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Line 1: {{Short description\|Killing of horses, sometimes for meat}} '''Horse slaughter''' is the practice of [[Slaughter (livestock)\|slaughtering]] [[horse]]s to produce [[horse meat\|meat]] for consumption. Humans have long consumed horse meat; the oldest known cave art, the 30,000-year-old paintings in France's [[Chauvet Cave]], depict horses with other wild animals hunted by humans.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm \|title=Chauvet Cave (ca. 30,000 B.C.)", Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, retrieved May 9, 2012 \|access-date=May 9, 2012 \|archive-date=September 5, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905180753/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Domestication of the horse\|Equine domestication]] is believed to have begun to raise horses for human consumption.<ref>[http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~ENVS2/S2007/llam1/horses1.html Early Domestication of Horse] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202061837/http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~ENVS2/S2007/llam1/horses1.html \|date=2012-12-02 }}, Lilian Lam, Swarthmore College Environmental Studies, retrieved May 9, 2012</ref><ref>p. 21. Élise Rousseau. 2017. ''Horses of the World.'' Princeton University Press.</ref> The practice has become [[Equine Ethics\|controversial]] in some parts of the world due to several concerns: whether horses are (or can be) managed humanely in industrial slaughter; whether horses not raised for consumption yield safe meat, and whether it is appropriate to consume what some view as a companion animal. __TOC__▼ == {{anchor\|Slaughtering}}Methods ==▼ [[File:Betäubung.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Directions for positioning bolt gun to ensure swift humane death of animal]]▼ In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in industrial [[abattoir]]s similarly to cattle. Typically, a penetrating [[captive bolt gun]] or gunshot is used to render the animal unconscious. The blow (or shot) is intended to kill the horse instantly or stun it,<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm United States Humane Slaughter Act] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414230027/http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm \|date=2012-04-14 }}, § 1902 Humane Methods, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref> with [[exsanguination]] (bleeding out) conducted immediately afterwards to ensure death.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html\|title=Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock\|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association\|first=Temple\|last=Grandin\|date=1994\|volume=204\|issue=9\|pages=1354–1360\|doi=10.2460/javma.1994.204.09.1354 \|pmid=8050971\|access-date=2020-09-15\|archive-date=2020-06-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617010556/http://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Saleable meat is removed from the carcass, with the remains [[Rendering (food processing)\|rendered]] for other commercial uses.▼ According to equine-welfare advocates, the physiology of the equine cranium is such that neither the penetrating captive bolt gun nor gunshots are reliable means of killing (or stunning) a horse; the animal may be only paralyzed. Unless properly checked for vital signs, a horse may remain conscious and experience pain during skinning and butchering.<ref>[http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm Use of the 'Penetrating Captive Bolt' As A Means Of Rendering Equines Insensible For Slaughter Violates The Humane Slaughter Act Of 1958] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413124211/http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm \|date=2012-04-13 }}, Manes and Tails Organization, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php Horse Slaughter Images and Description] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181434/http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php \|date=2012-10-15 }}, Intl' Fund for Horses, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx Canadians: Act Now to Ban Horse Slaughter!] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519055844/http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx \|date=2012-05-19 }}, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, retrieved May 10, 2012,</ref>▼ == History ==▼ Some countries, such as Italy, Belgium, and France have maintained a tradition of eating horse meat.▼ Horse meat also was a traditional protein source during food shortages, such as ~~the~~during ~~early-20th-century~~[[World War I]] and [[World ~~Wars~~War II]]. Before the advent of motorized warfare, campaigns usually resulted in tens of thousands of equine deaths; troops and civilians ate the carcasses, since troop logistics were often unreliable. Troops of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] killed almost all of their horses during their retreat from Moscow to feed themselves. In his biography, ''Fifty Years a Veterinary Surgeon'', Fredrick Hobday wrote that when his British Army veterinary field hospital arrived in [[Cremona]] from France in 1916 it was the subject of a bidding war (won by [[Milan]]ese horse-meat canners) for salvageable equine carcasses.▼ During World War II, the less-motorized [[Axis powers\|Axis]] troops lost thousands of horses in combat and during the unusually-cold [[Russian winter]]s. Malnourished soldiers consumed the animals, often shooting weaker horses as needed. In his 1840s book, ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]'', [[Henry Mayhew]] wrote that horse meat was priced differently in Paris and London.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Mayhew, \|first=Henry, ''\|title=London Labour and the London Poor:'' Volume II, \|publisher=Dover Publications (\|date=1968), ~~Paperback {{ISBN~~\|isbn=0-486-21935-6~~}}, page~~ \|pages=7–9.}}</ref>▼ == Controversy ==▼ In some countries, horses are perceived ~~as [[gods]] or~~ as deserving of humane consideration because of their roles as working animals and for sport. This perception may be greater in countries where horses are not bred or raised for food. According to a 2012 UK [[Ipsos MORI\|MORI]] survey, 50 percent of respondents in France as well as 51 percent in Belgium and 58 percent in Italy thought it acceptable to eat horses.<ref name="HSI">{{cite web\|url=http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html\|access-date=September 19, 2016\|title=Horse slaughter and the horse-meat trade in Europe\|date=4 December 2012 \|archive-date=August 14, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814105610/http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>▼ Several equine and animal-welfare organizations oppose slaughter or support a ban on horse slaughter,<ref name="VFEW">{{cite web\|publisher=Veterinarians for Equine Welfare\|url=http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php\|year=2011\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|title=Horse slaughter–its ethical impact and subsequent response of the veterinary profession\|archive-date=June 7, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607173234/http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HS Horse slaughter">{{cite web\|title=The facts about horse slaughter\|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States\|archive-date=September 27, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135042/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AWI Horse slaughter">{{cite web\|url=http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter\|title=Horse slaughter\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute\|archive-date=October 23, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023111250/http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter\|url-status=live}}</ref> but other animal organizations and animal-agriculture groups support the practice. According to livestock-slaughter expert [[Temple Grandin]], horse slaughter can be humane with proper facility design and management.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Grandin\|first1=Temple\|title=Answering Questions about Animal Welfare during Horse Slaughter\|url=http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html\|access-date=29 January 2016\|archive-date=13 November 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114938/http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Included in animal-agriculture groups supporting horse slaughter are organizations representing the interests of traditional food-animal industries such as cattle, sheep and pigs, who are concerned that banning any animal for slaughter will lead to outlawing all meat production.{{citation needed\|date=July 2017}}▼ Stolen horses have been sold to auctions, where they are bought by "kill buyers" and shipped to slaughter. Auctions enable horses to be sold without owner consent, by theft<ref name="rhapsody">{{Citation\|url=http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market\|title=Rhapsody vanishes into ether of slaughter market\|publisher=The Topeka Capital-Journal\|date=October 15, 2011\|access-date=2011-11-27\|archive-date=2011-11-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129014555/http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market\|url-status=live}}</ref> or misappropriation.<ref name="salters">{{Citation\|url=http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/\|title=Kill buyer once arrested in Marfa, now on the run from more charges\|publisher=The Big Bend Sentinel\|date=September 15, 2011\|access-date=2011-11-27\|archive-date=2012-04-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060849/http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to California Livestock and Identification Bureau statistics, the 1998 ban on horse slaughter in California was followed by a 34-percent decrease in horse theft.<ref name="hsus-horse-facts">{{Citation\|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|title=The Facts on Horse Slaughter\|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States\|date=January 25, 2010\|access-date=2011-11-29\|archive-date=2011-11-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128165134/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awi-horse-facts">{{Citation\|url=http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs\|title=Horse Slaughter Facts and FAQs\|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute\|access-date=2011-11-29\|archive-date=2012-01-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115202927/http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs\|url-status=live}}</ref>▼ ===Long-distance transport===▼ One concern about the welfare of horses destined for slaughter is the long distances the horses are sometimes transported to a slaughterhouse. In 2013, 32,841 horses were slaughtered in Italy; of these, 32,316 were transported from other EU states.<ref name="HSI2014">{{cite web\|publisher=Humane Society International\|title=Facts and figures on the EU horsemeat trade\|url=http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse\|year=2014\|access-date=September 19, 2016\|archive-date=January 25, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073516/http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse\|url-status=live}}</ref>▼ ==Worldwide== {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" align="right" \|+{{nowrap\|Horse-meat production (2009)}}<ref>[http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html \|date=2013-02-15 }}, Farming UK, January 17, 2009.</ref> Line 24 ⟶ 50: \|- !scope="row"\| United States \| 25,000<ref>[http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/311009/argentina___the_horse_meat_industry.aspx "The horse meat industry."] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211225021/http://meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/311009/argentina___the_horse_meat_industry.aspx \|date=2011-12-11 }} ''Meat Trade News Daily'', 06 Oct 2009. In 2009, a British agriculture industry website reported the listed horse meat production levels in various countries.</ref> \|- !scope="row"\| Australia Line 64 ⟶ 90: \| style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;" colspan=2\|* Includes donkeys \|} ▲{{anchor\|Slaughtering}} ▲__TOC__ {{clear}} ~~== Methods ==~~ ▲[[File:Betäubung.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Directions for positioning bolt gun to ensure swift humane death of animal]] ▲In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in industrial [[abattoir]]s similarly to cattle. Typically, a penetrating [[captive bolt gun]] or gunshot is used to render the animal unconscious. The blow (or shot) is intended to kill the horse instantly or stun it,<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm United States Humane Slaughter Act] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414230027/http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm \|date=2012-04-14 }}, § 1902 Humane Methods, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref> with [[exsanguination]] (bleeding out) conducted immediately afterwards to ensure death.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html\|title=Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock\|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association\|first=Temple\|last=Grandin\|date=1994\|volume=204\|issue=9\|pages=1354–1360\|pmid=8050971\|access-date=2020-09-15\|archive-date=2020-06-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617010556/http://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Saleable meat is removed from the carcass, with the remains [[Rendering (food processing)\|rendered]] for other commercial uses. ▲According to equine-welfare advocates, the physiology of the equine cranium is such that neither the penetrating captive bolt gun nor gunshots are reliable means of killing (or stunning) a horse; the animal may be only paralyzed. Unless properly checked for vital signs, a horse may remain conscious and experience pain during skinning and butchering.<ref>[http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm Use of the 'Penetrating Captive Bolt' As A Means Of Rendering Equines Insensible For Slaughter Violates The Humane Slaughter Act Of 1958] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413124211/http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm \|date=2012-04-13 }}, Manes and Tails Organization, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php Horse Slaughter Images and Description] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181434/http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php \|date=2012-10-15 }}, Intl' Fund for Horses, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx Canadians: Act Now to Ban Horse Slaughter!] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519055844/http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx \|date=2012-05-19 }}, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, retrieved May 10, 2012,</ref> ▲== History == ▲Some countries, such as Italy, Belgium, and France have maintained a tradition of eating horse meat. ▲Horse meat also was a traditional protein source during food shortages, such as the early-20th-century World Wars. Before the advent of motorized warfare, campaigns usually resulted in tens of thousands of equine deaths; troops and civilians ate the carcasses, since troop logistics were often unreliable. Troops of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] killed almost all of their horses during their retreat from Moscow to feed themselves. In his biography, ''Fifty Years a Veterinary Surgeon'', Fredrick Hobday wrote that when his British Army veterinary field hospital arrived in [[Cremona]] from France in 1916 it was the subject of a bidding war (won by [[Milan]]ese horse-meat canners) for salvageable equine carcasses. ▲During World War II, the less-motorized [[Axis powers\|Axis]] troops lost thousands of horses in combat and during the unusually-cold [[Russian winter]]s. Malnourished soldiers consumed the animals, often shooting weaker horses as needed. In his 1840s book, ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]'', [[Henry Mayhew]] wrote that horse meat was priced differently in Paris and London.<ref>Mayhew, Henry, ''London Labour and the London Poor:'' Volume II, Dover Publications (1968), Paperback {{ISBN\|0-486-21935-6}}, page 7–9.</ref> ▲== Controversy == ▲In some countries, horses are perceived as [[gods]] or as deserving of humane consideration because of their roles as working animals and for sport. This perception may be greater in countries where horses are not bred or raised for food. According to a 2012 UK [[Ipsos MORI\|MORI]] survey, 50 percent of respondents in France as well as 51 percent in Belgium and 58 percent in Italy thought it acceptable to eat horses.<ref name="HSI">{{cite web\|url=http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html\|access-date=September 19, 2016\|title=Horse slaughter and the horse-meat trade in Europe\|date=4 December 2012 \|archive-date=August 14, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814105610/http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> ▲Several equine and animal-welfare organizations oppose slaughter or support a ban on horse slaughter,<ref name="VFEW">{{cite web\|publisher=Veterinarians for Equine Welfare\|url=http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php\|year=2011\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|title=Horse slaughter–its ethical impact and subsequent response of the veterinary profession\|archive-date=June 7, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607173234/http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HS Horse slaughter">{{cite web\|title=The facts about horse slaughter\|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States\|archive-date=September 27, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135042/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AWI Horse slaughter">{{cite web\|url=http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter\|title=Horse slaughter\|access-date=September 20, 2016\|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute\|archive-date=October 23, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023111250/http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter\|url-status=live}}</ref> but other animal organizations and animal-agriculture groups support the practice. According to livestock-slaughter expert [[Temple Grandin]], horse slaughter can be humane with proper facility design and management.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Grandin\|first1=Temple\|title=Answering Questions about Animal Welfare during Horse Slaughter\|url=http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html\|access-date=29 January 2016\|archive-date=13 November 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114938/http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Included in animal-agriculture groups supporting horse slaughter are organizations representing the interests of traditional food-animal industries such as cattle, sheep and pigs, who are concerned that banning any animal for slaughter will lead to outlawing all meat production.{{citation needed\|date=July 2017}} ▲Stolen horses have been sold to auctions, where they are bought by "kill buyers" and shipped to slaughter. Auctions enable horses to be sold without owner consent, by theft<ref name="rhapsody">{{Citation\|url=http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market\|title=Rhapsody vanishes into ether of slaughter market\|publisher=The Topeka Capital-Journal\|date=October 15, 2011\|access-date=2011-11-27\|archive-date=2011-11-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129014555/http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market\|url-status=live}}</ref> or misappropriation.<ref name="salters">{{Citation\|url=http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/\|title=Kill buyer once arrested in Marfa, now on the run from more charges\|publisher=The Big Bend Sentinel\|date=September 15, 2011\|access-date=2011-11-27\|archive-date=2012-04-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060849/http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to California Livestock and Identification Bureau statistics, the 1998 ban on horse slaughter in California was followed by a 34-percent decrease in horse theft.<ref name="hsus-horse-facts">{{Citation\|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|title=The Facts on Horse Slaughter\|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States\|date=January 25, 2010\|access-date=2011-11-29\|archive-date=2011-11-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128165134/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awi-horse-facts">{{Citation\|url=http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs\|title=Horse Slaughter Facts and FAQs\|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute\|access-date=2011-11-29\|archive-date=2012-01-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115202927/http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs\|url-status=live}}</ref> ▲===Long-distance transport=== ▲One concern about the welfare of horses destined for slaughter is the long distances the horses are sometimes transported to a slaughterhouse. In 2013, 32,841 horses were slaughtered in Italy; of these, 32,316 were transported from other EU states.<ref name="HSI2014">{{cite web\|publisher=Humane Society International\|title=Facts and figures on the EU horsemeat trade\|url=http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse\|year=2014\|access-date=September 19, 2016\|archive-date=January 25, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073516/http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ireland== Line 126 ⟶ 128: Horses in the United States are not bred or raised for meat. Nearly all equine medications and treatments are labeled, "Not for horses intended for human consumption." Meat from American horses raises a number of potential health concerns, primarily due to the routine use of medications banned in food animals and a lack of tracking of such use. Unlike livestock raised for food (where all potential medications are tested for withdrawal times and vigilantly tracked), there is no way to guarantee which medications have been used in a particular horse. During November and December 2010 inspections of EU-regulated plants in Mexico which slaughtered horses for human consumption, the European Commission Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) uncovered violations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405004350/http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/8591 Horsebackmagazine.com] "In a report filed by the FVO (Food and Veterinary Office), a number of serious violations and actions taken were cited, including these noted by Animals’ Angels. Two out of five establishments failed to meet EU requirements relating to slaughter hygiene and water quality. Additionally, there were non-traceable carcasses, a number of which were in contact with EU eligible horse meat. No export certificates will be issued until these issues are satisfactorily resolved. Random samples were taken from horse meat processed in 2008, 2009 and 2010 tested positive for EU prohibited drug residues. Sworn statements made by horse owners on veterinary medical treatment histories were not authenticated and proven false, including cases of positive results for EU prohibited drug residues. From January and October 2010, of the 62,560 US horses shipped to slaughter 5,336 were rejected at the border due to advanced pregnancy, health problems or injuries. In a visit to one US export pen, 12 of the 30 horses held there were rejected."</ref> Most American horses destined for slaughter are transported to EU-regulated plants in Mexico and Canada. Horses, unlike traditional food animals in the United States, are not raised (or medicated) with the intent of becoming human food. Because American horses are not intended for the human food chain, they often receive medications banned by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for use in food animals.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bettingroyalascot.co.uk/\|title=Royal Ascot 2021 \| News \| Runners \| Betting on Ascot \| Dates & Times\|access-date=2020-09-15\|archive-date=2020-08-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824082311/https://www.bettingroyalascot.co.uk/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Concern also exists that horse meat will be mixed with ground-beef products<ref>{{cite news\|last=Strom\|first=Stephanie\|title=U.S.D.A May Approve Horse Slaughtering\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/business/usda-may-approve-horse-slaughter-plant.html?_r=0\|work=The New York Times\|date=March 2013 \|access-date=2014-04-19\|archive-date=2013-11-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130103913/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/business/usda-may-approve-horse-slaughter-plant.html?_r=0\|url-status=live}}</ref> and sold improperly labeled in the US, as occurred during the European [[2013 horse meat scandal]]. Before 2007, three major equine [[slaughterhouse]]s operated in the United States: Dallas Crown in [[Kaufman, Texas]]; Beltex Corporation in [[Fort Worth, Texas~~\|Fort Worth~~]],; and Cavel International in [[DeKalb, Illinois]]. All were Belgian-owned, with Multimeat also having French and Dutch ownership; Velda owned Cavel, Multimeat owned Beltex and Chevideco owned Dallas Crown. The slaughterhouses exported about $42 million in horse meat annually, with most going overseas. About 10 percent of their output was sold to zoos to feed their carnivores, and 90 percent was shipped to Europe and Asia for human consumption. Although the [[United States House of Representatives\|House of Representatives]] voted overwhelmingly to end horse slaughter in 2006, the bill never came to a vote before the [[United States Senate\|Senate]]. The two [[Texas]] horse-slaughter plants were ordered closed in 2007, after protracted battles with local municipalities who objected to their financial drain on the municipalities (no tax revenue), ditches of blood, dismembered foals and noxious odors in residential neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/pitw/archives/2010/04/09/former-mayor-horse-slaughterhouses-a-drain-on-taxpayers-never-mind-the-ditches-of-blood\|title=Former Mayor: Horse Slaughterhouses a Drain on Taxpayers — Never Mind the Ditches of Blood \| Pith in the Wind}}</ref> Later that year, the Cavel plant was closed after local community action.<ref name=huffington>{{cite news\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070629/horse-slaughter/\|title=Last US Horse Slaughterhouse to Close\|author=Tara Burghart\|date=June 29, 2007\|work=The Huffington Post\|access-date=2007-07-16\|archive-date=2007-07-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702184807/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070629/horse-slaughter/\|url-status=live}}</ref> The director of equine protection of [[the Humane Society of the United States]] reported seizing large numbers of horses, and equine-rescue facilities were taking in more horses than ever despite a record number of horses shipped to Canada and Mexico for slaughter.<ref name="suntimes">{{cite news\|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678,CST-EDT-VOX01a.article \|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times \|title=Don't ban horse slaughter in Illinois \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008151030/http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678%2CCST-EDT-VOX01a.article \|archive-date=2007-10-08 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Amy Hamilton, [http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html Horse abandonment rises] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181103/http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html \|date=2017-08-05 }}, January 24, 2010, trib.com</ref><ref>[http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html Cases of horse neglect, abandonment growing in Colorado] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825175915/http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html \|date=2012-08-25 }}, January 24, 2010, Colorado Springs Gazette</ref> The equine market was saturated by increased breeding.<ref name=consequences>[http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf The unintended consequences of a ban on the humane slaughter (processing) of horses in the United States] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf \|date=2011-07-07 }}, Animal Welfare Council, Inc.</ref> Line 134 ⟶ 136: ===Federal bills=== Slaughterhouses in the United States cannot legally operate without inspection by the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], a federal agency. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|date=2013-06-29 \|title=U.S. approves a horse slaughterhouse, sees two more plants \|language=en \|work=Reuters \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-agriculture-horse-idUSBRE95S00820130629 \|access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref> States are able to individually ban the slaughter of horses without federal approval, but the USDA operates through a federally-funded budget by the President and the Senate and House [[Appropriations Committee (disambiguation)\|Appropriations Committees]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Office of Management and Budget \|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=The White House \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Budget \|url=http://www.nifa.usda.gov/budget \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture \|language=en}}</ref> Amending the budget to prohibit funding to the USDA for inspecting slaughterhouses processing horse meat as a means to block horse slaughter in the US at a federal level was introduced as a policy goal starting in 2005 .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|last=Potter \|first=Leslie \|date=2012-01-26 \|title=A Timeline of Horse Slaughter Legislation in the United States \|url=https://www.horseillustrated.com/horse-resources-horse-slaughter-timeline \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=Horse Illustrated Magazine \|language=en-US}}</ref>. Using the budget to block inspection means that continuation of the ban is subject to review each year, and did not ensure that changes could not be made by future congresses.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=FloorSeattle \|first1=1012 First AvenueFifth \|last2=Washington 98104-1008 \|date=2021-02-11 \|title=A permanent ban on horse slaughter might replace that yearly budget proviso \|url=https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/02/a-permanent-ban-on-horse-slaughter-might-replace-that-yearly-budget-proviso/ \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=Food Safety News \|language=en-US}}</ref> H.R. 2744-45 Sec 794, The Agriculture, Rural Development, [[Food and Drug Administration]] and Related Agencies Appropriations Act 2005-2006 was successfully passed to end funding for inspection, effectively ending the processing of horse meat in the US until a future government was willing to reinstate .<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bonilla \|first=Henry \|date=2005-11-10 \|title=H.R.2744 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 \|url=http://www.congress.gov/ \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>. The USDA resisted by creating a loophole with regulation CFR 352.19 which allowed existing slaughterhouses to pay inspectors directly instead of the agency relying on federal funding. This loophole was closed for Illinois and Texas, the states still engaging in horse slaughter, through a series of court rulings in 2007.<ref name=":1" /> In 2012, the Agriculture, Rural Development, [[Food and Drug Administration]], and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2013 excluded the wording necessary to continue blocking federal funds for USDA inspection of slaughterhouses processing horse meat <ref>{{Cite web \|last=Kohl \|first=Herb \|date=2012-04-26 \|title=S.2375 - 112th Congress (2011-2012): Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2013 \|url=http://www.congress.gov/ \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> In June of 2013 a New Mexico meat plant fulfilled the requirements for USDA inspection of their horse slaughter facility and reopened the horse slaughter debate in congress.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014 [[Barack Obama\|President Obama]] proposed and passed a budget that once again included language to prohibit horse slaughter in the U.S by defunding federal inspection budget.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Forrest \|first=Susanna \|date=2017-06-08 \|title=The Troubled History of Horse Meat in America \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/horse-meat/529665/ \|access-date=2022-05-30 \|website=The Atlantic \|language=en}}</ref> Efforts have been made to create a federal law ending the slaughter of American horses for human consumption.<ref name="saponline">{{Cite web\|url=https://awionline.org/content/safeguard-american-food-exports-safe-act\|title=Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act\|website=Animal Welfare Institute\|access-date=2020-09-15\|archive-date=2020-07-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708095355/https://awionline.org/content/safeguard-american-food-exports-safe-act\|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 8, 2006, the House of Representatives passed a bill which would have made killing or selling American horses for human consumption illegal in the United States; however, it was not passed by the Senate.<ref name="qjnet">{{Cite web \|url=http://science.qj.net/New-US-Bill-Makes-Killing-Horses-for-Meat-Illegal-in-US/pg/49/aid/65094 \|title=Science.qj.net: New US Bill Makes Killing Horses for Meat Illegal in US \|access-date=2007-06-01 \|archive-date=2007-04-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427035107/http://science.qj.net/New-US-Bill-Makes-Killing-Horses-for-Meat-Illegal-in-US/pg/49/aid/65094 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Line 147 ⟶ 149: {{anchor\|Transportation of horses for slaughter}} ===Transport of horses for slaughter=== Although the [[United States Department of Transportation\|Department of Transportation]] has officers at enforcement points to ensure the proper transportation of horses, it has no jurisdiction beyond transportation. Horses that "are severely lame or disabled are not accepted at the plants".{{citation needed\|date=July 2017}} Line 179 ⟶ 182: In the European [[2013 horse meat scandal]], foods advertised as containing beef were found to contain undeclared or improperly declared horse meat—100 percent of the meat content, in some cases.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21375594\|title=Findus lasagne beef '100% horsemeat'\|work=BBC News \|date=February 7, 2013\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|archive-date=March 29, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329055853/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21375594\|url-status=live}}</ref> A smaller number of products also contained other undeclared meats, such as pork.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/16/tesco-burgers-off-shelves-horsemeat\|title=Cameron tells supermarkets: horsemeat burger scandal unacceptable\|date=January 16, 2013\|website=the Guardian\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|archive-date=September 6, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906164601/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/16/tesco-burgers-off-shelves-horsemeat\|url-status=live}}</ref> The issue came to light on January 15, 2013, when it was reported that equine DNA had been discovered in frozen beefburgers sold at several Irish and British supermarkets. ▲== ~~Methods~~See also == * {{Annotated link\|Horse meat}} * {{Annotated link\|Meat horse}} == References == ~~<!-- this 'empty' section displays references defined elsewhere -->~~ {{Reflist}} ~~{{Equus (genus)}}~~ {{Horse topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Horse Slaughter}} [[Category:Animal killing]]