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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Munda people
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Old Munda Men, Dinajpur, 2010 by Biplob Rahman.jpg
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}}
The '''Munda people''' are an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]-speaking [[ethnic group]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They speak [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their native language, which belongs to the [[Munda languages|Munda subgroup]] of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The Munda are found mainly concentrated in the south and East [[Chhotanagpur Plateau]] region of [[Jharkhand]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Satya Prakash |title=Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-section |date=1974 |publisher=Government of Bihar, Welfare Department |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gAEAAAAMAAJ&q=munda+people+are+concentrated+in+chotanagpur+plateau |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414192025/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gAEAAAAMAAJ&q=munda+people+are+concentrated+in+chotanagpur+plateau |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="census"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=Adivasi Volume 52, Number 1&2 |url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=8 November 2016 |website=Web Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf}}</ref> The Munda also reside in adjacent areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well as in portions of [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="census"/><ref name="BD">{{cite web |title=Mundari Language |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |access-date=20 October 2017 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420113123/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr |url-status=live}}</ref> They are one of India's largest [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]. Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as '''Mura'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |title=Homepage |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182942/http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Kolhan division|Kolhan region]] of [[Jharkhand]] the Munda people are often called '''Tamadia''' by other communities.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=Munda Tribe |url=https://www.trijharkhand.in/en/publications |publisher=Dr. Ramdayal Munda Tribal Welfare Research Institute |place=Jharkhand, India |language=hindi |edition=4th 2020}}</ref>
==
=== Etymology ===
Munda means [[Village head|headman]] of a village in the Munda-Manki system to govern villages in South-east [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur]]. They call themselves horoko or ho ko, which means ''men''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |title=History of Munda Tribe Language : Mundari |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=mundariuniversity |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013818/https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Robert Parkin notes that the term "Munda" did not belong to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] lexis and is of Sanskrit origin.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |first=Robert |last=Parkin |year=1993 |page=161 |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |access-date=18 December 2020 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23). |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916201633/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> According to R. R. Prasad, the name "Munde" is a Ho word that means "headman". It is an honorific name given by Hindus, and hence became a tribal name.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=R. R. |year=1996 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA186 |volume=1 |page=186 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504101310/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA186 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Standing (1976), it was under British rule that the term Munda started to be used for the tribal group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |title=An Anthropological Study of Rural Jharkhand, India |author=Alpa Shah |page=88 |year=2003 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161436/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Geographic distribution ===
[[File:Munda people distribution.svg|thumb|Distribution of Munda people]]
The Munda primarily inhabit the eastern states of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Odisha]], specifically in the [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Simdega district|Simdega]], [[West Singhbhum district|Paschim Singhbhum]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[East Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum]], and [[Ramgarh district|Ramghar districts]] of Jharkhand; the [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]] and [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur districts]] of Odisha; and the [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], and [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] districts of West Bengal. They are also sporadically distributed in the neighboring states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Bihar]]. Additionally, they live in the northeastern states of [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], and [[Mizoram]], largely in the tea valleys of Assam, where they migrated to work as [[Tea-garden community|tea garden workers]] during colonial India. Apart from India, they also reside in neighboring countries such as [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]].
==History==
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In the late 1800s, during the [[British Raj]], the Mundas were forced to pay rents and work as [[Debt bondage in India|bonded labourers]] to the [[zamindar]]s. During the [[Kol uprising]] in 1823–1833, some Manki Munda revolted due to their disposition and attacked Thikedars, other Mankis, plundered and destroyed villages. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT215 |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |isbn=9781000651522 |last1=Ansari |first1=Tahir Hussain |date=20 June 2019|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> During the 19th century, Munda freedom fighter [[Birsa Munda]] began the protest marches calling for non-payment of rents and remission of forest dues. He led guerrilla warfare to uproot the [[British Raj]] and establish Munda Raj. He was caught by [[East India Company|Company]] forces, along with his supporters, and died in jail. He is still revered in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/ |title=Jharkhand: Amit Shah launches scheme for villages of freedom fighters |last=Pandey |first=Prashant |date=18 September 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114151130/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-amit-shah-launches-scheme-for-villages-of-freedom-fighters-khunti-4848635/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Birsa-Munda-Biography.jpg|thumb|
Nomadic hunters in the [[India tribal belt]], they became farmers and some were employed in basketwork. With the listing of the Munda people as [[Scheduled Tribes]], many are employed in various governmental organisations (particularly [[Indian Railways]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Schedule Castes |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |year=2011 |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923060507/http://socialjustice.nic.in/aboutdivision1.php |archive-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
==Social structure ==
===Kinship patterns===
Munda are divided into a number of exogamous clans. Clans among Mundas are known as ''Killi'', which is similar to [[Sanskrit]] word ''Kula''. Munda are patrilineal, and clan name descends father to son. According to tradition, people of the same clan are descendants of the same forefather. Clans among Mundas are of totemic origin. Some clans are:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Sarat Chandra |title=The Mundas and their Country |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1912}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
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* ''Oreya'' (bammboo basket)
* ''Pandu'' (cobra)
* ''Sandil/Chandil'' (meteor)▼
* ''Purty''
* ''Runda'' (wild cat)
* ''Sanga'' (a type of root)
* ''Surin/Soren/Soreng'' (a bird)
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* ''Kongari'' (white crow)
{{div col end}}
===Administrative system===▼
Munda-Manki governing system was prevalent in [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] region of Jharkhand.▼
Munda govern their villages by Munda-Manki system. Head of village is called ''Munda'', informant of village is called ''Dakuwa'', village priest is called ''Pahaan'', assistant of ''Pahaan'' is called ''Pujhar'', head of 15 to 20 villages is called Manki, assistant of Manki is called ''[[Tehsildar|Tahshildar]]'', which collected taxes. The priest "Deori" is also prevalent among [[Ho people|Hos]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Bhuyan]], [[Sounti]], [[Khonds]] tribe of [[Odisha]] and [[Chutia people]] of Assam.<ref name = "Prasad">Prasad, Hem Chandra. ''Bihar''. 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184. National Book Trust, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-237-0151-9}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"All these [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo]] tribes had their own respective priests called [[Deoris]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |year=1985 |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |page=50 |oclc=13959339}}</ref>}} In Chotanagpur division, Munda have adopted Pahan as their village priest.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290 |title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton |author=Sanjay Nath |website=academia.edu |page=19 |year=2015 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025154052/https://www.academia.edu/42298290 |url-status=live}}</ref>▼
== Culture and tradition ==
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[[File:Adiwasi dance.jpg|thumb|Mundari dance]]
===
The Munda people have elaborate rituals to celebrate birth, death, engagement and marriage.
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[[File:Munda House at " State Tribal Fair- 2020 " , Bhubaneswar, India.jpg|thumb|Munda House at "State Tribal Fair- 2020", Bhubaneswar]]
[[File:Munda Lady.jpg|thumb|Munda Lady]]
▲===Administrative system===
▲Munda-Manki governing system was prevalent in [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] region of Jharkhand.
▲Munda govern their villages by Munda-Manki system. Head of village is called ''Munda'', informant of village is called ''Dakuwa'', village priest is called ''Pahaan'', assistant of ''Pahaan'' is called ''Pujhar'', head of 15 to 20 villages is called Manki, assistant of Manki is called ''[[Tehsildar|Tahshildar]]'', which collected taxes. The priest "Deori" is also prevalent among [[Ho people|Hos]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Bhuyan]], [[Sounti]], [[Khonds]] tribe of [[Odisha]] and [[Chutia people]] of Assam.<ref name = "Prasad">Prasad, Hem Chandra. ''Bihar''. 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184. National Book Trust, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-237-0151-9}}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|"All these [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo]] tribes had their own respective priests called [[Deoris]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |year=1985 |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |page=50 |oclc=13959339}}</ref>}} In Chotanagpur division, Munda have adopted Pahan as their village priest.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290 |title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton |author=Sanjay Nath |website=academia.edu |page=19 |year=2015 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025154052/https://www.academia.edu/42298290 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Economic condition===▼
In a 2016 research paper on subsistence strategies of Mundas in a village of [[Sunderbans]] in West Bengal, it was found that many people migrate out of their residences because of poor economic conditions and landlessness. This rural to urban migration has followed a greater trend within India. Men and women engage in forest product collection, cultivation, small business and agricultural as well as non-agricultural jobs. A person or a family may be engaged in multiple occupations, often undertaking risky visits to the forests and rivers. It was also found that younger generation preferred to engage as migrant workers outside the village and often outside the district and the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Ayan |title=Subsistence strategies of the Mundas in a village of Sundarban, West Bengal |date=November 2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318359839 |journal=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=128–144 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>▼
==Literature and studies==
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[[Jesuit]] priest John-Baptist Hoffmann (1857–1928) studied the language, customs, religion and life of the Munda people, publishing the first [[Mundari language]] grammar in 1903. With the help of Menas Orea, Hoffmann published the 15-volume ''Encyclopaedia Mundarica''. The first edition was published posthumously in 1937, and a third edition was published in 1976. ''The Mundas and Their Country'', by S. C. Roy, was published in 1912. ''Adidharam'' (Hindi:आदि धर्म) by Ram Dayal Munda and Ratan Singh Manki, in Mundari with a [[Hindi]] translation, describes Munda rituals and customs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribalstuffs.blogspot.in/2011/11/mundari-language-of-munda-tribe.html |title=Mundari: The Language of Munda Tribe |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501192451/http://tribalstuffs.blogspot.in/2011/11/mundari-language-of-munda-tribe.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==
▲===Economic condition===
▲In a 2016 research paper on subsistence strategies of Mundas in a village of [[Sunderbans]] in West Bengal, it was found that many people migrate out of their residences because of poor economic conditions and landlessness. This rural to urban migration has followed a greater trend within India. Men and women engage in forest product collection, cultivation, small business and agricultural as well as non-agricultural jobs. A person or a family may be engaged in multiple occupations, often undertaking risky visits to the forests and rivers. It was also found that younger generation preferred to engage as migrant workers outside the village and often outside the district and the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Ayan |title=Subsistence strategies of the Mundas in a village of Sundarban, West Bengal |date=November 2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318359839 |journal=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=128–144 |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
==Notable people==
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* [[Kolarian]]
==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}
=== Sources ===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Sarat Chandra |author-link1=Sarat Chandra Roy |date=1912 |title=The Mundas and Their Country |others=with an introduction by [[E. A. Gait]], ICS, CIE |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/mundas-and-their-country |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5314 |archive-date=April 3, 2020 |access-date=2023-05-04 |publisher=Kuntaline Press |publication-place=Calcutta |language=en |isbn=9780210339886 |oclc=504764442 |ol=}}
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