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{{Short description|Governing body of Olympic sports}}
{{Redirect|IOC}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
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| name = International Olympic Committee<br /><small>{{native name|fr|Comité international olympique|paren=omit}}</small>
| image = Siège CIO 2020 (1).jpg
| caption = IOC headquarters in [[Lausanne]],
| size = 250
| type = [[Sports governing body|Sports federation]] ([[Swiss association|
| formation = {{Start date and age|1894|6|23|df=yes}}
| logo = International Olympic Committee logo 2021.svg
| headquarters = Olympic House, <br>[[Lausanne]],
| membership =
| leader_title = Honorary President
| leader_name =
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}}
The '''International Olympic Committee''' ('''IOC'''; {{lang-fr|link=no|Comité international olympique}}, '''''CIO''''') is a non-governmental [[Sports governing body|sports organisation]] based in [[Lausanne]],
Founded in 1894 by [[Pierre de Coubertin]] and [[Demetrios Vikelas]], it is the authority responsible for organising the modern ([[Summer Olympic Games|Summer]], [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter]], and [[Youth Olympic Games|Youth]]) [[Olympic Games]].<ref>Roger Bartlett, Chris Gratton, Christer G. Rolf ''Encyclopedia of International Sports Studies''. Routledge, 2012, p. 678</ref>
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==History==
[[File:International Olympic Committee Headquarters (2).jpg|thumb|Current IOC headquarters in [[Lausanne]],
[[File:Nouveau siège du CIO.JPG|thumb|The main entrance of the former headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne]]
The IOC was created by [[Pierre de Coubertin]], on 23 June 1894 with [[Demetrios Vikelas]] as its first president. As of February 2022, its membership consists of 105 active members and 45 honorary members.<ref>{{cite web|title=IOC Members List|url=https://www.olympic.org/ioc-members-list|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805023228/https://www.olympic.org/ioc-members-list|url-status=live}}</ref> The IOC is the supreme authority of the worldwide modern Olympic Movement.
The IOC organises the modern [[Olympic Games]] and [[Youth Olympic Games]] (YOG), held in summer and winter every four years. The first [[Summer Olympics]] was held in [[Athens]],
Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year. After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the even years between Summer Games to help space the planning of the two events from one another, and to improve the financial balance of the IOC, which receives a proportionally greater income in Olympic years.
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*The Olympic Partner Programme (Lausanne, Switzerland)
*Olympic Broadcasting Services S.A. (Lausanne, Switzerland)
*[[Olympic Broadcasting Services|Olympic Broadcasting Services S.L.]] ([[Madrid]],
*Olympic Channel Services S.A. (Lausanne, Switzerland)
*Olympic Channel Services S.L. (Madrid, Spain)
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==Olympic marketing==
During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget.<ref name="television">
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The IOC distributes some of its revenue to organisations throughout the Olympic Movement to support the staging of the Olympic Games and to promote worldwide sport development. The IOC retains approximately 10% of the Olympic marketing revenue for operational and administrative costs.<ref name="IOC Funding">[https://olympics.com/ioc/funding Funding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808004250/https://olympics.com/ioc/funding |date=8 August 2021 }} – IOC. Retrieved on 7 August 2021</ref> For the 2013–2016 period, IOC had revenues of about US$5.0 billion, of which 73% were from broadcasting rights and 18% were from Olympic Partners. The Rio 2016 organising committee received US$1.5 billion and the Sochi 2014 organising committee received US$833 million. National Olympic committees and international federations received US$739 million each.<ref name="IOC Funding" />
In July 2000, when the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported on how the IOC redistributes profits from sponsorships and [[broadcasting rights]], historian [[Bob Barney]] stated that he had "yet to see matters of corruption in the IOC", but noted there were "matters of unaccountability".<ref>{{cite news|title=IOC: A tangled web of wealth, mystery|last1=Abrahamson|first1=Alan|last2=Wharton|first2=David|date=July 30, 2000|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|location=St. Louis, Missouri|page=24|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-ioc-2000/129932172/|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727014641/https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-ioc-2000/129932172/|url-status=live}}</ref> He later noted that when the spotlight is on the athletes, it has "the power to eclipse impressions of scandal or corruption", with respect to the Olympic bid process.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sun sets on Salt Lake City|date=February 25, 2002|newspaper=[[Herald News (New Jersey)|Herald News]]|location=Passaic County, New Jersey|page=A1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939234/|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727014658/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939234/|url-status=live}}; {{cite news|title=Games (Continued From A1)|date=February 25, 2002|newspaper=[[Herald News (New Jersey)|Herald News]]|location=Passaic County, New Jersey|page=A6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939110/|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815145332/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939110/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{anchor|OCOG}}
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The IOC is the largest single revenue source for the majority of [[List of international sports federations|IOSFs]], with contributions that assist them in developing their respective sports. The IOC provides financial support to the 28 IOSFs of Olympic summer sports and the seven IOSFs of Olympic winter sports. The continually increasing value of Olympic broadcasts has enabled the IOC to substantially increase financial support to IOSFs with each successive Games. The seven winter sports IFs shared US$85.8 million, €75 million in Salt Lake 2002 broadcast revenue.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
===Other
The IOC contributes Olympic marketing revenue to the programmes of various
==Environmental concerns==
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Research at the Beijing Olympic Games identified particulate matter – measured in terms of [[Particulates|PM10]] (the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle ≤ 10 μm in a given amount of air) – as a top priority.<ref>Chena DS, Chenga SY, Liub L, Chenc T, Guoa XR. (2007). An integrated MM5–CMAQ modeling approach for assessing transboundary PM10 contribution to the host city of 2008 Olympic summer games—Beijing, China. Atmospheric environment. Vol. 41; 1237–1250.</ref><ref>Wang X et al. (2009). Evaluating the air quality impacts of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: On-road emission factors and black carbon profiles. Atmospheric environment. Vol. 43; 4535–4543.</ref> Particulate matter, along with other airborne pollutants, cause both serious health problems, such as [[asthma]], and damage urban ecosystems. Black carbon is released into the air from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fluids, contributing to climate change and injuring human health. Secondary pollutants such as [[Carbon monoxide|CO]], [[NOx]], [[Sulfur dioxide|SO2]], [[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[ethylbenzene]], and [[xylenes]] ([[BTEX]]) are also released during construction.<ref>Wang T et al. (2010). Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Vol. 10; 7603–7615.</ref>
For the Beijing Olympics, vehicles not meeting the Euro 1 emission standards were banned, and the odd-even rule was implemented in the Beijing administrative area. Air quality improvement measures implemented by the Beijing government included replacing coal with natural gas, suspending construction and/or imposing strict dust control on construction sites, closing or relocating the polluting industrial plants, building long subway lines, using cleaner fluid in power plants, and reducing the activity by some of the polluting factories. There, levels of primary and secondary pollutants were reduced, and good air quality was recorded during the Beijing Olympics on most days.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Beijing also sprayed [[silver iodide]] in the atmosphere to induce rain to remove existing pollutants from the air.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coonan |first=Clifford |date=11 August 2008 |title=How Beijing used rockets to keep opening ceremony dry |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/how-beijing-used-rockets-to-keep-opening-ceremony-dry-890294.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202930/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/how-beijing-used-rockets-to-keep-opening-ceremony-dry-890294.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Effects on soil ====
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De Coubertin was influenced by the aristocratic ethos exemplified by [[Independent school (UK)|English public schools]].<ref name=OIdeology>{{cite book |last=Eassom |first=Simon |title=Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology |year=1994 |location=Ontario |publisher=The Centre for Olympic Studies |pages=120–123 |isbn=0-7714-1697-0}}</ref> The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education but that practicing or training was considered cheating.<ref name=OIdeology/> As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated.<ref name=OIdeology/> The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of [[Eastern Bloc]] countries further eroded the notion of the pure amateur, as it put Western, self-financed amateurs at a disadvantage. The [[Soviet Union]] entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902183140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2009|title=Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur|author=Benjamin, Daniel|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 March 2009|date=27 July 1992}}</ref> Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schantz |first=Otto |title=The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch |publisher=Comité International Pierre De Coubertin |url=http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf|access-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref>
Near the end of the 1960s, the [[Canadian Amateur Hockey Association]] (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet full-time athletes and other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues, but met opposition from the [[International Ice Hockey Federation|IIHF]] and IOC. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<ref name="Num17">{{harvnb|Podnieks|Szemberg|2008}}, [http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010205021/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html |date=10 October 2017 }}.</ref> at the 1970 World Championships in [[Montreal]] and [[Winnipeg]],
Beginning in the 1970s, amateurism was gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter. After the 1988 Games, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFOSs.<ref name="Amateurism">{{cite news | title=Amateurism | date=12 July 1999 | work=USA Today | url=https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm | access-date=9 February 2009 | archive-date=23 February 2002 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223021004/http://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
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The IOC uses [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification]] to ensure participants compete only in events matching their sex.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Pastor|first=Aaren|date=2019|title=Unwarranted and Invasive Scrutiny: Caster Semenya, Sex-Gender Testing and the Production of Woman In 'Women's' Track and Field.|url=|journal=Feminist Review|volume=122|issue=1 |pages=1–15|doi=10.1177/0141778919849688|s2cid=204379565|via=SAGE Journals}}</ref> Verifying the sex of Olympic participants dates back to [[ancient Greece]], when [[Kallipateira]] attempted to break Greek law by dressing as a man to enter the arena as a trainer. After she was discovered, a policy was erected wherein trainers, just as athletes, were made to appear naked in order to better assure all were male.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rupert|first=James L.|date=2011|title=Genitals to genes: the history and biology of gender verification in the Olympics|url=|journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History|volume=28|issue=2|pages=339–365|doi=10.3138/cbmh.28.2.339|pmid=22164600|via=GALE ONEFILE|doi-access=free}}</ref>
In more recent history, sex verification has taken many forms<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Krieger|first1=Jörg|last2=Parks Pieper|first2=Lindsay|last3=Ritchie|first3=Ian|date=2019|title=Sex, drugs and science: the IOC's and IAAF's attempts to control fairness in sport|url=https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/sex-drugs-and-science-the-iocs-and-iaafs-attempts-to-control-fairness-in-sport(e0853d7a-89ec-4287-ba36-48c2749f0b9e).html|journal=Sport in Society|volume=22|issue=9|pages=1555–1573|doi=10.1080/17430437.2018.1435004|s2cid=148683831|via=Taylor & Francis Online|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727014644/https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/sex-drugs-and-science-the-iocs-and-iaafs-attempts-to-control-fair|url-status=live}}</ref> and been subject to dispute.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Parks Pieper|first=Lindsay|date=2018|title=First, they qualified for the Olympics. Then they had to prove their sex|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=|access-date=}}</ref> Before sex testing, Olympic officials relied on "nude parades"<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Pape|first=Madeleine|date=2019|title=Expertise and Non-Binary Bodies: Sex, Gender and the Case of Dutee Chand.|url=|journal=Body & Society|volume=25|issue=4|pages=3–28|doi=10.1177/1357034X19865940|s2cid=201403008|via=SAGE journals}}</ref> and doctor's notes.<ref name=":2" /> Successful [[Women's sports|women athletes]] perceived to be [[Masculinity|masculine]] were most likely to be inspected.<ref name=":2" /> In 1966, IOC implemented a compulsory sex verification process that took effect at the [[1968 Winter Olympics]] where a lottery system was used to determine who would be inspected with a [[Barr body]] test.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The scientific community found fault with this policy. The use of the Barr body test was evaluated by fifteen geneticists who unanimously agreed it was scientifically invalid.<ref name=":1" /> By the 1970s this method was replaced with [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR testing]], as well as evaluating factors such as brain anatomy and behaviour.<ref name=":02" /> Following continued backlash against mandatory sex testing, the [[IOC Athletes' Commission|IOC's Athletes' Commission]]'s opposition ended of the practice in 1999.<ref name=":1" />
Although sex testing was no longer mandated, women who did not present as [[Femininity|feminine]] continued to be inspected based on suspicion. This started at [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and remained in use until the [[2010 Winter Olympics]].<ref name=":1" /> By 2011 the IOC created a [[Hyperandrogenism]] Regulation, which aimed to standardise natural [[testosterone]] levels in women athletes.<ref name=":3" /> This transition in sex testing was to assure fairness within female events. This was due to the belief that higher testosterone levels increased athletic ability and gave unfair advantages to [[intersex]] and [[Transgender people in sports|transgender competitors]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> Any female athlete flagged for suspicion and whose testosterone surpassed regulation levels was prohibited from competing until medical treatment brought their hormone levels within standard levels.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> It has been argued by press,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Burnett|first=Cora|date=2019|title=South African Newspapers' Constructions of the Caster Semenya Saga through Political Cartoons|url=|journal=South African Review of Sociology|volume=50|issue=2|pages=62–84|doi=10.1080/21528586.2019.1699440|s2cid=213623805|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> scholars,<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Mahomed|first1=S|last2=Dhai|first2=A|date=2019|title=The Caster Semenya ordeal – prejudice, discrimination and racial bias|url=|journal=South African Medical Journal|volume=109|issue=8|pages=548–551|doi=10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8.14152|pmid=31456545|s2cid=201175909|via=SciELO South Africa|doi-access=free}}</ref> and politicians<ref name=":02" /> that some ethnicities are disproportionately impacted by this regulation and that the rule excludes too many.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
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=== Wrestling ===
In February 2013, the IOC excluded [[wrestling]] from its core [[Olympic sports]] for the Summer Olympic programme for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], because the sport did offer equal opportunities for men and women. This decision was attacked by the sporting community, given the sport's long traditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=
=== Russian doping ===
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===Fencing handshaking controversy===
In July 2020 (and reconfirmed by [[FIE]] public notice in September 2020 and in January 2021), by public written notice the FIE had replaced its previous handshake requirement with a "salute" by the opposing fencers, and written in its public notice that handshakes were "suspended until further notice."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usafencing.org/news_article/show/1093278-handshaking-rule-suspended-at-usa-fencing-events|title=Handshaking Rule Suspended at USA Fencing Events|first=Nicole|last=Jomantas|date=6 March 2020|website=USA Fencing|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123173558/https://www.usafencing.org/news_article/show/1093278-handshaking-rule-suspended-at-usa-fencing-events|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fencing.org.nz/news/162-covid-19-update-oceania-u20s-and-handshaking-rule|title=
=== Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
On 12 October 2023, the International Olympic Committee issued a statement stating that after Russia began its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Russian Olympic Committee unilaterally transferred four regions that were originally under the jurisdiction of the [[National Olympic Committee of Ukraine]]: [[Donetsk Oblast]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], [[Kherson Oblast]], [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast]] were included as members of their own, so the International Olympic Committee announced the suspension of the membership of the [[Russian Olympic Committee]] with immediate effect.<ref>
On 19 March 2024, the IOC announced that, due to their suspension, Russian and Belarusian athletes will be barred from the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] opening ceremony as neither
=== Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics ===
Palestinian sports organizations and sports organizations from Arab countries have called for sanctions to be imposed against Israel and to prevent its participation in the [[Israel at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] due to the [[Israel–Hamas war]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]. The calls from the organizations have been prompted by concerns about the war's impact on Palestinian athletes and sports facilities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zirin |first1=Dave |date=10 January 2024 |title=Will the IOC Do Anything About the Killing of Palestinian Athletes? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/ |work=[[The Nation]] |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227072424/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The case for sports sanctions against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |work=The Guardian |date=18 January 2024 |last1=Zidan |first1=Karim |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240120200009/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2023, Russia accused the IOC of having double standards by not sanctioning Israel due to its military actions in Gaza and [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation of Palestine]], as Palestine is also an IOC member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salguero |first1=David Rubio |title=IOC defends the participation of Israeli athletes in Paris 2024 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142358/ioc-defe |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=insidethegames.biz |date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202117/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142358/ioc-defe |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, over 300 Palestinian sports clubs called for Israel to be barred from the 2024 Olympics after [[Bombing of Gaza|Israeli airstrikes]] had killed Palestine's Olympic football team coach, and damaged the headquarters of the [[Palestine Olympic Committee]] in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=More than 300 Palestinian sports clubs call for Israel Olympic Games ban |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians?update=2629791 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225214605/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians?update=2629791 |url-status=live }}</ref> The IOC has cautioned athletes against boycotting or discriminating others, stating that immediate action will follow any discriminatory behavior such as the case of Algerian judoka [[Fethi Nourine]], who received a ten-year ban following his refusal to fight [[Tohar Butbul]], an Israeli in [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]. The IOC also stated that athletes are not to be held accountable for their government's actions.<ref>{{cite news |title=IOC waarschuwt voor boycots en discriminatie tijdens Spelen |trans-title=IOC warns against boycotts and discrimination during Games |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/sport/artikel/5416404/ioc-waarschuwt-voor-boycots-en-discriminatie-tijdens-spelen |work=[[RTL Nieuws]] |date=1 November 2023 |language=NL |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217160509/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/sport/artikel/5416404/ioc-waarschuwt-voor-boycots-en-discriminatie-tijdens-spelen |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2024, IOC President [[Thomas Bach]] made it clear there was no issue regarding Israel participating at the 2024 Summer Olympics and cautioned athletes against boycotts and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web
=== Attempt to obstruct U.S. investigation into Chinese doping ===
{{Main|Doping in China}}
In July 2024, the IOC threatened to reject Salt Lake City's bid to host the [[2034 Winter Olympics]] if U.S. authorities continued to investigate allegations of doping by Chinese swimmers. The IOC insisted that Salt Lake City agree that it may "terminate Olympic host city contracts in cases where the supreme authority of the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) in the fight against doping is not fully respected or if the application of the world antidoping code is hindered or undermined." This was intended to undermine the [[United States Department of Justice]]'s criminal investigation into the [[World Anti-Doping Agency#Chinese doping allegations|allegations that the World Anti-Doping Agency failed to sanction drug use by Chinese swimmers]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mann |first=Brian |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Olympic officials try to crush U.S. probes of China doping, threaten Salt Lake Games |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/24/nx-s1-5050528/olympic-threaten-salt-lake-2034-winter-games-doping |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=[[NPR]] |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725015007/https://www.npr.org/2024/07/24/nx-s1-5050528/olympic-threaten-salt-lake-2034-winter-games-doping |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Longman |first=Jeré |last2=Panja |first2=Tariq |last3=Schmidt |first3=Michael S. |date=2024-07-24 |title=Salt Lake Awarded 2034 Olympics Under I.O.C. Pressure Over Doping Inquiries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/olympics/salt-lake-city-winter-olympics-2034.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725004524/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/olympics/salt-lake-city-winter-olympics-2034.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Current IOC Executive Board==
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*{{cite book |last= Lenskyj |first= Helen Jefferson |title= Inside the Olympic Industry: Power, Politics and Activism |year= 2000 |publisher= SUNY |location= New York}}
*{{Cite book|publisher=H. B. Fenn & Company, Ltd|url=http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html|title=IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All-Time|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55168-358-4|access-date=25 March 2009|last1=Podnieks|first1=Andrew|last2=Szemberg|first2=Szymon|author-link1=Andrew Podnieks|archive-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321095926/http://www.iihf.com/100-years/100-years-of-ice-hockey/home/100-top-stories.html|url-status=live}}
==External links==
*{{Official website}}
{{International Olympic Committee}}
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{{International Sports Federations}}
{{Olympic Games}}
{{Portal bar|Olympics|Sports|Switzerland}}▼
{{Authority control}}
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