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Removed the infobox (but left the photo) because an enema has many uses other than as an “intervention”. Wikidata calls it a “procedure” and there is no infobox for “medical procedure”. It has several specialties and no single ICD code describes it |
→Punitive usage: that's crazy writing |
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In the 18th century Europeans began emulating the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas#North America|indigenous peoples of North America's]] use of tobacco smoke enemas to resuscitate drowned people.<ref name=BCMJ>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcmj.org/special-feature/special-feature-tobacco-smoke-enemas |title=Special feature: Tobacco smoke enemas |author=Sterling Haynes |date=December 2012 |work=British Columbia Medical Journal |publisher=Doctors of BC |access-date=2019-03-29 }}</ref> Tobacco resuscitation kits consisting of a pair of bellows and a tube were provided by the Royal Humane Society of London and placed at various points along the Thames.<ref name=Royal_Pharmaceutical /> Furthermore, these enemas came to be employed for headaches, respiratory failure, colds, hernias, abdominal cramps, typhoid fever, and cholera outbreaks.<ref name=BCMJ/>
Clysters were a favourite medical treatment in the [[bourgeoisie]] and [[nobility]] of the Western world up to the 19th century. As medical knowledge was fairly limited at the time, purgative clysters were used for a wide variety of [[ailment]]s, the foremost of which were [[stomach ache]]s and constipation.<ref name="Pharmacological treatment">{{cite journal |last1=Clemens |first1=Katri E. |last2=Faust |first2=Markus |last3=Jaspers |first3=Birgit |last4=Mikus |first4=Gerd |title=Pharmacological treatment of constipation in palliative care |journal=Current Opinion in Supportive
According to [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|the duc de Saint-Simon]], clysters were so popular at the court of King [[Louis XIV of France]] that [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy|the duchess of Burgundy]] had her servant give her a clyster in front of the King (her modesty being preserved by an adequate posture) before going to the [[comedy]]. However, he also mentions the astonishment of the King and Mme de Maintenon that she should take it before them.<ref>Saint-Simon, ''Memoires'', vol. 10, [http://rouvroy.medusis.com/docs/1004.html ch. 4].</ref>
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===== Colonic irrigation =====
The term "colonic irrigation" is commonly used in [[gastroenterology]] to refer to the practice of introducing water through a colostomy or a surgically constructed conduit as a treatment for constipation.<ref name="pmid11113099">{{cite journal |last1=Locke |first1=G.Richard |last2=Pemberton |first2=John H. |last3=Phillips |first3=Sidney F. |title=AGA technical review on constipation |journal=Gastroenterology |date=December 2000 |volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=1766–1778 |doi=10.1053/gast.2000.20392 |pmid=11113099 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Food and Drug Administration]] has ruled that colonic irrigation equipment is not approved for sale for the purpose of general well-being<ref>{{cite web |title = Subpart F—Therapeutic Devices Sec. 876.5220 Colonic irrigation system |website = Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Food and Drugs, Subchapter H – Medical Devices, Part 876 –
===== Colon cleansing =====
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Enemas have also been forcibly applied as a means of punishment.
In the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp#Torture|Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp]], the [[Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture]] documented instances of enemas being used by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] in order to ensure "total control" over detainees.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rushe|first1=Dominic|last2=MacAskill|first2=Ewen|last3=Cobain|first3=Ian|last4=Yuhas|first4=Alan|last5=Laughland|first5=Oliver|title=Rectal rehydration and waterboarding: the CIA torture report's grisliest findings|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-torture-report-worst-findings-waterboard-rectal|access-date=13 March 2015|agency=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 December 2014}}</ref> Enemas, officials said, are uncomfortable and degrading,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/01/us/fresh-details-emerge-on-harsh-methods-at-guantanamo.html|title=Fresh Details Emerge on Harsh Methods at Guantánamo|author=Neil A. Lewis|date=2005-01-01|department=Archives – 2005|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> The CIA forced nutrient enema on detainees who attempted hunger strikes, documenting "With head lower than torso … sloshing up the large intestines … [what] I infer is that you get a tube up as you can … We used the largest Ewal {{sic}} tube we had" wrote an officer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/09/cia-report-rectal-feeding-detainees|title=Controversial 'rectal feeding' technique used to control detainees' behaviour|date=9 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> and "violent enemas" is how a detainee described what he received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/opinion/a-detainee-describes-more-cia-torture.html|title=A Detainee Describes More C.I.A. Torture|author=The Editorial Board |date=2015-06-05|department=Editorial|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>
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In the [[Theatre of Dionysus|Dionysus]]' [[satyr play]] ''Limos'', [[Silenus]] attempts to give an enema to [[Heracles]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Carl A.|date=2014|title=Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama|page=15|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-995094-2}}</ref>
In [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]' ''[[Don Quixote]]'', a narrative to Sancho includes “The Knight of the Sun ... bound hand and foot ... was administered a clyster of snow water and sand that almost disracted him"<ref>Friedenwald & Morrison, Part I:99</ref>▼
▲In [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]' [[Don Quixote]], a narrative to Sancho includes “The Knight of the Sun ... bound hand and foot ... was administered a clyster of snow water and sand that almost disracted him"<ref>Friedenwald & Morrison, Part I:99</ref>
In the 17th century, satirists made physicians a favorite target, resembling [[Molière]]'s caricature whose prescription for anything was "clyster, bleed, purge," or "purge, bleed, clyster".<ref>Magner, ''A History of Medicine'':218</ref>
In Molière's play ''[[The Imaginary Invalid]]'', Argan, a severe [[hypochondriac]], is addicted to enemas as indicated by such lines as when Bĕralde asks, "Can't you be one moment without a purge?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-mercurian.com/2018/05/10/moliere-at-versailles/|title=?Molière at Versailles|author=Molière|date=2018-05-10|work=Theater in Translation|publisher=The Mercurian|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref>
In [[Grace Metalious]]'s novel [[Peyton Place (novel)|''Peyton Place'']], the town doctor tells of "a young boy with the worst case of dehydration I ever saw. It came from getting too many enemas that he didn't need. Sex, with a capital S-E-X.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/books/review/whats-it-like-reading-peyton-place-today.html|title=What's It Like Reading 'Peyton Place' Today?|author=Thomas Mallon |author2=Anna Holmes |date=2014-03-04|department=Book Review|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> As a teenager, the boy enjoys receiving enemas from his mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exlibrisregina.com/2016/09/20/my-return-to-peyton-place/|title=My Return to Peyton Place|author=R. Saint Claire|date=2016-09-20|work=Ex Libris Regina|publisher=R. Saint Claire|access-date=2019-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219184420/https://exlibrisregina.com/2016/09/20/my-return-to-peyton-place/|archive-date=February 19, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>▼
In [[Flora Rheta Schreiber]]'s book [[Sybil (Schreiber book)|''Sybil'']], Sybil's psychiatrist asks her "What's Mama been doing to you, dear?...I know she gave you the enemas."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/magazine/a-girl-not-named-sybil.html|title=A Girl Not Named Sybil |author=Debbie Nathan|date=2011-10-14|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>▼
▲In [[Grace Metalious]]'s novel [[Peyton Place (novel)|Peyton Place]], the town doctor tells of "a young boy with the worst case of dehydration I ever saw. It came from getting too many enemas that he didn't need. Sex, with a capital S-E-X.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/books/review/whats-it-like-reading-peyton-place-today.html|title=What's It Like Reading 'Peyton Place' Today?|author=Thomas Mallon |author2=Anna Holmes |date=2014-03-04|department=Book Review|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> As a teenager, the boy enjoys receiving enemas from his mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exlibrisregina.com/2016/09/20/my-return-to-peyton-place/|title=My Return to Peyton Place|author=R. Saint Claire|date=2016-09-20|work=Ex Libris Regina|publisher=R. Saint Claire|access-date=2019-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219184420/https://exlibrisregina.com/2016/09/20/my-return-to-peyton-place/|archive-date=February 19, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
▲In [[Flora Rheta Schreiber]]'s book [[Sybil (Schreiber book)|Sybil]], Sybil's psychiatrist asks her "What's Mama been doing to you, dear?...I know she gave you the enemas."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/magazine/a-girl-not-named-sybil.html|title=A Girl Not Named Sybil |author=Debbie Nathan|date=2011-10-14|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
==== Film ====
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In ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]'', during flight training astronaut [[Alan Shepard]] retains a barium enema,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/21/movies/film-right-stuff-on-astronauts.html|title='Right Stuff,' on astronauts|author=Vincent Canby|date=1983-10-21|department=Film|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> given two floors away from a toilet, embarrassedly riding a public elevator wearing a [[hospital gown]] and holding the enema bag with its tip still inserted in him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teachwithmovies.org/the-right-stuff/|title=The Right Stuff|publisher=Teach with Movies|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086197/characters/nm0001277|title=The Right Stuff|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
''[[Water Power (film)|Water Power]]'' is a film loosely based on the real-life exploits of [[Michael H. Kenyon]], an
==== Song ====
The lyrics of [[Frank Zappa]]'s song ''The Illinois Enema Bandit'' are concerned with [[Michael H. Kenyon]]'s [[sexual assault]]s which included administering involuntary enemas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=DIL19750609.2.2|title=Enema bandit suspect faces hearing today|author=Mick Ireland|date=1975-06-09|work=Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections|publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
==== Monument ====
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