Quan Âm Tống Tử ([[Chữ Hán]]: 觀音送子, Statue of the Child-giving Quan Âm) in [[Tây Phương Temple]] in [[Thạch Thất]], [[Hanoi]], Vietnam]]
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In China, various native indigenous forms and aspects of Guanyin have been developed, along with associated legends, and portrayed in religious iconography. Aside from religious veneration, many of these manifestations also tended to appear in medieval and modern Chinese Buddhist miracle tales, fantasy fiction novels and plays.<ref name=":0"/> Some local forms include:
*'''Shuiyue Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=水月觀音|p=Shuǐyuè Guānyīn}}) – '''"Water-Moon Guanyin"'''. A traditionally masculine form of Guanyin who is closely linked to and sometimes regarded as a further manifestation of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin. Traditionally invoked for good rebirth, safe childbirth as well as enlightenment, he is usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young man or woman in a relaxed [[lalitasana]] pose beside a pond or lake with the moon reflected in the water, with the moon in the water being a metaphor for the Buddhist tenet of [[Śūnyatā]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yü|first=Chün-fang|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/yu--12028|title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|jstor=10.7312/yu--12028|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511025808/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/yu--12028|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Songzi Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=送子觀音|p=Sòngzi Guānyīn}}) – '''"Child-giving Guanyin"'''. An aspect of Guanyin which is closely linked to another manifestation, Baiyi Guanyin. She is primarily venerated as a fertility goddess and frequently invoked in prayers for children; usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a reclining white-robed young woman with a child sitting on her lap. Iconographic forms of this manifestation were noted by European travelers during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] to bear a striking resemblance to depictions of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] as the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna with Child]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Chuu 2001">{{Cite thesis|title=The cult of Guanyin who brings sons in China|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090103|publisher=University of British Columbia|date=2001|doi=10.14288/1.0090103|first=Ling-in Lilian|last=Chuu|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517094926/https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090103|url-status=live}}</ref> This manifestation is also syncretized into [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]] as [[Songzi Niangniang]].<ref name="Chuu 2001"/>
*'''Baiyi Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=白衣觀音|p=Báiyī Guānyīn}}) – '''"White Robed Guanyin"'''. A traditionally feminine form of Guanyin who is closely linked to another manifestation, Songzi Guanyin. Like that manifestation, Baiyi Guanyin is usually venerated as a fertility goddess and invoked in prayers for children. She is usually portrayed in statues and painting as a young woman dressed in a white robe which sometimes covers the head, acting as a veil. The significance of the color white in this manifestation was influenced by tantric sutras as well as mandalas such as the [[Mandala of the Two Realms]] which frequently depict Guanyin as being clad in white.<ref name=":0" />
*'''Yulan Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=魚籃觀音|p=Yúlán Guānyīn}}) – '''"Fish Basket Guanyin"'''. A form of Guanyin that originates from a legend about Guanyin descending as an avatar in the form of a beautiful young fisherwoman in order to convert a town of vicious, evil men into Buddhists. Usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young woman holding a fish-basket,<ref name=":0"/> this manifestation also appears in the popular [[Ming dynasty]] novel [[Journey to the West|Journey To The West]], one of the [[Classic Chinese Novels|Four Classic Chinese Novels]], where she uses the fish basket to capture a sea demon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wu|first=Cheng'en, approximatelyapproximately 1582|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/774147887|title=The journey to the West|date=2012|others=Anthony C. Yu|isbn=978-0-226-97131-5|edition=Revised|location=Chicago|oclc=774147887}}</ref>
* '''Nanhai Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=南海觀音|p=Nánhǎi Guānyīn}}) – '''"Guanyin Of The Southern Seas"'''. A form of Guanyin that became popularized after the establishment of [[Mount Putuo]] as Guanyin's [[bodhimaṇḍa]] and a major Chinese Buddhist pilgrimage center. Usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young woman in a relaxed [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rajalilasana rājalīlā] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523181745/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rajalilasana |date=23 May 2021 }} pose meditating on [[Mount Putuo]], or [[Mount Potalaka|Potalaka]]. Certain iconographic details vary from depiction to depiction, with some including a stand of bamboo before the bodhisattva, or a vase with willow branches, or [[Sudhana|Shancai]] and [[Longnü]] standing beside her as attendants.<ref name=":0"/>
[[File:Kwan Im statue Pematangsiantar.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Guanyin statue as pose of The Guanyin of the Southern Seas in [[Avalokitesvara]] Buddhist temple at [[Pematangsiantar]], [[North Sumatra]], Indonesia]]
Similarly in Japan, several local manifestations of Guanyin, known there primarily as Kannon or, reflecting an older pronunciation, Kwannon, have also been developed natively, supplanting some Japanese deities, with some having been developed as late as the 20th century. Some local forms include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kannon.shtml|title=KANNON BODHISATTVA|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117234223/http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kannon.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bokefuji Kannon – "Senility-healing Kannon". A 20th century invention by a religious goods manufacturer due to rising concern about senility and dementia. Depicted as a woman with small figures of an elderly man and woman at her feet.
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* Maria Kannon – "Mary Kannon". A statue of the Virgin Mary disguised to look like a statue of Kannon. Often contains a Christian symbol, either obscured on the surface or hidden within the statue. Arose during a time when Christianity was proscribed during the Tokugawa shogunate.
* Yōkihi Kannon – "Yang Gui Fei Kannon" ([[Yang Guifei|Yang Gui Fei]] is read as "Yōkihi" in Japan). [[Yang Guifei]] was a famed Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] era beauty. Despite being depicted as an epitome of feminine beauty Yōkihi Kannon usually sport a moustache designed to desexualise the icon and demonstrate how the capacity for enlightenment does not depend upon a person's sex.
In Tibet, Guanyin is revered under the name Chenrezig. Unlike much of other East Asia Buddhism where Guanyin is usually portrayed as female or androgynous, Chenrezig is revered in male form. While similarities of the female form of Guanyin with the female buddha or boddhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are noted—particularly the aspect of Tara called Green Tara—Guanyin is rarely identified with Tara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Subjects/Tantra/Practices-%20
Through Guanyin's identity as Avalokitesvara, she is a part of the ''padmakula'' (Lotus family) of buddhas. The buddha of the Lotus family is Amitābha, whose consort is Pāṇḍaravāsinī. Guanyin's female form is sometimes said to have been inspired by Pāṇḍaravāsinī.
==Association with vegetarianism==
Due to her symbolization of compassion, in [[East Asia]], Guanyin is associated with [[vegetarianism]]. [[Buddhist cuisine]] is generally decorated with her image and she appears in most Buddhist vegetarian pamphlets and magazines.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Brief History of the Immortals of Non-Hindu Civilizations | publisher=Notion Press | author=Shri Bhagavatananda Guru | year=2015 | pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/calendar/guanyin%20vegetarian.pdf|title=
==Role in East Asian Buddhism==
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It is suggested{{by whom|date=August 2019}} the similarity comes from the conquest and colonization of the [[Philippines]] by Spain during the 16th century, when Asian cultures influenced engravings of the Virgin Mary, as evidenced, for example, in an ivory carving of the Virgin Mary by a Chinese carver.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria and Albert Museum, 2004 London Proms Performing Art Lecture with Christopher Cook and Marjorie Trusted |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/audio_proms_talk/index.html |publisher=Vam.ac.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926021058/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/audio_proms_talk/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2009}} (mp4 audio, requires Apple QuickTime).</ref>
The statue of Guanyin (Gwanse-eum) in Gilsangsa in [[Seoul]], South Korea was sculpted by Catholic sculptor Choi Jong-tae, who modeled the statue after the Virgin Mary in hopes of fostering religious reconciliation in Korean society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seoul Tour Plus |url=http://www.visitseoul.net/file_save/ebook/Seoul_tour_plus/EN/Seoul_tour_plus_healing_eng.pdf |website=visitseoul.net/ |publisher=Seoul Tourism Organization |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204234527/http://www.visitseoul.net/file_save/ebook/Seoul_tour_plus/EN/Seoul_tour_plus_healing_eng.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Koehler |first1=Robert |title=Bodhisattva of Mercy, Gilsangsa Temple |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/68558939@N00/5707195482/ |website=Flickr.com |access-date=27 November 2014 |date=2011-05-10 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205172458/https://www.flickr.com/photos/68558939@N00/5707195482/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==In popular culture==
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* {{cite book |last=[[John Blofeld|Blofeld]] |first=John |title = Bodhisattva of Compassion. The Mystical Tradition of Kuan Yin |publisher=Shambhala |location = Boston, MA |year=1988 |isbn=0-87773-126-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cahill |first = Susan E. |title = Transcendence & Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China |publisher=Stanford University Press |location = Stanford, CA |year=1993 |isbn=0-8047-2584-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Leidy |first1=Denise Patry |last2=Strahan |first2=Donna |url
* {{cite book |last=Ming |first=Kuan |title=Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism |publisher=Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc |year=1985 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Martin |last2=Ramsay |first2=Jay |last3=Kwok |first3=Man-Ho |title
* {{cite book |last=Pregadio |first=Fabrizio |title
* {{cite book |last = Shi |first = Sheng-yen (釋聖嚴) |author-link = Sheng-yen |script-title=zh:觀世音菩薩 |trans-title=Guanshiyin Bodhisattva |location = Taipei, Taiwan, ROC |publisher=法鼓山文化中心 (Dharma Drum Cultural Center) |year=2015 |isbn=978-9867033031 |language=zh-Hant }}
* {{cite book |last = Stoddart |first = William |title = Outline of Buddhism |publisher = The Foundation for Traditional Studies |location = Oakton, VA |year = 1996 }}
* {{cite book |last = Studholme |first = A. |title = Origins of Om Manipadme Hum, The: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra |publisher = State University of New York Press |series = UPCC book collections on Project MUSE |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0-7914-8848-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sxJWgldrIHoC }}
* {{cite book |last = Yu |first = Chun-fang |title = Kuan-yin, The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara |publisher = Columbia University Press |location = New York, NY |year=2001 |isbn=0-231-12029-X }}
* {{cite book |last = Yun |first=Miao |title = Teachings in Chinese Buddhism: Selected Translation of Miao Yun |publisher = Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc |year=1995 }}
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== External links ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/kuanyin-txt.htm Buddhanet: Kuan Yin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184414/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/kuanyin-txt.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} Description on Kuan Yin
* [http://www.buddhismforkids.net/guanyin.html#features11-3z Guan Yin – the Buddha's Helper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221044557/http://www.buddhismforkids.net/guanyin.html#features11-3z |date=21 February 2020 }} Book on Guan Yin for children
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141113032056/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/miao-sha.html Detailed history of Miao Shan] Legend of Miao Shan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121130141729/http://www.baus.org/baus/library/ekye2.html Heart Sutra] Explanation on Kuan Yin and the Heart Sutra
* [[Lotus Sutra]]: [http://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/resources/sutras/lotus/sources/lotus25.htm Chapter 25. The universal door of Guanshi Yin Bodhisattva (The bodhisattva who contemplates the sounds of the world)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122152925/http://buddhistdoor.com/oldweb/resources/sutras/lotus/sources/lotus25.htm |date=22 January 2009 }} (Translated by The Buddhist Text Translation Society in USA)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607171336/http://www.fsu.edu/~arh/images/athanor/athxix/AthanorXIX_kim.pdf Sinicization of Buddhism – White Robe Guan Yin] – explanation of how Avalokiteshvara transformed into Guan Yin in Chinese Buddhism
* [http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama5/shurangama5_12.asp Surangama Sutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085246/http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama5/shurangama5_12.asp |date=14 February 2015 }} English translation of Chapter 5 "The Ear Organ" which mentions Guan Yin.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090812031043/http://surangama.drba.org/ The Śūraṅgama Sūtra: A New Translation] by Buddhist Text Translation Society. Chapter 6 details Kuan Yin's powers.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614021001/http://taipei.tzuchi.org.tw/tzquart/99spring/qp99-11.htm Tzu-Chi organisation: Kuan Yin, Buddhist perspective]
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